CPCE Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
Erik Erikson’s stages of development are
A
Psychosocial
2
Q
Eco psychologists
A
Believe in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior
3
Q
Psychodynamic theories
A
Focus on unconscious processes rather than cognitive factors
4
Q
Psychoanalyst that created a developmental theory which encompassed the entire lifespan
A
Erik Erikson
5
Q
Jean Piaget’s idiographic approach stages
A
Sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations
6
Q
Notion that a substance’s weight, mass, and volume stay the same even if it changes shape
A
Conservation
7
Q
Children master conservation and concept of reversability during
A
Concrete stage (7-11)
8
Q
A system which permits the child to test out things in the physical world
A
Schema
9
Q
Who expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development?
A
Lawrence Kohlberg
10
Q
Who disagreed with Piaget’s notion that developmental stages take place naturally?
A
Lev Vygotsky
11
Q
Who insisted that the stages unfold due to educational intervention.
A
Lev Vygotsky
12
Q
one can undo an action, hence an object (say a glass of water) can return to its initial shape.
A
Reversability
13
Q
conveys the fact that the child cannot view the world from the vantage point of someone else.
A
Egocentrism
14
Q
Kohlberg’s theory has three levels of moral development:
A
preconventional, conventional, and post-conventional
15
Q
The term identity crisis comes from the work of
A
Erik Erikson
16
Q
Erikson’s final stage of development
A
Integrity vs. despair
17
Q
Who was the zone of proximal development pioneered by
A
Lev Vygotsky
18
Q
She difference between a child’s performance without a teacher versus that which he or she is capable of with an instructor
A
Zone of proximal development
19
Q
Which psychoanalysts were maturationists
A
Freud and Erikson
20
Q
Suggests that behavior is guided exclusively via hereditary factors, but that certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment
A
Maturation Theory
21
Q
John Bowlby, the British psychiatrist, is most closely associated with
A
Bonding and attachment
22
Q
The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is
A
Harry Harlow
23
Q
Freud’s psychosexual stages
A
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
24
Q
In the general U.S. population
A
Suicide rates increase with age
25
Attachment evolves
Primarily during the oral stage
26
Nature refers to
Hereditery
27
Nurture refers to
Environment
28
Stage theorists assume
Qualitative changes between stages occur
29
A continuous process that begins at contraception
Development
30
Cephalocaudal
Head to foot
31
The portion of a trait that can be explained via genetic factors
Heritability
32
Kohlberg list________ stages of moral development
6
33
Kohlberg's stages of moral development fall into ______ levels
3
34
Punishment/obedience orientation and stage 2: naïve hedonism (also called instrumental or egotistic) orientation
Preconventional with stage 1 and 2
35
Good boy/good girl orientation and stage 4: authority, law, and order orientation. This entire level is often known as “morality of conventional rules and conformity.”
Conventional with stage 3 and 4
36
Democratically accepted law or “social contract” and stage 6: principles of self-conscience and universal ethics.
Post-conventional with stage 5 and 6
37
Is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occur and happens during the phallic stage
Oedipus Complex
38
Oedipus complex in girls is called
The Electra Complex
39
Any psychological process which cannot be directly observed
Covert
40
The client is exposed to an actual situation which might prove frightful or difficult
In vivo
41
Behavior therapy techniques that help to ameliorate anxiety reactions
Desensitization
42
Eleanor Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing
An apparatus known as the visual cliff
43
Theorists who believe that development consists of quantitative changes
Empiricists
44
What grew out of the philosophy of John Locke in the 1600s and is sometimes referred to as associationism.
Empiricism
45
An empiricist view of development would be
Behavioristic
46
What position holds that developmental strides are qualitative?
Organicism
47
The schema (i.e., a mental representation of the real world) of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the
The sensorimotor stage (age birth-2)
48
Focusing on a key feature of a given object or situation while not noticing the rest of it.
Centration
49
Research utilizing animals
Ethology
50
Laboratory research using animals and attempts to generalize the findings to humans.
Comparative psychology
51
Which stage includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema?
Piaget's preoperational
52
Wproposed developmental tasks for infancy and early childhood?
Robert Havinghurst
53
BASIC-ID stands for
Behavior, affective responses, sensations, imagery, cognitions, interpersonal relationships, and drugs
54
Which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation?
Harry Harlow
55
who pioneered the technique of systematic desensitization?
Joseph Wolpe
56
Which theorist would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency?
Konrad Lorenz
57
A time when an organism is susceptible to a specific developmental process.
Critical period
58
Imprinting—rapid learning during a critical period of development—is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. The primary work in this area was done by
Konrad Lorenz
59
Kegan suggests six stages of life span development:
incorporative, impulsive, imperial, interpersonal, institutional, and interindividual.
60
the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation).
Equilibration
61
Which therapist was not instrumental in the early years of the social psychology movement?
Berne
62
Who was the father of transactional analysis?
Eric Berne
63
The three factors which enhance interpersonal attraction are:
Close proximity, physical attraction, and similar beliefs
64
Behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs.
Contextualism
65
The frustration-aggression theory is associated with
John Dollard and Neal Miller
66
A popular cognitive consistency or balance theory in social psychology is ________ cognitive dissonance theory
Festinger
67
What describes correct, normal, or habitual behavior.
Folkways
68
What are beliefs and social customs regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior.
Mores
69
Social exchange theory postulates that
a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs.
70
Which theory predicts that the person will look for things which are consistent with his or her behavior.
Cognitive dissonance theory
71
The emotional content of a word, which is different from the true or dictionary definition.
Connotation
72
Who was the father of logotherapy?
Viktor Frankl
73
Emic
is a “culture-specific” perspective, from the word phonemic meaning sounds in a particular language
74
Etic
derived from the term phonetic referring to sounds that remain the same in any language.
75
Autoplastic
change comes from the self such as thoughts and behaviors
76
Alloplastic
conceptualization is that the client can cope best by changing or altering external factors in the environment
77
What is when persons of a cultural heritage retain their traditions and differences, yet cooperate in regard to social, political, and economic matters.
Cultural pluralism
78
What is topography
Mapping
79
The executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle
Ego
80
Pleasure priniciple
Id
81
Ego Ideal
Superego
82
The person acts the opposite of the way he or she actually feels.
Reaction Formation
83
Who emphasized the drive for superiority.
Adler
84
The personality types of the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) are associated with the work
Carl Jung
85
The word eclectic is most closely associated with
Frederick Thorne
86
Skinner’s operant conditioning is also referred to as
Instrumental learning
87
Who's name was associated with Little Albert?
John B. Watson
88
The first studies, which demonstrated that animals could indeed be conditioned to control autonomic processes, were conducted by
Neal Miller
89
Who is very well known for his creation of a five-point scale intended to measure empathy, genuineness, concreteness, and respect.
Robert Carkhuff
90
LPB
Low probability behavior
91
HPB
High probability behavior
92
Based on time
Interval
93
The reinforcement always takes place after a fixed time or number of responses,
Fixed
94
An average number of responses or times may be used
Variable
95
What is the act of practicing a behavior in a counseling session that can be beneficial in the client’s life
Behavioral rehearsal
96
relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, and in vivo desensitization.
Systematic desensitization
97
What is behavioral sex therapy.
Sensate focus
98
Existentialists speak of three worlds, the Umwelt or the ________ world, the Mitwelt or the ________ world, and the Eigenwelt or the ________ world.
Physical, relationship, identity
99
Who is the father of reality therapy?
William Glasser
100
Who created rational behavioral therapy?
Maxie Maultsby
101
The philosopher most closely related to REBT would be
Epictetus
102
The cognitive therapist most closely associated with the concept of stress inoculation treatment is
Donald Meichenbaum
103
Unpleasant feelings after a person creates a game are called
Rackets
104
What is the act of doing to yourself what you really wish to do to someone else?
Retroflection
105
Perls suggested ________ which must be peeled away to reach emotional stability.
5 layers of neurosis
106
Individual is good and moves toward growth and self-actualization.
Rogers (Person-centered)
107
Messages learned about self in childhood determine whether person is good or bad, though intervention can change this script.
Berne (Transactional Analysis)
108
Deterministic; people are controlled by biological instincts; are unsocialized, irrational; driven by unconscious forces such as sex and aggression.
Freud (Psychoanalysis)
109
People have a cultural/biological propensity to think in a disturbed manner but can be taught to use their capacity to react differently.
Ellis (REBT)
110
People are not bad or good. People have the capacity to govern life effectively as “whole.” People are part of their environment and must be viewed as such.
Perls (Gestalt)
111
Individuals strive to meet basic physiological needs and the need to be worthwhile to self and others. Brain as control system tries to meet needs.
Glasser (Reality therapy)
112
Man is basically good; much of behavior is determined via birth order.
Adler (Individual psychology)
113
Man strives for individuation or a sense of self-fulfillment.
Jung (Analytic)
114
Humans are like other animals: mechanistic and controlled via environmental stimuli and reinforcement contingencies; not good or bad; no self-determination or freedom.
Skinner (Behavior modificiation)
115
Person produces and is a product of conditioning. Observation and modeling are extremely important.
Bandura (Neobehavioristic)
116
Existential view is that humans are good, rational, and retain freedom of choice.
Frankl (Logotherapy)
117
Through education and scientific data, man can become himself. Humans are born with potential for good or evil. Others are needed to help unleash positive potential. Man is mainly rational, not intuitive.
Williamson (Trait and Factor)
118
Allen E. Ivey has postulated three types of empathy:
basic, subtractive, addititve
119
Counselor’s response is on the same level as the client’s.
Basic empathy
120
The counselor’s behavior does not completely convey an understanding of what has been communicated.
Subtractive empathy
121
The most desirable since it adds to the client’s understanding and awareness.
Additive empathy
122
The human relations core for effective counseling includes
Empathy, positive regard and genuineness
