CPCE Flashcards
(177 cards)
1
Q
Self concepts are individuals’ perceptions of who they are, their attributes and traits. Stabilization of one’s self concept
A. typically occurs during the preschool years
B. is completed by early adolescence
C. may be influenced by cultural or family factors
D. seldom stabilizes in one’s lifetime
A
C. may be influenced by cultural or family factors
2
Q
Which of the following is not a neurotransmitter which facilitates messages between neurons?
A. dopamine
B. serotonin
C. acetylcholine
D. atropine
A
D. atropine
3
Q
The view that children begin their development as a “blank slate” has been identified by John Locke as
A. tabula rasa
B. plasticity
C. resiliency
D genotype
A
A. tabula rasa
4
Q
According to Erikson, young adults seek close relationships with others but fear that doing so would mean giving up independence. Erikson called this tension
A. adaptation vs accommodation
B. formal vs concrete development
C. autonomy vs shame/doubt
D. intimacy vs isolation
A
D. intimacy vs isolation
5
Q
The clinical hypothesis developed by a mental health counselor is characterized as
A. assessment testing
B. psychosocial analysis
C. case conceptualization
D. nonstandardized checklists and rating scales
A
C. case conceptualization
6
Q
Which of the following is a true statement pertaining to the DSM-5?
A. all major categories of disorders have been renamed
B. there is less emphasis on pathopsychological origin of symptoms and behavior
C. the axial classification system has been dropped
D. autism and asperger’s are classified under disruptive impulse control disorders
A
C. the axial classification system has been dropped
7
Q
According to behaviorists, the law of effect most nearly refers to
A. hierarchy of needs
B. defense mechanisms
C. psychosexual development
D. conditioning principles
A
D. conditioning principles
8
Q
Strong interpersonal relationships are often forged by individuals working for the same company. Not infrequently marriages are the result of some of these relationships. The principle involved here is called
A. adaptation
B. propinquity
C. commitment
D. accommodation
A
B. propinquity
9
Q
Frequently a mental status exam is administered to an individual seeking mental health services. This formal assessment process covers several specific areas. Which of the following is not one of those areas?
A. interpersonal relationships
B. mood and affect
C. appearance and behavior
D sensorium
A
A. interpersonal relationships
10
Q
Albert Bandura developed a social learning theory and self efficacy is one of the principal concepts. Self efficacy is the belief that we can do some task or behavior. As counselors, we need to be able to empower clients to become more self efficacious. Which one of the following is not an approach recommended by Bandura?
A. vicarious experience
B. raising anxiety level
C. modeling
D. verbal persuasion
A
B. raising anxiety level
11
Q
A professional counselor determines fees for monthly consultation services on the job by job basis. This is an example of which of the following types of reinforcement schedules?
A. fixed ratio
B. variable ratio
C. fixed interval
D. variable interval
A
B. variable ratio
12
Q
Piaget identifies four major stages of child development. Which of the following refers to the period during which the child develops the abilities to classify and seriate objects and to maintain relationships between objects despite their physical manipulation?
A. concrete operations
B. preoperational
C. formal operations
D. sensorimotor
A
A. concrete operations
13
Q
No single theory explains how women develop, however, there are a number of concepts attributable to women in their process of development. Which of the following concepts are not representative of women’s development?
A. caretaking and social
B. relationships and other oriented
C. communication and connections
D. self absorption and power networks
A
D. self absorption and power networks
14
Q
Erikson called the last stage of his theory of human development integrity vs despair. A person’s challenge in this stage is to achieve acceptance of the finality of life. Erikson postulated that such acceptance could be achieved only if the person had
A. successfully met the challenges of the previous stages
B. reached an economic position wherein the person did not need to worry about having good living conditions
C. accepted the accomplishment of the various roles the individual had filled in life
D. reached a parallel level of moral development
A
C. accepted the accomplishment of the various roles the individual had filled in life
15
Q
A prominent theory of psychosexual development is that of Freud. In one of his five postulated stages, children are often thought to be attracted to their parent of the opposite sex. This attraction appears to occur in the __________ stage.
A. phallic
B. genital
C. oral
D. anal
A
A. phallic
16
Q
A counselor is seeing a latina client for the first time. She is experiencing anxiety and is distressed that her family members are scattered throughout several states in order to have jobs. The counselor determines that this client is an illegal immigrant and is considering what course of action he should take. The counselor chooses not to report this client to authorities which is consistent with Kohlberg’s level of
A. conventional moral development
B. postconventional moral development
C. acceptance moral development
D. preconventional moral development
A
B. postconventional moral development
17
Q
Gloria visits her college counseling center because she has difficulty going to sleep and staying asleep. She finds out that about five percent of the students at the college have similar complaints. This is known as __________ of the sleep problem.
A. etiology
B. prevalence
C. incidence
D. prognosis
A
B. prevalence
18
Q
A school counselor has met several times over the year with a tenth grader who is having difficulty with authority figures. At a session which includes the student’s mother, the counselor notices the student exhibiting a number of childlike behaviors. In terms of defense mechanisms, this behavior can probably be labeled
A. displacement
B. reaction formation
C. denial
D. regression
A
D. regression
19
Q
One of the early theorists viewed human development from an ecological perspective. This suggests that the system in which the individual finds themselves is critical to the developmental process. This theorist was
A. Urie Bronfenbrenner
B. Robert Havighurst
C. BF Skinner
D. William Perry
A
A. Urie Bronfenbrenner
20
Q
Proponents of Maslow’s theory believe that people’s behaviors are directed primarily by
A. pleasing others
B. oral gratification
C. need gratification
D. pleasure principle
A
C. need gratification
21
Q
Which of the following statements about microaggression is not true?
A. it can be a comment, action, or gesture
B. it is usually based on personal characteristics or history of the microaggression target
C. individuals with disabilities may also be targets of microaggression
D. it is never unintentional
A
D. it is never unintentional
22
Q
Some definable communities have a set of values, mores and behaviors which are passed from one generation or another. This can include such things as language, music, and food. This describes
A. social class
B. pluralism
C. culture
D. nationalism
A
C. culture
23
Q
Over the centuries, various groups of people have viewed themselves as the standard bearer and cultural model other people should strive to emulate. This notion is called
A. prejudice
B. white privilege
C. ethnocentrism
D. cultural encapsulation
A
C. ethnocentrism
24
Q
Which of the following statements is not true? Climate change
A. may be correlated with rising sea levels
B. may result in more severe hurricanes
C. may result in psychological consequences for those impacted
D. leaves a very limited role for counselors in related intervention programs
A
D. leaves a very limited role for counselors in related intervention programs
25
Appearing expert to your client may help to "influence" them to join into the counseling process. The individual who identified the interpersonal influence process is
A. albert bandura
B. stanley strong
C. gilbert wrenn
D. carl rogers
B. stanley strong
26
The american with disabilities act (ada) has been a valuable piece of federal legislation. Which of the following statements is not true?
A. ada refers to discrimination of individuals who are handicapped in employment, access to public facilities, and public transportation
B. disability refers to limits of the individual in several life activities such as manual tasks, walking, hearing, learning
C. if individuals with disabilities cannot complete the usual employment application process, there is no discrimination in not hiring such a person
D. even employers with only 25 workers are subject to the provisions of ada
C. if individuals with disabilities cannot complete the usual employment application process, there is not discrimination in not hiring such a person
27
Which of the following statements relating to teenage suicide is most true?
A. girls are more successful at committing suicide than boys
B. among 10-24 yos, suicide is the second leading cause of death
C. of all the demographic groups, gays and lesbians are at the lowers risk of suicide
D. there are no valid indicators to look for to predict youth suicide
B. among 10-24 yos, suicide is the second leading cause of death
28
Counseling women may be different than counseling men. Which of the following statements about counseling women is not true?
A. men experience as many conflicts in their roles as women do
B. as a group, women may be more emotionally expressive than men in counseling
C. women are more apt to initiate the counseling process
D. the feminist approach to counseling women directs focus on the history and cultural limitations placed on women
A. men experience as many conflicts in their roles as women do
29
The LBGTQ community has adopted some definitions which are important for the broader community to understand and use. One such term is used by persons whose gender identity generally matches with that assigned for their physical sex. That term is
A. cisgender
B. nonbinary
C. gender fluid
D. transgender
A. cisgender
30
Motivation and reinforcement may come from within a person or from sources external to the person. According to Rotter, people's behavior is determined by their belief that reinforcements are either internally or externally controlled. This concept is called
A. expectancy level
B. goal orientation
C. locus of control
D. reinforcement contingency
C. locus of control
31
A counselor in a social services agency is working with an economically deprived immigrant. The first priority for this client might be
A. education
B. love
C. safety and security
D. shelter and food
D. shelter and food
32
A number of different cultural factors and forces impact on individuals to make them unique. Some of these factors and forces have a broader impact than others. Which of these factors results in the greatest similarity between individuals?
A. national
B. racioethnic
C. universal
D. ecological
B. racioethnic
33
In counseling individuals from the same racial or cultural group, which statement is true?
A. members of a racial or cultural group are fairly indistinguishable
B. there may be more differences between members within a racial or cultural group than between members of two or more racial or cultural groups
C. if the counselor is well grounded and educated, there is no need to view a client from their particular cultural perspective
D. differences between members of an ethnic group should be noted but socioeconomic differences have little importance
B. there may be more differences between members within a racial or cultural group than between members of two or more racial or cultural groups
34
Some counselors may disregard cultural variations believing that individuals from the same culture are basically the same. They may also use the same counseling techniques for each individual from the same cultural group. This approach is referred to as
A. cultural encapsulation
B. world view
C. assimilation
D. white privilege
A. cultural encapsulation
35
To effectively counsel individuals cross-culturally, the counselor may need to adopt some modifications in approaching such clients. Which of the following is most true?
A. for individuals from some cultures, an introduction by a mutually known individual may be helpful
B. with latino/a clients' identification with the family may be disregarded
C. a walk around the block or sitting on a park bench seldom facilitates getting a counseling relationship established
D. sharing any amount of personal information may be detrimental to the relationship
A. for individuals from some cultures, an introduction by a mutually known individual may be helpful
36
In terms of multicultural counseling, network therapy means all the following may be involved in the counseling except for
A. extended family members
B. immediate family members
C. neighbors who know of the family's difficulties
D. important community persons such as religious or spiritual leaders
C. neighbors who know of the family's difficulties
37
Counselor training programs are expected to include cross-cultural competencies in all courses required by students. These competencies include all of the following components except
A. consciousness raising
B. personal counseling
C. affective
D. knowledge and skills
B. personal counseling
38
Not all minority groups are faring as well as others in the US. For example, one group has the highest infant mortality rate, the highest dropout rate from high school at about 70%, and the highest suicide rate. All these descriptors are most pertinent to
A. native americans
B. hispanic americans
C. asian americans
D. african americans
A. native americans
39
Tim is a high school sophomore who is very bright and adept with all the most recent computers and communication devices. He doesn't have many close friends and can't wait for classes to end so he can continue playing World of Warcraft online games which he can play for hours each day. Which of the following statements is most untrue?
A. compulsive online gamers follow the same patterns as others with addictions
B. online gaming provides constant rewards for the gamer's actions
C. gamers can assume different personalities and create avatars to represent themselves
D. game playing appears restricted to one or two countries and the vast majority of gamers are teenagers
D. game playing appears restricted to one or two countries and the vast majority of gamers are teenagers
40
Regarding family abuse and violence, which of the following statements is least true?
A. child sexual abuse typically occurs when the child is between 7-13 years old
B. children who have been abused are slightly more apt to be abusers as adults than children not abused
C. state laws require that suspected or actual child abuse be reported
D. the level of stress the family is experiencing is seldom related to the incidence of child abuse
D. the level of stress the family is experiencing is seldom related to the incidence of child abuse
41
Objects relation theory conceptualizes four broad states of development. Which of these stages is usually the third to occur in the child?
A. symbiosis
B. separation/individuation
C. constancy of self and object
D. fusion
B. separation/individuation
42
In his person centered approach to counseling, which of the following processes did Rogers feel was not necessary or appropriate?
A. diagnosis
B. the relationship
C. core conditions
D. client's phenomenological world
A. diagnosis
43
A counselor focuses on "belief system", "self talk", and "crooked thinking" with her client. It is likely that the theoretical approach of this counselor is strongly influenced by
A. existential theory
B. reality therapy
C. solution focused therapy
D. rational emotive behavior therapy
D. rational emotive behavior therapy
44
A counselor who believes that people's behavior is best explained as reactions to stimuli in their environment is probably working from a _________ theoretical perspective.
A. transactional
B. person centered
C. behavioral
D. solution focused
C. behavioral
45
Rogers has noted that the second half of therapy often creates more unhappiness and depression for the client than the first half. It is likely that this may be attributed to
A. the threatening nature of the counselor during this period of time
B. experiencing the reorganized self
C. the fear of ending the relationship
D. more intensely working through the issues which have been identified
B. experiencing the reorganized self
46
In narrative therapy, the client often talks about the "problem saturated" story. Some specific counseling techniques which may be used in this therapy include all the following except
A. miracle question
B. reauthoring
C. externalization and deconstruction
D. questions and clarifications
A. miracle question
47
The family systems approach which views the family as an emotional unit and stresses the importance of more than one generation is that of
A. nathan ackerman
B. virginia satir
C. carl wittaker
D. murray bowen
d. murray bowen
48
A counselor can use many different techniques with a client. One potentially powerful technique in moving the counseling process forward helps the client see issues and problems in a new light. This technique is called
A. restatement
B. interpretation
C. paraphrasing
D. summarizing
B. interpretation
49
There are many effective counseling techniques used by counselors who practice from a behavioral perspective. Two of these are systematic desensitization and stress inoculation. Who are the theorists most closely associated with these techniques?
A. joseph wolpe and donald meichenbaum
B. gordon allport and arron beck
C. alfred adler and joseph wolpe
D. donald meichenbaum and robert carkhuff
A. joseph wolpe and donald meichenbaum
50
Some counselors develop a personal theory for counseling based on their worldviews, education, and experience. They choose those techniques and processes from other theories which fit their own personal theory. This is called
A. multimodal therapy
B. integrative counseling
C. cognitive and behavioral counseling
D. individual psychology
B. integrative counseling
51
The clinical interventions selected by the mental health counselor may be influenced by all of the following except
A. diagnosis
B. counselor's theoretical orientation
C. culture or age of the client
D. location where the counseling is being provided
D. location where the counseling is being provided
52
Dialectical behavior therapy (dbt) although developed principally for borderline personality treatment, is now used more broadly. Which of the following four module skills is not one applied by dbt practicitioners?
A. emotion regualtion
B. interpersonal effectiveness
C. hypnosis
D. mindfulness
C. hypnosis
53
The counseling technique used by the counselor to explain to the client the logical inconsistencies in the client's statements is known as
A. confrontation
B. immediacy
C. congruence
D. reflection
A. confrontation
54
Which of the following statements about the relationship of neurobiology and psychotherapy appears most accurate?
A. genetics fairly exclusively determines brain growth and differentiation
B. there are 5 principal brain locations and functions
C. a counseling relationship can foster the development of new neurons and neural networks
D. so far, biofeedback has not been found useful in "re-wiring" neural networks
C. a counseling relationship can foster the development of new neurons and neural networks
55
Conceptual and operational differences between individual counseling and family counseling include all of the following except
A. locus of pathology
B. unit of treatment
C. focus of treatment interventions
D. the "system" gets priority attention in both
D. the "system" gets priority attention in both
56
A number of principles from feminine psychology undergird feminist therapy. Which of the following is not one of those basic principles?
A. therapy is not just for the individual but has as its goal the transformation of society
B. women's perspectives are central and serve as the norm for women because when compared to men's perspective, the feminine view is often viewed as deviant
C. because the counselor probably understands feminine psychology better than the client, the counselor's role is to lead and educate the client
D. client problems often have social and political roots which have resulted in marginalization, oppression, and stereotyping
C. because the counselor probably understands feminine psychology better than the client, the counselor's role is to lead and educate the client
57
Some of the key concepts of this theoretical approach include the unity of personality, the need to view people from their subjective perspective, and the importance of life goals that give direction to behavior. This theory suggests people are motivated by social interest and by finding goals to give life meaning. These statements most clearly define the __________ counseling theory.
A. adlerian
B. existential
C. reality
D. transactional
A. adlerian
58
Some counselors work with clients who have been victims of various traumatic events and circumstances. Hurricanes, earthquakes, and terrorist attacks can all result in posttraumatic stress disorder. There may be consequences to the counselor for engaging in this kind of counseling work. One of the possible consequences for the counselor may be
A. burnout
B. lack of confidence in their ability to help
C. secondary traumatic stress
D. negative cognitive shift
C. secondary traumatic stress
59
Corey is the middle child of a family with 3 children. His older brother is 3 years older and his younger brother is 4 years younger. The counselor seeing Corey agrees with many of the concepts explicated by Adler. Applying birth order and family constellation concepts, the counselor is aware that Corey
A. will receive the bulk of attention and be high achieving
B. may be "lost" in the middle and view life as unfair
C. never learned to share or cooperate but deals with adults well
D. will tend to go his own way and develop in unique directions
B. may be "lost" in the middle and view life as unfair
60
The proponent of structural family therapy is Salvador Minuchin. He believed families were composed of subsystems. Which of the following statements is not true?
A. possible subsystems include spousal, parental, sibling
B. boundaries between subsystems may be permeable or diffuse
C. diffuse boundaries may lead to enmeshment or disengagement
D. healthy families have rigid rules for subsystems
D. healthy families have rigid rules for subsystems
61
There are a number of different groups that have their own focus and purpose. One group is designed for the members to acquire information and skills. It may be preventative, growth oriented, and remedial. This most clearly defines which kind of group?
A. psychotherapy
B. self help
C. psychoeducation
D. guidance
C. psychoeducation
62
Members respond differently when in an actual group. Which of the following is not a role often assumed by group members?
A. blocking
B. training
C. facilitative/building
D. maintenance
B. training
63
Even before the group is constituted, an important function for the group leader is
A. reviewing group theory
B. arranging for a coleader
C. reading the code of ethics for group counseling
D. screening of potential members
D. screening of potential members
64
Shawna is leading a group which is meeting for the third time. She notes that the eight members are showing a lot of resistance to the process and to her as leader. They are questioning the purpose of the group's existence. It is likely that the next stage for this group to move to is
A. working
B. consolidation and termination
C. transition
D. forming
A. working
65
A new community mental health agency has been established and its stated goals are to work with the community in terms of psychoeducation with a focus on children before they graduate from high school. To stretch their resources, they hope to conduct the majority of their work through small and large groups. An overall name that may be ascribed to these groups is
A. process
B. tertiary
C. outcome
D. primary
D. primary
66
A corrections counselor working in a juvenile detention center hopes to start a group. The teenagers in the center are of varying races and cultures. Which of the following statements is not true?
A. extent of the teenagers' acculturation may determine willingness to participate
B. some cultures discourage sharing of personal and family issues with others of different races and cultures
C. group participants from a variety of cultures and backgrounds have a high degree of understanding of other members' circumstances
D. group leaders must understand the historical and systematic factors pertinent to such group members
C. group participants from a variety of cultures and backgrounds have a high degree of understanding of other members' circumstances
67
When there are two leaders conducting a group, they must be sensitive to several issues which can impact the group's performance. Which of the following can be a negative factor in coleading a group?
A. conflicting theoretical orientations of group leaders
B. coleaders should process coleading regularly
C. it may be helpful if one leader is male and one is female
D. coleaders can take on roles and serve as models for group members to observe and learn from
A. conflicting theoretical orientations of group leaders
68
Being a member of a group often sends a powerful message to members that they are not alone and unique in the issues being addressed by the group. This phenomenon is commonly called
A. linking
B. universality
C. cohesion
D. group dynamics
B. universality
69
Group leaders with very different individual counseling orientations have applied their theoretical approach to their group work. One group leader concentrates on the here and now with the members and uses a variety of exercises with the focus on actions and insight although affect is not ignored. This could be categorized as a __________ group.
A. transactional
B. gestalt
C. reality
D. behavioral
B. gestalt
70
Although group effectiveness is difficult to define and is related to the purposes and leadership of the group, some general principles have been agreed upon. For example, group processes are most effective when the group
A. works on several group tasks simultaneously, thereby increasing the efficiency of the group
B. has an authoritarian leader who maintains interpersonal rules and directions
C. develops new ways of functioning in response to emerging needs and patterns of interaction among group members
D. identifies group members who inhibit movement toward the group's goals
C. develops new ways of functioning in response to emerging needs and patterns of interaction among group members
71
In a counseling group using psychodrama techniques, the group member whose problem is being addressed takes the role of
A. director
B. auxiliary ego
C. stage hand
D. protagonist
D. protagonist
72
Group members who have issues as well as goals they believe are unknown to other group members, are operating in the __________ quadrant of the Johari Window.
A. upper right
B. lower left
C. upper left
D. lower right
B. lower left
73
Which of the following is likely to occur in the early life of a group?
A. norms are developed
B. goals are achieved
C. trust is developed
D. cohesion takes place
A. norms are developed
74
Counselors know that groups are formed for different purposes. For example, in some groups the primary goal is to achieve some specified outcome, or product, while in others the primary goal is to focus on the process of interaction within the group. Which one of the following types of groups is more product that process oriented?
A. transactional analysis
B. adlerian
C. client centered
D. behavioral
D. behavioral
75
Two counselors in a university counseling center are preparing to conduct a group focusing on developing interpersonal relationship skills. In preparing to conduct the group, their discussion focuses on all the following topics except
A. stages of a group
B. open vs closed group
C. homogeneous vs heterogeneous
D. duration
A. stages of a group
76
There are several advantages of doing group versus individual counseling. One is not
A. safe place to practice new skills
B. more nearly replicates the real world of group participants
C. with scarce resources, it spreads out the cost per individual counseled
D. a good place to develop a circle of close friends
D. a good place to develop a circle of close friends
77
In their research on effective group leaders, Yalom and others have determined that four leader functions seemed to be present no matter the theoretical orientation of the leader. Which of the following is not of the four effective leadership functions?
A. frequent use of the caring (focus on emotions) function
B. moderate amounts of executive direction (structure, providing direction)
C. sparse use of meaning attribution (not all feelings and experiences need to be identified and named)
D. moderate amount of emotional stimulation (encourage expression of emotion)
C. sparse use of meaning attribution (not all feelings and experiences need to be identified and named)
78
The Systemic Training for Effective Parenting STEP program is based off the theoretical work of
A. alfred adler
B. carl rogers
C. michael waldo
D. diane hulse-killacky
A. alfred adler
79
Before group cohesion occurs, conflict is often present. In group setting, conflict
A. negates the progress of the group
B. promotes group involvement
C. should be settled by those in power
D. requires group leaders to intervene firmly
B. promotes group involvement
80
In group counseling, a number of ethical issues present themselves. Which of these is not one of those issues?
A. group members must be free to leave the group if attendance is not mandatory
B. Confidentiality cannot be assured but must be emphasized and contract should be signed
C. small social subgroups in addition to the actual group can be encouraged for practicing new skills
D. group leaders should have coursework and supervised experience in groups before leading a group on their own
C. small social subgroups in addition to the actual group can be encouraged for practicing new skills
81
In his early theoretical formulation, Super identified one of the vocational development tasks as
A. clarification
B. decline
C. conventional
D. specification
D. specification
82
Gottredson's theory identified four orientations that children go through on their way to adult career development. The last of the four orientations beginning in the teen years was orientation to
A. internal unique self
B. sex roles
C. social valuation
D. size and power
A. internal unique self
83
The Career Beliefs Inventory was designed to challenge individuals' perceptions and identify barriers they might have about taking some career related actions. This inventory was the work of
A. bandura
B. krumboltz
C. holland
D. ginsberg
B. krumboltz
84
One step in the career counseling process is different than what occurs in most regular, "personal" counseling. This is the activity referred to as
A. providing information
B. assessment
C. establish a relationship
D. implementing a plan developed in counseling
A. providing information
85
Natasha is considering attending college but has not yet found a college major she would like to pursue. Her academic performance and potential are very strong. Her principal concern is that she would be happy and satisfied in her future work. If she took one career related test or inventory, she might be a good candidate for
A. a personality test
B. an achievement test
C. an interest inventory
D. an aptitude test
C. an interest inventory
86
The use of computer resources in career counseling is critical with more and more websites containing assessment, career information, as well as employer and job information. Which of the following is not a good computer resource for individuals exploring career issues?
A. dictionary of occupational titles
B. occupational information network (onet)
C. world of work map
D. occupational outlook handbook (ooh)
A. dictionary of occupational titles
87
The individual associated closely with a social constructionist approach to career counseling is
A. robert tiedeman
B. hb gelatt
C. eg williamson
D. mark savickas
D. mark savickas
88
In her career development theory, Ann Roe believed that a number of factors influenced children on their way to later career selection. Which of the following statements cannot be associated with Roe?
A. cognitive information processing underlies career development
B. career were chosen to match need
C. her field by level classification helps explain the structure of occupations
D. parental influences and early childhood experiences helped determine career choice
A. cognitive information processing underlies career development
89
Which of the following statements appears to be the most accurate?
A. many career theories had their origins in the 1930s and 1940s
B. the career development process appears to begin in the early school years and seldom continues after retirement
C. a career undecided individual can most probably be helped with appropriate information
D. even the early career theories had excellent generalizability to women and diverse individuals
C. a career undecided individual can most probably be helped with appropriate information
90
Theo is concerned that the occupation in which he settles will fit his personality and match nicely with his interests and skills. If Theo know of John Holland's theory, this implies he would be very interested in the concept of
A. differentiation
B. modal personal orientations
C. vocational identity
D. congruence
D. congruence
91
The trait factor approach to career counseling was explicated by Frank Parsons who is viewed as the "father" of counseling and vocational psychology. The factor part of this career counseling approach most nearly refers to
A. an individual's personality
B. the individual's upbringing within the family
C. educational and work experience
D. occupations and what they demand of the worker
D. occupations and what they demand of the worker
92
John Crites developed a model of career counseling and distinguished between the various parts of the presenting career problem. He also argued for a variety of methods and techniques which could be reasonably applied in career counseling. An instrument he designed to assist in this effort was
A. self directed search
B. myers briggs type indicator
C. career maturity inventory
D. work values inventory
C. career maturity inventory
93
China teaches in a K-6 school and has always been interested in young children learning about the world of work. For her second and third graders, she was most concerned that they
A. do career exploration
B. begin the process of career awareness
C. start orienting toward career selections
D. do specific career preparation
B. begin the process of career awareness
94
Which of the following statements is most nearly true?
A. women still lag behind men in terms of number of bachelor's and master's degrees earned
B. jobs in the gig economy are dominated by male workers
C. with the large increase in the number of women who have achieved "power" positions, the glass ceiling is seldom an issue to a woman's advancement in a company
D. family of origin issues and use of the occupational genogram may be useful in career counseling
D. family of origin issues and use of the occupational genogram may be useful in career counseling
95
Which of the following statements is not true of the current economic situation?
A. of the groups listed here, the highest unemployment is suffered by black males, followed by latina females, then white females
B. there is no relationship between education attained and level of unemployment
C. the principal reason for "outsourcing" to other countries is the lower cost of labor
D. the number of unemployed "discouraged" workers probably nearly doubles the "actual" tabulated unemployment rate
B. there is no relationship between education attained and level of unemployment
96
In refining his theory, Super identified several concepts focusing on a more holistic view of career development. Which of the following concepts is not one of these?
A. zone of acceptable alternatives
B. major roles and theatres
C. archway model
D. life career rainbow
A. zone of acceptable alternatives
97
The career development theory of John Krumboltz is accurately referred to as
A. actuarial or matching
B. social constructionism
C. learning theory
D. environmental fit
C. learning theory
98
Circumscription and compromise is often used as a label for the career development theory of __________ because of the individuals must circumscribe (rule out) some possible careers and compromise on others for which they are not eligible.
A. robert hoppock
B. linda gottfredson
C. robert o'hara
D. albert bandura
B. linda gottfredson
99
Which one of the following pairs is not accurately associated with each other?
A. edward strong - interest inventory
B. mark savickas - postmodern career counseling
C. frank parsons - efficacy theory
D. hb gelatt - positive uncertainty
C. frank parsons - efficacy theory
100
Of the following statements, which one least accurately describes the national career development association?
A. career researchers, academicians, and practitioners belong
B. it is a division of the american psychological association
C. a previous name for this association was national vocational guidance association
D. this was the first professional counseling association ever
B. it is a division of the american psychological association
101
Which of the following statements about a negatively skewed distribution is accurate?
A. the mean is higher than the mode and median
B. the mean and median are equal
C. the mean is lower than the median and mode
D. the mean and mode are equal
C. the mean is lower than the median and mode
102
A class of nine students completed a mid term exam. The most appropriate measure of the variability of these scores is probably
A. variance
B. range
C. standard deviation
D. central tendency
B. range
103
An important psychometric property of tests and inventories is reliability. A good definition of reliability is
A. standard deviation
B. correlation coefficient
C. consistency
D. inclusive range
C. consistency
104
Which of the following is least representative of what standardized scores are?
A. correlations
B. "common language"
C. transformed scores
D. derived scores
A. correlations
105
Which one of the following is representative of nonstandardized assessment?
A. formal instructions
B. checklist and rating scales
C. structured scoring
D. intelligence tests
B. checklist and rating scales
106
In a normal distribution, what percentage of scores falls within the range of +2 and -2 standard deviation from the mean?
A. 96
B. 68
C. 34
D. 14
A. 96
107
z scores and t scores make it possible to compare the results of several different tests taken by one individual. These scores are example of
A. deviation scores
B. raw scores
C. normal scores
D. standard scores
D. standard scores
108
Some types of validity may be classified as "criterion related". Which of the following types of validity can be so classified?
A. concurrent and predictive
B. construct and content
C. face and predictive
D. predictive and construct
A. concurrent and predictive
109
Split half reliability and use of the Spearman Brown Prophecy formula is associated with which type of reliability?
A. correlation coefficient
B. equivalency
C. stability
D. internal consistency
D. internal consistency
110
An aptitude test is an indication of
A. general mental capacity
B. unconscious desires
C. potential for success in a given area
D. previous experience in a field
C. potential for success in a given area
111
A national organization is charged with the administration of an exam for licensure. Before the exam is administered, the organization determines what the passing score will be. This is an example of
A. a norm referenced exam
B. ipsative
C. speed based
D. criterion referenced
D. criterion referenced
112
Convergent validation and discriminant validation are concepts associated with which validity?
A. predictive
B. content
C. construct
D. concurrent
C. construct
113
If a test has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10, we know
A. 96% of the test takers scored between 30-70
B. 50% of the test takers scored between 40-60
C. 34% of the test takers scored higher than 60
D. 50% of the test takers scored between 50-60
A. 96% of the test takers scored between 30-70
114
Consider a normal curve representing 1,000 scores on an exam. One individual's score is equivalent to a minus one (-1.0) standard deviation. Given that information, which of the following statements is not true?
A. this score is equivalent to a t score of 40
B. this score is at a 16% of all 1,000 scores
C. this score is equivalent to a z score of -1
D. 50% of this sample of test takers has scores higher than this individual
D. 50% of this sample of test takers has scored higher than this individual
115
The Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient is a useful measure of relationships. Which of the following statements is not true?
A. this correlation coefficient measures the relationship between two variables (bivariate)
B. a high correlation can shed definitive information on which variable causes the other
C. the range of this correlation is -1.00 to +1.00
D. the statistical significance of each correlation can be determined
B. a high correlation can shed definitive information on which variable causes the other
116
Mara took a test and scored a 64. The standard error of measurement of the test is 8. With this information, if Mara took the test again, we can accurately infer that her score will fall between __________ about 95% of the time.
A. 56 to 72
B. 48 to 80
C. 60 to 68
D. 54 to 74
B. 48 to 80
117
When an individual takes a test and scores very high or very low and then retakes the same test at a later date under different circumstances, there is an expectation that the second score will be different. This is referred to as
A. convergent validation
B. true and error variance
C. coefficient of determination
D. regression toward the mean
D. regression toward the mean
118
Counselors must prepare for interpreting test scores to individuals. Which of the following statements is not true?
A. there is a strong potential for using test results to label and stereotype
B. counselors should receive training in assessment theory and interpretation
C. counselors should be careful not to reveal exact scores to test takers
D. the use of nontechnical terms and proceeding slowly in interpretation are important
C. counselors should be careful not to reveal the exact scores to test takers
119
Testing by computer is the norm for many assessment practices. Which of the following is not an advantage of testing by computer?
A. test results and profiles of scores may be available immediately
B. some older individuals may not be computer literate and may be anxious about computer testing
C. computerized testing is efficient and reduces paperwork
D. administration procedures are standardized
B. some older individuals may not be computer literate and may be anxious about computer testing
120
Which word describes the following distribution of scores: 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 9, 10, and 11?
A bimodal
B. variance
C. median
D. skewed
A. bimodal
121
Qualitative research is common in the social sciences. Which of the following statements characterize this type of research?
A. there is a search for causality - determining what variables/conditions cause which outcomes
B. the primary goal of this research is to describe the nature of things
C. statistics are used to compare and contract groups
D. this research assumes there is a single objective reality which can be measured
B. the primary goal of this research is to describe the nature of things
122
The level of measurement which assumes that the numbers of the scale represent the same quantities throughout the scale is
A. interval
B. ration
C. ordinal
D. nominal
A. interval
123
In most research efforts, there is a need to measure and record data of some kind. What we measure is known as the
A. confounding variable
B. independent variable
C. sampling variable
D. dependent variable
D. dependent variable
124
Ex post facto research is the kind that refers to gathering data after
A. experimental and control groups have been set up
B. cause and effect relationships have been established
C. qualitative research follows the gathering of quantitative data
D. some event or occurrence has already happened
D. some event or occurrence has already happened
125
Some sampling techniques take into account not just the occurrence of special groups in a population but also the number of individuals in such groups in comparison to the entire population. This sampling is called
A. proportional and stratified
B. random
C. purposeful
D. stratified
A. proportional and stratified
126
In a middle school, the 50 seventh graders were randomly assigned to Classroom A or Classroom B. Each classroom was taught math for a semester using a different technique. At the end of the semester, all seventh graders were administered the same comprehensive math exam. The appropriate statistic to be used in examining for significant differences between the two math techniques would be
A. one way analysis of variance
B. t test
C. bivariate correlation
D. mann whitney u test
B. t test
127
A researcher wants to examine the social networking behavior of eight graders. She is not concerned about experimental and control groups and hopes to complete the study in a two week timeframe. Graduate students will be used to collect the data in the selected schools. Perhaps the researcher's principal concern regarding threats to the internal validity of the research is
A. maturation
B. instrumentation
C. attrition
D. selection of subjects
B. instrumentation
128
The director of a counseling center wants to measure client satisfaction following completion of counseling. A 5-point scale is designed with a number of statements for each client to complete. On the scale, a 5=very satisfied, 4=satisfied, 3=neutral, 2=dissatisfied, and a 1=very dissatisfied. This is an example of a
A. likert type scale
B. ratio scale
C. thurstone type scale
D. nominal type scale
A. likert type scale
129
A university professor provided consultation to a minimum security prison. He designed a study to measure the effectiveness of three different kinds of counseling: individual, group, and bibliotherapy. After one year of this intervention, measures of locus of control and self esteem were completed by the participants. Given the nature of the variables in this study, the researcher would be advised to use
A. factorial analysis of variance
B. t test
C. one way analysis of variance
D. kruskal wallis test
C. one way analysis of variance
130
Which of the following statements about correlation research is not true?
A. the direction of the correlation indicates causality associated with the variables
B. correlations can range from -1.00 to .00 to 1.00
C. correlations can be determined between two or between multiple variables
D. in a bivariate correlation, if both sets of numbers trend down, this is a positive correlation
A. the direction of the correlation indicates causality associated with the variables
131
Subjects in the control group of a weight loss study are given gelatin capsules that they are led to believe are diet pills. They react by losing weight. This is referred to as
A. experimental effect
B. main effect
C. placebo effect
D. novelty and disruption effect
C. placebo effect
132
Descriptive statistical analysis can include all of the following except
A. frequency counts
B. analysis of variance
C. means and standard deviations
D. percentages
B. analysis of variance
133
In designing her research project, Asha is concerned about the impact of the pretest she will be use in order to establish a base level of performance. To counter this concern, she would most likely consider using
A. correlation techniques
B. a mixed method design
C. a meta analysis
D. solomon four group design
D. solomon four group design
134
Chi-square is a nonparametric technique used most effectively with data that are
A. nominal
B. ratio
C. interval
D. ordinal
A. nominal
135
Once a researcher has selected a general question to be answered in the study, the next step is to
A. choose measurement instruments
B. formulate a null hypothesis
C. select subjects for the study
D. research the related literature
D. research the related literature
136
One of the threats to external validity of a research effort occurs when subjects act differently because they know they are participating in a study. This phenomenon is known as
A. thurstone effect
B. hawthorne effect
C. pearson effect
D. halo effect
B. hawthorne effect
137
Factor analysis is an advanced technique used to summarize vast amounts of data. This procedure relies on the use of the __________ technique.
A. rosenthal
B. spearman-brown
C. correlation
D. multiple comparison
C. correlation
138
Accountability and the evaluation of counseling programs are more critical today than in the past. Which of the following statements is not true?
A. counseling services funders such as insurance companies and government sources have an active interest in counseling program evaluation
B. the efficacy of counseling with different client problems has often become the "bottom line"
C. specific treatment goals and objectives are less important than overall counseling procedures
D. there is little reason to believe that interest in counseling program evaluation will abate in future years
C. specific treatment goals and objectives are less important than overall counseling procedures
139
Which of the following issues is least important in terms of the ethics of conducting research?
A. deception and its impact on subjects
B. providing information and receiving "informed consent" from subjects
C. giving credit to others involved in the research
D. getting the research results disseminated in a national publication
D. getting the research results disseminated in a national publication
140
Shortly after the fall semester began, eight seventh graders were identified as bullies. The school counselor began a weekly group activity with them and continued these meetings for eight weeks. At the end of the second semester (in May), the counselor gathered data about any bullying activities these students may have been involved in following the group activity. This is an example of
A. formative evaluation
B. comparative research
C. summative evaluation
D. process evaluation
C. summative evaluation
141
The national organization which is responsible for accrediting counselor training programs is
A. american psychological association
B. national board for certified counselors
C. american school counselor association
D. council for accreditation of counseling and related educational programs
D. council for accreditation of counseling and related educational programs
142
The family educational rights and privacy act explicitly states that parents of children may have access to school records if the youngster is under _________ years of age.
A. 21
B. 18
C. 16
D. 14
B. 18
143
State laws vary in the number of years that counselors need to wait before sexual contact with former clients is ethical. The american counseling association code of ethics states that the number of years is
A. 2
B. 3
C. 5
D. never
C. 5
144
The profession of counseling began in vocational guidance and counseling activities. A landmark in the early development of the field is
A. formation of the american counseling association
B. establishment of psychology laboratories in germany
C. publishing of frank parson's book, choosing a vocation
D. the national defense of education act
C. publishing of frank parson's book, choosing a vocation
145
Conversion therapy which seeks to change a person's sexuality or gender identity
A. has been banned by legislation in a number of states
B. does not appear to be influenced by any religious practices
C. is most useful when conducted with older individuals
D. has been approved by the US Supreme Court for use by certain institutions
A. has been banned by legislation in a number of states
146
Which of the following statements about counselor use of technology and social media in counseling is not true?
A. because of the difficulties across distances, informed consent is not necessary
B. separate social media web pages for professional and personal use are necessary
C. counselors must verify the client's identity at the start and throughout the counseling process
D. counselors should make reasonable efforts to determine if clients are intellectually, emotionally, and physically capable of using the technology chosen
A. because of the difficulties across distances, informed consent is not necessary
147
There are circumstances when a counselor is not bound by the ethical principle of confidentiality. One of these is
A. the client signs an informed consent statement
B. the client's condition indicates a danger to self or others
C. the client is taking medication
D. the client has a clear diagnosable condition
B. the client's condition indicates a danger to self or others
148
State licensure laws are designed to
A. protect the public receiving counseling services
B. standardize the training of counselors
C. identify and discourage counselors from charging too much for their services
D. protect the mental health field for psychologists and social workers
A. protect the public receiving counseling services
149
Frank is a client in your private practice who is employed and looking for work. One day an employer in the area calls for a recommendation for Frank who has listed you as a reference on his work application. You should
A. tell the employer about all of Frank's positive traits
B. tell the employer nothing until you have a signed release from Frank
C. tell the employer vague generalities which could apply to anyone
D. put the employer on hold until you can reach Frank and get his consent
B. tell the employer nothing until you have a signed release from Frank
150
Which of the following statements is not true?
A. the tarasoff case had its origin at the california supreme court
B. intended victims must be warned even if living out of state
C. the counselor must break confidentiality if necessary to warn an intended victim
D. all the states have passed legislation affirming the california decision
D. all the states have passed legislation affirming the california decision
151
You are conducting a community education class for the mental health center for which you work. One of the attendees approaches you after the session and asks about individual counseling with you. Since you also have a small private practice, you tell the individual to
A. call your mental health center's intake department to schedule an appointment
B. call your private office the next day to schedule an appointment
C. make an appointment for the next day to see the individual in your private practice
D. refer the client to your coworker in your private practice
A. call your mental health center's intake department to schedule and appointment
152
The national law which requires the protection of client privacy including the transmission of records and insurance claim information is
A. FERPA - the buckley amendment
B. title 9
C. mental health parity act
D. HIPPA
D. HIPPA
153
When it becomes obvious that a client's wishes are in direct conflict with your own value system, as an ethical counselor, you should
A. not reveal your values to the client
B. explain your difficulty to the client and promise to try not to let it interfere with the counseling process
C. refuse to even see the client
D. convince the client that your way of thinking is in her or his best interest
B. explain your difficulty to the client and promise to try not to let it interfere with the counseling process
154
Which of the following statements is not true?
A. CORE and CACREP have reached an agreement to merge
B. ACA publishes a state by state guide about licensure requirements
C. a new accrediting body titled master's in psychology and counseling will be replacing CACREP
D. a formal statement about licensure portability has been issued by ACA
C. a new accrediting body titled master's in psychology and counseling will be replacing CACREP
155
In developing a counseling program, which of the following steps would most likely be the best to begin with?
A. implementation
B. develop a plan
C. needs assessment
D. evaluation
C. needs assessment
156
A number of principles underlie ethical decision making as practiced by counselors. Which of the following is not one of those principles?
A. competence
B. autonomy
C. nonmaleficence
D. beneficence
A. competence
157
Managing and maintaining boundaries presents issues to all counselors. Which of the following statements is most accurate?
A. counselors can never knowingly begin a professional counseling relationship with members of associations or organizations both belong to
B. if counselors extend the boundaries of their relationship with a current or former client, they document potential benefits and consequences
C. counselors may enter nonprofessional in person or electronic relationships with former clients
D. when counselors change their role with a client, for example, going from a counseling role to an evaluative role, they should consider telling a client
B. if counselors extend the boundaries of their relationship with a current or former client, they document potential benefits and consequences
158
The professional honor society which serves counseling students as well as professional counselors is know as
A. psi chi
B. phi beta kappa
C. alpha omega
D. chi sigma iota
D. chi sigma iota
159
Which of the following statements about licensure is not true?
A. all 50 states now have licensure statutes
B. the state of virginia passed the first general practice counselor licensure law
C. some state licensure laws are practice control and others are title control
D. once licensed in one state, you are automatically licensed in another state you might move to
D. one licensed in one state, you are automatically licensed in another state you might move to
160
As described in the ACA code of ethics regarding professional standards of practice, all of the following statements are true except
A. you must know and practice within your boundaries of competence
B. some form of diagnostic system is necessary so you can identify client needs and apply appropriate services
C. no theoretical system is necessary if you can explain what you do in your counseling
D. do terminate your relationship with a client if your services are no longer helpful
C. no theoretical system is necessary if you can explain what you do in your counseling
161
Which of the following captures the essence of informed consent?
A. having members sign a contract before joining a group
B. telling members in some detail about the nature and purpose of the group
C. having members decide upon all the activities of the group
D. making sure that groups will always be composed of voluntary members
B. telling members in some detail about the nature and purpose of the group
162
Maria, a 25 yo latina woman, is in career counseling. In reviewing her background, the counselor determines that she has followed the rules and expectations of her close knit family. She now finds herself in a position needing to support her family on her own and can't decide between three different occupational possibilities which she has head about. Maria may be characterized as
A. career inefficacious
B. career undecided
C. needing more schooling
D. career indecisive
B. career undecided
162
Several principles may underlie and ethical decision made by a counselor. Which of the following is not one of those principles?
A. autonomy
B. nonmaleficience
C. pro bono
D. fidelity
C. pro bono
162
Client: I wrote some more in my journal yesterday. I wrote about the strong urge to eat after I visited my mother. I almost went to the store for junk food but I did not.
Counselor: The urge to eat was connected with your mother.
A long silence follows. The probable cause for the client's silence was
A. boredom
B. hostility toward the counselor
C. emotional or cognitive integration
D. waiting for the counselor to lead
C. emotional or cognitive integration
163
Individuals of european ancestry enjoy benefits, without their awareness, that people of color do not. This phenomenon is referred to as
A. ethnocentrism
B. double standard
C. acculturation
D. white privilege
D. white privilege
164
On a college campus, a group of students of color has been protesting their treatment alluding to harassing comments by whites and what they believe to be discrimination in the grading system by their professors. Eleven of these students have come to the campus counseling center and want to begin a group experience to arrive at some answers and find solutions. The most appropriate theoretical orientation of the counselor assigned to lead the group is
A. behavioral
B. psychoanalytic
C. gestalt
D. person centered
A. behavioral
165
Resistance may be one of the group dynamics during the storming phase of group development. This may be evident by a group member's use of
A. identification with other group members
B. collaboration and cooperation
C. intellectualization
D. self disclosure and sharing
C. intellectualization
166
An employment counselor uses the Ability Profiler (General Aptitude Test Battery) which measures nine aptitudes important for different jobs. His clients are typically uneducated. Because the counselor is concerned how his clients' scores stack up against others and how they would perceive their aptitudes, he interprets the scores to each of his clients
A. ipsatively
B. using national norms
C. using local norms
D. in relationship to other tests
A. ipsatively
167
Jobs and careers of individuals have been changing over the years. Some newer conceptualizations of the world of work have been noted. For example, when a retired person chooses to or must re-enter the workforce, such work or career is often called
A. compensatory
B. portfolio
C. encore
D. life career
C. encore
168
A licensed professional counselor in private practice is also trained in career counseling and occasionally sees a client for career work. Generally, the counselor receives insurance reimbursement for services she provides for her career clients who are often experiencing anxiety and work related stress. The counselor assigns a DSM code to these clients even though the insurance companies policies indicate that payment for career services is not reimbursable. Which of the following statements is most accurate?
A. the counselor is okay because she is concerned about the general health and welfare of the client as the ethical code expects
B. the counselor is not okay because career counseling problems are not reimbursable and this is insurance fraud
C. the counselor is okay because the experts in the literature agree that career counseling is personal counseling
D. the counselor knows other counselors who have received reimbursement for similar client problems
B. the counselor is not okay because career counseling problems are not reimbursable and this is insurance fraud
169
Practicing positive or reinforcing self statements has been called stress inoculation. Who is the behaviorally oriented theorist who proposed this concept?
A. bandura
B. wolpe
C. allport
D. meichenbaum
D. meichenbaum
170
A school counselor is interested in determining whether seniors who have jobs receive lower grades and national test scores that those who do not work. Let's assume that in May of the school year he finds that approximately 250 seniors worked this past school year and 250 did not. He compares their GPA, class rank information, and ACT scores. If all these indicators were lower for the seniors who worked, the counselor would be tempted to say that having a job causes the lower indicators. He may be wrong to say that because this study is
A. a post hoc investigation
B. an experiment
C. a survey
D. a descriptive study
A. a post hoc investigation
171
Historically, there were many influences on the development of the testing movement. Which one of the following was not an early influence?
A. civil rights movement
B. compulsory school attendance
C. world war 1
D. advances in statistical methodology
A. civil rights movement
172
Gender role socialization occurs in most cultures and includes the development of role stereotypes which may be rigid and fixed. Imitation and identification with a same sex model facilitates the learning of gender roles. Gender role socialization
A. is primarily based on heredity
B. seldom occurs within the family
C. becomes a basic component of our self concept
D. is usually complete by 6 years of age
C. becomes a basic component of our self concept
173
Jason, the sole source of income in the family, suffers unemployment unexpectedly. As the unemployment continues, a variety of consequences are likely to ensue for him, his wife, and their children. Research suggests that
A. the next job jason finds will probably be better than the last one
B. the children should not be told of their father's unemployment in order to reduce their anxiety
C. it is unlikely that jason will experience the grief cycle
D. as unemployment continues, his wife will slowly pull away from her circle of friends
D. as unemployment continues, his wife will slowly pull away from her circle of friends
174
In a behavioral group context, which of the following are key terms?
A. self monitoring and contracts
B. here and now and blocks of energy
C. value judgements and positive addition
D. catharsis and ego integrity
A. self monitoring and contracts
175
A number of counseling approaches see mindfulness as an important component. Which of the following statements appears most true?
A. internal sensations, emotions and thoughts are not important to mindfulness
B. relationship oriented therapies are more effective that cognitively based ones in using mindfulness
C. mindfulness is a mental discipline with a focus on the here and now
D. so far, it appears that mindfulness techniques work best with PTSD clients
C. mindfulness is a mental discipline with a focus on the here and now
