covid + TB

Question 1

what type of coronavirus is SARS-cov-2?

Answer 1

beta coronavirus

Question 2

what proteins is coronavirus made from and what are their functions?

Answer 2

envelope and membrane proteins, protect genetic material

spike proteins, bind to host cells and spread infection

Question 3

how is covid spread?

Answer 3

respirator droplets- coughing, sneezing, touching etc.

Question 4

what is meant by epidemic?

Answer 4

increase in the number of cases of a disease above what is usually expected in that population in that area
eg. chicken pox- UK and malaria- Malawi

Question 5

what is meant by pandemic?

Answer 5

epidemic that spreads over several countries or continents, affecting a larger number of people

Question 6

what is meant by endemic?

Answer 6

constant presence of a disease or infectious agent in a population within a geographic area

Question 7

what is meant by outbreak?

Answer 7

increase in number of cases of a disease above what is. usually expected but in a more confined area, eg. nursing home

Question 8

whats used to treat covid in hospitals?

Answer 8

anti-pyretic
steroids
supportive therapy
clinical trials

Question 9

describe the 4 stages of O2 therapy?

Answer 9

mild- nasal cannula(widely available & easy to use but causes dryness of upper airway)
moderate- simple face mask(widely available & easy to use but prevents talking, eating, drinking and causes rebreathing risk)
severe- reservoir mask(widely available & easy to use but prevents talking, eating, drinking and causes rebreathing risk)
very severe- nasal high flow O2 and LPAP(aerosol generating procedure)

Question 10

what kind of bacteria is TB?

Answer 10

non-motile bacilli

Question 11

what part of the lungs does TB mostly affect?

Answer 11

upper part of the lungs

Question 12

how is TB spread?

Answer 12

airborne, not spread by shaking hands, touching surfaces, sharing food and kissing

Question 13

what are the 3 types of primary TB infection?

Answer 13

progressive disease, contained latent and cleared cured

Question 14

describe the two types of primary TB infection

Answer 14

tuberculosous bronchopneumonia- cavitation, enlarged hilar lymph compress bronchi, lobar collapse, enlarged lymph node discharges into bronchus

miliary TB- can spread to CNS, looks like millet seeds on autopsy, develops with hematogenous spread of bacteria to multiple organs

Question 15

is post primary TB disease present in animals?

Answer 15

no

Question 16

what are th e2 main hypothesis’ of post primary TB

Answer 16

TB bacteria entering a dormant stage with low or no replication over prolonged
periods of time

Balanced state of replication and destruction by immune mechanisms

Question 17

what are some clinical symptoms of TB?

Answer 17

Cough
Fever
Sweats (mainly at night)
Weight loss

Question 18

when would you consider a CT when diagnosing TB?

Answer 18

Normal chest xray but clinical suspicion
Miliary TB
Cavitation 
Swelling of lymph nodes and glands (may need alternate diagnosis)
Targets for BAL

Question 19

what 4 drugs are used for treatment of TB?

Answer 19

Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Rifampicin and Ethambutol

Question 20

what side effects does rifampicin cause?

Answer 20

Orange urine/tears/lenses
Induces liver enzymes
all hormonal contraceptive methods ineffective
Hepatitis

Question 21

what side effects does isoniazid cause?

Answer 21

Hepatitis

Peripheral neuropathy

Question 22

what side effects does Pyrazinamide cause?

Answer 22

hepatitis

gout