Covp Science

Question 1

At resting potential the inside of the neutron is ? Compared to the outside

Answer 1

Negative

Question 2

What is the proper sequence of action potential events?

Answer 2

1) threshold voltage is reached
2) Na+ gates begin to open
3) membrane is depolarised
4) K+ gates begin to open
5) membrane repolarization begins

Question 3

The action potential is measured in millivolts (mV) and is ranged from

Answer 3

-70mV to +30mV

Question 4

A neuron undergoes depolarisation ( I.e the downward swing of a measured action potential) when

Answer 4

Potassium ions move out of the axon

Question 5

A refractory period is

Answer 5

A brief time when a neuron is unable to conduct an impulse

Question 6

What are action potentials

Answer 6

All or nothing events

Question 7

The main function of the cerebellum is

Answer 7

Posture and balance

Question 8

The brain and spinal cord are protected by membranes known as the

Answer 8

Meninges

Question 9

Neuroglial cells support and provide nutrition for the?

Answer 9

Neurons

Question 10

What are parts of a neuron

Answer 10

Dentrite,axon and cell body

Question 11

Which lobe contains the primary visual cortex?

Answer 11

The occipital lobe

Question 12

What is the general name that describes the pons, medulla and midbrain

Answer 12

The brain stem

Question 13

What occurs sequentially when the nerve impulse is transmitted from the synapse of one neuron to postsynaptic neuron?

Answer 13

The synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis.

Question 14

Transmission across a synapse is achieved mainly by a?

Answer 14

Diffusion of neurotransmitter across synaptic cleft

Question 15

Acetylcholine and norepinephrine are two well known?

Answer 15

Neurotransmitters

Question 16

Acetylcholine and norepinephrine act because of their affect on receptors at the ? Membrane?

Answer 16

Postsynaptic

Question 17

GABA (gamma - aminobutyric acid) is normally found at

Answer 17

Inhibitory synapses

Question 18

The neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions is

Answer 18

Acetylcholine

Question 19

A prescribed treatment for anxiety

Answer 19

Barbiturates

Question 20

Why is it recommended that benzodiazepines are only used short term for treatment of severe anxiety?

Answer 20

Concern that patients may become dependant on them

Question 21

Beta blockers ( beta- adrenoceptor antagonists) are useful in treating anxiety because they directly reduce the action of?

Answer 21

Noradrenaline

Question 22

Bus purine is a drug used in the treatment of anxiety. This drug is thought to work by acting as an activator of?

Answer 22

5-HT1A Receptors

Question 23

Tricyclics anti- depressants have a number of side effects name one

Answer 23

Constipation

Question 24

Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) work after

Answer 24

2-3 weeks

Question 25

Monoamine oxidase is

Answer 25

An enzyme responsible for neurotransmitter breakdown

Question 26

What describes the drug mirtazapine

Answer 26

Antagonist of alpha2-adrenoreceptors

Question 27

Antagonists to Alpha 2 - adrenoreceptors work by

Answer 27

Blocking the action of the alpha 2-adrenoreceptors

Question 28

The drug reserpine causes depression by

Answer 28

Reducing levels of amine neurotransmitters in the brain

Question 29

The neuronal loss seen in alzheimer disease is different from that seen in many other neurodegenerative diseases in what way?

Answer 29

It is widespread throughout the brain

Question 30

Most of the drugs currently used to treat Alzheimer’s disease work by?

Answer 30

Maintaining the levels of acetylcholine in the brain.

Question 31

One of the effects of Alzheimer’s disease is an increase in the neurotransmitter glutamate, the consequence of increased glutamate is?

Answer 31

Increased damage to neurons

Question 32

Donepezil, galantamine and rivastigmine are licensed to treat mild to moderate dementia. These act by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholine esterase, there for the primary consequence of taking these drugs is to?

Answer 32

Reduce the breakdown of acetylcholine at the synapse

Question 33

Currently the drugs used to treat Alzheimer’s disease can

Answer 33

Only slow down the development of symptoms

Question 34

Some of the hallmark symptoms associated with Alzheimer’s disease are

Answer 34

Memory failure, emotional blunting, personality changes, decline in intellectual functions.

Question 35

Describe Parkinson’s disease

Answer 35

Progressive and neurogenerative

Question 36

Patients with Parkinson’s disease have walking movements characterised by

Answer 36

Fast shuffling gait

Question 37

Levodopa (L-Dopa) is a drug commonly used to treat?

Answer 37

Parkinson’s disease

Question 38

Before modern medical classification, an early description of Parkinson’s disease was

Answer 38

Shaking palsy

Question 39

What age do you get Parkinson’s disease?

Answer 39

Mostly occurs in the over 50’s

Question 40

Parkinson’s disease is best described as

Answer 40

Motor system disorder

Question 41

Symptoms of schizophrenia tend to appear when?

Answer 41

In early adulthood

Question 42

What can cause symptoms similar to schizophrenia?

Answer 42

Amphetamine overdose

Question 43

Development of schizophrenia is known to have

Answer 43

A strong genetic association

Question 44

An example of an atypical antipsychotic drug used to treat schizophrenia is

Answer 44

Clozapine

Question 45

A major side effect of using antipsychotic drugs to treat schizophrenia is

Answer 45

Involuntary muscle movement

Question 46

What is the lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia

Answer 46

1%