CPE 2 Flashcards
(35 cards)
What is Research?
Research is something people undertake in order to find out things in a systematic way, thereby increasing their knowledge.
Characteristics of Good Research
- Research is Empirical - It uses facts and data that are obtained through a thorough investigation.
- Research is Analytical -The researcher carefully analyzes and interprets the gathered data before arriving at a conclusion.
- Research is Systematic - It follows a certain method or procedure in order to obtain objective results.
- Research is Cyclical - It begins with a problem and ends with the resolution or tentative answers to the problem to complete the cycle. This only means that every step in the research process is vital to the success of the research.
- Research is Original - It is expected that any research output is a product of novel ideas and shows originality.
Research Process
a. Define your topic - Your chosen topic will directly affect the research process.
b. Write your problem statement - This is the statement that describes what is to be tested during the entire research process or the general problem or question that the research aims to answer.
c. Make an outline - The outline serves as the first draft of your paper.
d. Develop a research strategy - This minimizes the time and effort you will be putting on your paper and will serve as a guide.
e. Evaluate your sources - You may do this by considering the authority (author and
publisher), currency (date of publication), and purpose (intention of the author) of the
material.
f. Write and revise your paper - Check the contents of your paper.
g. Document your sources - This shows whether the ideas or information are
taken from another source or from the author himself or herself.
ETHICS IN RESEARCH 1. HONESTY.
Strive for honesty in all
scientific communications.
Honestly report data, results,
methods and procedures, and
publication status. Do not
fabricate, falsify, or
misrepresent data.
ETHICS IN RESEARCH 2. Objectivity
Strive to avoid bias in
experimental design, data
analysis, data interpretation,
peer review, personnel
decisions, grant writing,
expert testimony, and other
aspects of research where
objectivity is expected or
required. Avoid or minimize
bias or self-deception.
ETHICS IN RESEARCH INTEGRITY
Keep your promises and
agreements; act with
sincerity; strive for
consistency of thought
and action.
ETHICS IN RESEARCH 4. CAREFULNESS.
Avoid careless errors and
negligence; carefully and
critically examine your own
work. Keep good records of
research activities such as data
collection, research design, and
correspondence with agencies.
ETHICS IN RESEARCH 5. Openness.
Share data, results,
ideas, tools,
resources. Be open
to criticism and
new ideas.
ETHICS IN RESEARCH 6. Respect for Intellectual Property.
Honor patents, copyrights, and other
forms of intellectual property. Do not
use unpublished data, methods, or
results without permission. Give
credit where credit is due. Give
proper acknowledgement or credit
for all contributions to research.
Never plagiarize.
ETHICS IN RESEARCH 7. Confidentiality.
Pro confidential
communications and
personal information
of your respondents,
if any.
ETHICS IN RESEARCH 8. Social Responsibility
Strive to promote social
good and prevent or
mitigate social harms
through research, public
education, and advocacy.
- ETHICS IN RESEARCH Competence
Maintain and improve your
own professional
competence and expertise
through lifelong education
and learning.
ETHICS IN RESEARCH 10. Legality.
Know and obey
relevant laws and
institutional and
governmental
policies.
ETHICS IN RESEARCH 11. Animal Care
Show proper respect and
care for animals when
using them in research.
Do not conduct
unnecessary or poorly
designed animal
experiments.
ETHICS IN RESEARCH 12. Human Subjects Protection
When conducting research on human
subjects, minimize harms and risks
and maximize benefits; respect
human dignity, privacy, and
autonomy, take special precautions
with vulnerable populations, and
strive to distribute the benefits and
burdens of research fairly.
Qualitative Research
This usually involves gathering, analyzing, and interpreting data based on observations made about the participants of the study. These data can be in the form of ideas, actions, symbols, metaphors derived usually from in-depth observations and interviews. Qualitative research aims to interpret meanings, descriptions, and symbols. The researchers ask the participants to respond to some questions and further probe the answers by giving follow-up questions to get a thorough response to a certain question. There is no definite number of participants that qualitative research requires.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 1. The researcher has an important role in qualitative research
The researcher goes directly to
the place where the study is
being conducted. As a
qualitative researcher, you
will have to spend time in the
actual location interviewing,
observing, and taking down
notes about the participants of
the study.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 2. Qualitative data are gathered and presented in a form of words,
descriptions, pictures, or meanings, and not in numbers.
This is basically the difference
between a qualitative and
quantitative research. As a
qualitative researcher, you have to
be a keen observer.
*You can collect data like notes,
photographs, anecdotes,
comments, or anything that can
help you better understand the
participants.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 3. Qualitative researcher is concerned with the process involved.
As a qualitative researcher, you
are concerned with the interaction
of your participants with each
other or to the situations they are
in. These interactions convey
meanings and symbols which can
be interpreted into words or ideas.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 4. Inductive reasoning is used in analyzing qualitative data.
As a qualitative researcher,
you are not expected to
formulate hypothesis at the
start of your study.
Hypotheses are defined and
formulated as the study
progresses.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 5. Qualitative researcher is concerned with meanings and
interpretations.
As a qualitative researcher,
you are aiming to determine
the perceptions and thoughts
of the participants and giving
reasons to these meanings
through interviews and
observations.
Different Approaches in Qualitative Research
a. Ethnography- Focuses on the ethnic groups
b. Phenomenology- Focuses on insights and knowledge of an individual
c. Grounded Theory- Focuses on generating new theory based on available data
d. Narrative Research- Focuses on Life Experiences of certain individual
e. Case Analysis- Focuses on step-by-step procedure based on certain issues. Case studies takes a lot of time to resolve.
Ethnography
Ethnographic research requires three important things: a detailed description of the group being studied; analysis of the group in terms of themes and constructs; and the interpretations of the researchers to the group as to meanings, symbols, and generalizations. Culture, holistic perspective (everyday things that the participants do, how or why they do it), contextualization: emic (insider’s perspective) and etic (external objective of reality) perspective, thick description (escribing what the researcher has seen, heard, and observed in detail and including quotations directly from the participants in writing the final report), and nonjudgmental orientation.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethnography
Advantages: More Comprehensive, Gains deeper and richer understanding of
one’s behavior in natural setting, Suited in studying group behavior over
time
Disadvantages: Dependent on the researcher’s observations
and interpretations, Observer bias is difficult to eliminate, Close supervision is needed.
