Cows

Question 1

What is low magnesium also known as?

Answer 1

staggers

grass tetany

Question 2

peracute low magnesium signs?

Answer 2

hyperaesthesia
eat twitching
sensitive to sound
staggers and collapse
jaw champing
sudden death
high HR

Question 3

sub acute low mg signs?

Answer 3

slow onset
spasmodic urination and defecation
muscle tremor
staggering gait
high HR

Question 4

chronic low mg signs?

Answer 4

poor appetite
low yield
more vocal
high HR

Question 5

low mg treatment

Answer 5

bottle of Ca borogluconate with Mg hypophosphate slowly by IV

Mg sulphate 25% subQ

Question 6

hypoMg prevention

Answer 6

Mg O in conc
Mg oral bolus
Mg in water

Question 7

hypo Ca other names?

Answer 7

bovine parturient paresis
acute flaccid paralysis
milk fever

Question 8

How is Ca homeostasis

Answer 8

absorption from GIT, kidney, bone is PTH present
active vit D
Mg needed as a co-factor

normal blood ca = 2.3 - 3.2

Question 9

hypo Ca subclinical

Answer 9

hypersensitive
excitable
tremors
ear twitching
ataxia
bloat / gas

blood ca 1.8 - 2.3

Question 10

moderate hypo Ca

Answer 10

sternal recumbency
depressed
dry muzzle
cold extremeties
bloat / gas
no defecation
delayed / absent pupil response

blood ca = 1.2 - 1.8

Question 11

severe hypo ca

Answer 11

reduced consciousness
lateral recumbency
unresponsive to stimuli
muscle flaccidity
reduced CO
bloat
death

blood ca = less than 1.2

Question 12

treatment of hypo ca

Answer 12

• 20% Ca borogluconate - slow IV
• sub Q Ca to prevent recurrence
  monitor HR
  pass dung , eructate and sit up = good

Question 13

cause of hypo Ca

Answer 13

decreased feed intake
old cows cant access bone
channel breed
altered kidney absorption

Question 14

prevention of hypo Ca

Answer 14

low Ca in dry cow and high in lactating
Mg supply
DCAB
drench / bolus high risk cows

Question 15

hypo P

Answer 15

happy downer cow

from high ca in food so low PTH so low P

give foston IV

Question 16

what is DCAB?

Answer 16

dietary cation / anion balance

monitor urine ph

Question 17

what are the 2 cations and anions in DCAB?

Answer 17

cations = Na , K
anions = Cl, S

Question 18

what is the aim of DCAB?

Answer 18

give excess anions to induce metabolic acidosis to make PTH receptors more effective

Question 19

how DCAB?

Answer 19

low K

high anions

Question 20

what are the two ways that feed intake is controlled?

Answer 20

distension feedback - mechanical receptors

chemostatic feedback - chemical receptors to the brain and then depress hunger

Question 21

what can increase voluntary feed intake?

Answer 21

smaller particle food size

Question 22

what has no effect on voluntary feed intake?

Answer 22

water drunk with dry food

Question 23

what can decrease voluntary feed intake?

Answer 23

high body fat
pregnancy
inert fill
diet NDF (neutral detergent fiber - cell walls)
water in plant material (slows food passage)

Question 24

4 theories for post digestive feedback?

Answer 24

• glucostatic theory ( high glucose suppresses hunger but doesnt work in cows as glucose kept constant)
• hepatic oxidation theory (ATP(from FA and ketones) in the liver determines vagal stimulation and therefore hunger)
• thermostatic theory ( not for ruminants as have exothermic rumens)
• lipostatic theory (leptin from adipose tissue -ve to hypothalamus to modulate feed intake, but cows always in NEB so low leptin)

Question 25

cow DMI?

Answer 25

dmi = 2.5 % BW + 10% milk yield (kg)

Question 26

cow maintenance

Answer 26

about 65MJ + 5MJ / L of milk

Question 27

energy density of diet needed

Answer 27

maintenance / DMI

Question 28

anti-nutritional factors? (5) that decrease DMI

Answer 28

- Tannins ( decrease rumen fermentation) - protease inhibitors (poor food utilisation, legume, cereal) - lectins / humagglutinins (poor food utilisation , legume, lentils) - glucosinolate (effect thyroid , cabbage, oilseed rape) - saponins (inhibit fat digestion, soybeans, peanuts, sugar beet)

Question 29

What is the difference in energy between the cell contents and cell wall?

Answer 29

cell contents - easily digestible and rapidly available (sugar, starch, protein) cell wall - hard to digest and slowly available (fiber)

Question 30

what is NDF / ADF?

Answer 30

NDF - all of cell wall ADF - lignin and cellulose, what is left after boiling in acid. energy of forage is inversely proportional to ADF

Question 31

what is PICA?

Answer 31

persistent licking, chewing or eating of inanimate objects

Question 32

Herd vs sporadic PICA?

Answer 32

herd - parasite, obesity, mineral deficient, under nutrition more likely if outdoor sporadic - brain disorder, toxicity, metabolic disease

Question 33

slurry / urine drinking?

Answer 33

housed herd over winter could spread disease boredom

Question 34

what is the cow comfort index?

Answer 34

how many cows lying down one hour before milking - want 85%

Question 35

important trough space factors

Answer 35

about 60 cm / cow | rough edges? cleaned out?

Question 36

water factors

Answer 36

enough space for a group to drink | flow rate? clean? dissolved solids?

Question 37

milk fat ideal and what affects it?

Answer 37

want = 4.2 % depends on fibre level conc: forage > 60:40 then lower fat

Question 38

milk protein ideal ?

Answer 38

3.4% affected by energy intake

Question 39

5 point dung scoring

Answer 39

1) loose and watery 2) custard, splatters far 3) ideal - slow hard clap, doesnt stick to boot 4) thick and heavy, forms stack, sticks to boot 5) stiff, boot leaves impression

Question 40

metabolic profiling - what /when

Answer 40

``` planned regular (4 x /year) after any major diet change (after 2w) cows from each group ```