Couscionsness Revilution Terms Flashcards
(42 cards)
Muhammad Ali
An African-American boxer of the 20th century, who was world champion in the heavyweight class for several years between 1964 and 1979. He was known in his boxing career for his flamboyant personality and aggressive, self promotion, as well as for his superior, boxing ability and style. His boxing strategy, he said, was to “float like a butterfly and stinging like a bee.” a black Muslim, Ali was originally named Cassius Clay. After he refused for reasons of conscience to serve in the Armed Forces in 1960s, several boxing associations revoked his title as world champion, but he regained it later. During his boxing career, he was extremely popular in Africa, and after his retirement, he traveled there as aGoodwill ambassador.
Apollo 11
The space vehicle that carried three American astronauts to the moon and back in July 1969. The vehicle consisted of a command module, which stayed in lunar orbit, and a lunar module, which carried two of the three Cremin to a safe landing on the moon.
On becoming the first person to set foot on the moon, Neil Armstrong declared “ that’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.”
The other members of the crew were buzz Aldrin, the second person to walk on the moon, and Michael Collins.
Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country
Words from the enroll address of President John F. Kennedy, delivered in 1961.
Bay of pigs
The location of a failed attempt by Cuban exiles to invade Cuba in 1961. The invaders, numbering about 1400, had left after the Cuban revolution and returned to overthrow the new Cuban leader, Fidel Castro, they were trained and equipped by the United States Central intelligence agency. The operation was a disaster for the invaders, most of whom were killed or taken prisoner. The bay of pigs incident is generally considered the most humiliating episode in the presidency of John F. Kennedy, who had approved the invasion.
Black Muslims
A radical movement for black power that reached a peak of influence in the United States during the 1960s, partly under the leadership of Malcolm X. Members rejected Christianity as a religion of white people and embraced Islam. Like many other black Muslims, who took new names, the boxer Cassius Clay changed his name to Muhammad Ali to join the movement.
Black Panthers
A militant black power organization founded in the 1960s by Hugh Newton and others. Newton proclaimed “we make the statement, quoting from chairman now, that political power comes through the barrel of a gun.”
Black power
Of movement that grew out of the civil rights movement in the 1960s. Black power calls were independent development of political and social institutions for Black people and emphasizes pride in black culture. In varying degrees, black power advocates call for the exclusion of whites from black civil rights organizations. Stokely Carmichael, one of the leader leaders of the movement and the head of the student nonviolent coordinating committee SNCC stated “I am not going to beg the white man for anything I deserve. I’m going to take it.”
James Earl Carter, (Jimmy Carter)
A political leader of the 20th century; the president from 1977 to 1981. In 1976, Carter was a peanut farmer who had been a naval officer and the governor of Georgia; he stood outside the main power groups of the Democratic Party. He gained the parties nominee, however, and defeated President Gerald Ford in the election of 1976. As president, Carter brought the heads of government of Israel and Egypt together to sign a historic peace treaty in 1976, reestablishing diplomatic relations between their two countries. He responded to an invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union in 1976 by putting an embargo or a grain sales to the invader and by keeping the United States out of the 1980 summer Olympic Games, which were held in the Soviet Union. Many Americans found Carter’s leadership to cautious, however, and blamed him for a lack of improvement in the economy. His most striking loss of popularity came when revolutionaries in Iran stormed the United States Embassy there in 1979 and held several dozen Americans as hostages for over a year. The Iranians agreed to release a hostages only in the last minute of Carter’s presidency in early 1981, and Carter had lost the election of 1980 Ronald Reagan. After leaving the presidency, he visited several nations, including Heidi and North Korea, as a peacemaker. He also participated in projects to refurbish housing for the poor.
Personally, Carter was known for his informality
Federal rates act of 1964
A federal law that authorized federal action against segregation in public accommodations, public facilities, and public employment. The law was passed during a period of great strength for the civil rights movement, and president Lyndon Johnson pursued many reluctant members of Congress to support the law.
Civil rights movement
The national effort made by Black people in their supporters in the 1950s and 1960s to eliminate segregation and gain equal rights. The first large episode in the movement, a boy caught of the city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, was touched off by the refusal of one black woman, Rosa Parks, to give up her seat on a bus to white person. A number of students and similar demonstrations followed. Highpoint of the civil rights movement was a rally by hundreds of thousands in Washington, D. C., In 1963, at which a leader of the movement, Martin Luther King, Junior., Gave his “I have a dream” speech. The federal civil rights act of 1964 authorized federal action against segregation in public accommodations, public facilities, and employment. The voting rights act of 1965 was passed after large demonstrations in Salam, Alabama, which drew some violent responses. The fair act, prohibiting discrimination by race in housing, was passed in 1964.
I’m saving you from getting it wrong next time after such legislative victories, the civil rights movement shifted emphasis towards education and changing the attitudes of white people. Some civil rights supporters turned towards militant movements, and several riots erupted in the late 1960s over racial questions. The back decision of 1978 grandly endorsed affirmative action.
Counterculture
A protest movement by American youth that arose in the late 1960s and faded during the late 1970s. According to some, young people in the United States were performing a culture of their own, opposed to the culture of middle America.
Gerald Ford
A political leader of the 20th century who served as president from 1974 to 1977. A prominent republican in Congress, Ford was named vice president in 1973, after the resignation of Spiro Agnew. He succeeded the president presidency in 1974, when President Richard Nixon was forced to resign. Ford sought to pursue moderate policies into communicate better with Congress and with the public that Nixon had. He refused approval, however, of a large number of bills, passed by Congress, which was controlled by Democrats, saying that they were too costly. He pardoned Nixon in a widely criticized effort to end division over the Watergate scandal. Ford lost the presidency to James Earl Carter in the 1976 election.
Betty Friedan
An author in political activist of the 20th century, who has worked for the extension of women’s rights. In 1963, Friedman published the feminine mystique, a book that proved fundamental to the women’s movement of the 1960s and beyond. She was a founder of the national organization for women.
Hippies
Members of a movement of cultural protest that began in the United States in the 1960s and affected Europe before fading in the 1970s. Hippies were bound together by rejection of many standard American customs and social and political views. The hippies often cultivated and unkept image in their dress and grooming, and were known for practices such as communal living, free, love, and the use of marijuana and other drugs. Although hippies are usually opposed to involvement of the United States in the Vietnam Vietnam War, their movement was fundamentally a cultural rather than a political protest.
Jimmy Hoffa
A labor leader who built the teamster union into a powerful organization, despite repeated charges of corruption. After his imprisonment from 1967 to 1971 for misuse of pension, funds and jury tampering, hopefully it disappeared in 1975. It is widely assumed that he was murdered.
Nelson Mandela
The most prominent leader in the struggle of South Africa, African blacks against par. Mandela joined the radical African national Congress. (ANC) in the 1940s, and in the 1960s he was sentenced to life in prison for sabotage and conspiracy by the white minority government of South Africa. Even in prison, he remained the acknowledged leader of the ANC. In 1990, the white government released him from jail as part of a series of moves to reach a compromise with the blacks. After his release, Mandela was elected South African Africa’s president in the nations first all race elections. In 1993, he was aco-winner of the Nobel prize for peace.
Mother Teresa
A Roman Catholic nun, born in Yugoslavia, who received the Nobel prize for peace in 1979 for her humanitarian work among leopards and other dying poor of Calcutta.
My Lai massacre
A mass killing of helpless inhabitants of a village in south Vietnam during the Vietnam war, carried out in 1968 by United States troops under the command of Lieutenant William Cali. Callie was court marshal and sentenced to life in prison, but he’ll only served a few years before parole. The massacre, horrible in itself, became a symbol for those opposed in the war in Vietnam.
New left
A radical movement of the 1960s and 1970s. New leftists opposed the military industrial complex and involvement of the United States in the Vietnam war; they urge more public attention to conditions of Black people and the poor. New leftists were left less theoretical than communists and generally did not admire the Soviet Union. But many of them were interested in Maoism, and they spoke strongly for “participatory democracy.“
Richard Nixon
A political leader of the 20th century. A member of Congress in the late 1940s, Nixon came to national attention through his strong support for the investigation of the alleged communist. Alger his. He was elected vice president twice under President Dwight D. Eisenhower, but narrowly lost the presidential election of 1960 to John F. Kennedy. He ran for governor of California two years later, was defeated again, and left politics for several years to practice law in New York City. Nixon re-emerged as the Republican presidential candidate in 1968 and defeated Hubert, Humphrey and George Wallace in the election. The best remembered events of his presidency where his visits to the People’s Republic of China, and to the Soviet Union;: From that country; and the Watergate scandal, which led to his downfall. In 1974, under immediate threat of impeachment, he became the first president to resign from office.
Nixon received the nickname “tricky Dick” for his earlier reputation for deviousness. Nixon was pardoned by President Gerald Ford, and after some years re-emerged as communicator on foreign policy.
Religious right
A collation of right wing Protestant fundamentalist leaders who have become increasingly active in politics since the Supreme Court 1972 decision in a row versus Wade. Among us leaders are Jerry Fawell and Pat Robin Robertson. The religious, right sponsors network of Christian bookstores, radio stations, a television, Evelyn just. Opposed to abortion, pornography, and what it views as a marginalizing of religion in American public life, the religious right has also champion prayer in the public schools. In the 1980s, it gave strong support to President Ronald Reagan.
Roe versus wade
An extremely controversial Supreme Court decision in 1973 that, on the basis of the right to privacy, gave women and unrestricted right to abortion during the first three months of pregnancy. Pro-choice forces have held the decision, whereas those associated with the “right to life“, Pro life, movement of opposed it.
Silent majority
A term used by President Richard Nixon to indicate his belief that the great body of Americans supported his policies and that those who demonstrated against the involvement of the United States in the Vietnam war mounted to only a noisy minority.
Six day war
A war fought in 1967 by Israel on one side and Egypt, Syria, and Jordan on the other. Israel, victorious, took over the Golan Heights, the Jordan portion of Jerusalem, the Jordan, West Bank of the Jordan River, and a large piece of territory in northern Egypt, including the semi peninsula, which contains Mount Sinai. Israel still occupies all of these territories except the cyanide Peninsula, which it gave back to Egypt in 1982. Israel maintains that its security would be enormously endangered if it withdrew from the other places.
