CPS - Test 1 Flashcards
Communication and Problem Solving Officer Moreno
1
Q
T/F Officers must remain alert to the dynamics of people present and whether elements within a group may be in the posture of assisting, interfering, or being hostile with the officer.
A
True
2
Q
What is the 1st (first) sub-skill of arranging?
A
The first sub-skill of arranging is eliminating distractions.
3
Q
What are the 5 universal truths?
A
1) People feel the need to be respected
2) People would rather be asked than be told
3) People have a desire to know why
4) People prefer to have options over threats
5) People want to have a second chance
4
Q
What is an important professional skill?
A
communication
5
Q
Four elements an officer must recognize and control in every encounter:
A
• problem • audience • constraints • ethical presence
6
Q
What is arranging?
A
Arranging means eliminating from the environment anything that might distract you or the person whom you are supervising or with whom you are interacting. A dual goal is to make the environment pleasant, not stressful.
7
Q
What assists you in sizing up situations?
A
good posture
8
Q
_____% of the time a message is received and interpreted based on how something is said rather than what is said.
A
93
9
Q
The way one views the world,which shapes one’s construction of meening. In a search for understanding critical thinkers view phenomena from many points of view
A
Point of View
10
Q
There are ____________ aspects of critical thinking.
A
six
11
Q
Is a statement or proposition with supporting evidence. Critical thinking involves identify, evaluating &constructing arguments.
A
Argumen
12
Q
Community policing promotes and supports organizational strategies to address the causes and reduce the fear of crime and social disorder through ___________________________ and __________________________.
A
problem-solving tactics; community-police partnerships
13
Q
What are the three (3) elements of arranging the environment for effective communication?
A
- Eliminating distraction.
- Adding attractors (privacy, comfort, etc.)
- Enhancing the environment to facilitate communication.
14
Q
What is the 3rd sub-skill of positioning?
A
The third sub-skill of positioning is looking directly.
15
Q
Need to have conditions that must be met for something to be judged as believable. Although the argument can be made that each subject area has different ctiteria, some standards apply to all subjects
A
Criteria
16
Q
What is the first skill of posturing?
A
The first sub-skill of posturing is standing and sitting erect.
17
Q
______% of the time a message is received due to content.
A
7
18
Q
______________________________ allows you to use the least effort to see the important non-verbal clues and keeps you from being distracted by other activities in the area.
A
Facing squarely.
19
Q
What are the 3 elements of the crime triangle?
A
• offender • victim • location
20
Q
What is the second sub-skill of posturing?
A
The second sub-skill of posturing is eliminating distractive behaviors.
21
Q
____%of contacts require physical force.
A
3
22
Q
If you are too close when communicating, you will risk threatening persons and break the
A
invisible zone
23
Q
What are the 3 (three) elments of posturing for effect and control?
A
Standing or sitting erect to show strength and confidence in oneself. Eliminating distracting behaviors that interfere with focusing on what is important. Leaning forward slightly to show that you are interested and concerned.
24
Q
______% of the time a message is received due to voice.
A
33
25
T/F Distance may non-verbally send positive and negative messages.
true
26
When the goal is communication, positioning with a distance between ______ and ____________ works best.
18 inches; 3 feet
27
Communication is an important professional skill. ___ of an officer's duties involve verbal skills.
97%
28
What are the 3 (three) elements of positioning for effectiveness and safety?
Distancing far enough to be safe, close enough to see and hear. Facing squarely. Looking directly at people to demonstrate confidence and attentiveness (while keeping the cultural context in mind)
29
What is the first sub-skill of positioning?
The first sub-skill of positioning is distancing.
30
Three aspects to facilitating effective communication:
**APP**
1. Arranging
2. Positioning
3. Posturing
31
When words and actions disagree, trust \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
actions
32
Describe the 5 types of solutions/responses.
Solutions designed to totally eliminate a problem;
Solutions designed to substantially reduce a problem;
Solutions designed to reduce the harm created by the problem;
Solutions designed to deal with a problem better (treat people more humanely, reduce costs, or increase effectiveness); and,
Solutions designed to remove the problem from police consideration.
33
What sub-skill of arranging can enhance your work environment in order to manage more effectively
adding attractors
34
What are the four steps of SARA Model?
• Scanning • Analysis • Response • Assessment
35
"The intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from or generated by observation, experiences, reflection, reasoning, or communication as a guide to belief and action" is the definition of
critical thinking
36
What are the elements of communication?
Words, touch, body movement, message
Content - actual message.
Voice - verbal personality (how it is said).
Non-verbals - raised eyebrows, posture, etc.
37
What are the methods of good problem solvers?
PCBAA positive attitude
concern for accuracy
breaking the problem into parts
avoiding guessing
activeness in problem solving
38
Four typical reasons for errors in reasoning:
1. person **_fails to observe_** and **_use all the relevant facts_** of a problem
2. person fails to approach the problem in a systematic manner
3. person fails to **_spell out relationships fully_**
4. person is **_sloppy and inaccurate in collecting information and carrying out mental activities_**
39
"Placing your body so you are able to observe, listen, or perform some physical act" is the definition of
positioning
40
\_\_\_\_% of the time a message is received due to non-verbal communication.
60
41
T/F Words and gestures alone are not an attack.
true
42
One of the clearest signals of being tired or having low energy is
poor body posture
43
What are the three (3) elements of arranging the environment for effective communication?
**EAE**
1. Eliminating distraction.
2. Adding attractors (privacy, comfort, etc.)
3. Enhancing the environment to facilitate communication.
44
What's the third sub-skill of posturing?
The third sub-skill of posturing is inclining forward slightly. If you want to appear in control, if you want to appear as if you know what you are doing, but not like you have to have your way, you should incline forward slightly. It shows interest or an inclination to help.
45
Problem-solving is a __________________________ process for reducing the impact of crime and disorder problems in the community.
methodical
46
T/F If you lose control as a result of some "harmless" gestures, it's harmless.
false
47
The ability to infer a conclusion from one or more multiple premises.
To do so requirs examining logical relationships among statements or data.
Reasoning
48
The aspects of critical thinking:
• Dispositions • Criteria • Argument • Reasoning • Point of View • Procedures for Applying Criteria
49
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is an integral component of the philosophy of community policing.
problem solving
50
What's the the most important non-verbal communication skills?
Eye contact one of the most important non-verbal communication skills
51
T/F People act differently under different circumstances, and officers' entrances into a scene never creates a new set of circumstances.
False
52
Critical thinkers are skeptical, open minded. Value fair mindness, respect evidence and reasoning, respect clarity and precision, look at different points of view and well change positions when reason leads them to do so
Disposition
53
is a policing philosophy that promotes and supports organizational strategies to address the causes and reduce the fear of crime and social disorder through problemsolving tactics and community-police partnerships
Community Policing
54
**What are the three (3) elements of**
**arranging the environment for effective communication?**
1. **_X - Eliminating distraction_**.
2. **_+ - Adding attractors_** (privacy, comfort, etc.)
3. **_Î - Enhancing the environment_** to facilitate communication.
55
**What are the 3 (three) elements of**
**positioning for effectiveness and safety?**
1. **_Distancing_** far enough to be safe, close enough to see and hear.
2. **_Facing squarely._**
3. **_Looking directly_** at people to demonstrate confidence and attentiveness (while keeping the cultural context in mind)
56
## Footnote
**What are the 3 (three) elments of**
**posturing for effect and control?**
1. Standing or sitting **_erect_** to show strength and confidence in oneself.
2. **_Eliminating distracting_** behaviors that interfere with focusing on what is important.
3. **_Leaning forward slightly_** to show that you are interested and concerned.
57
## Footnote
**What is arranging?**
**_Arranging_** means eliminating from the environment anything that might distract you or the person whom you are supervising or with whom you are interacting. **_A dual goal is to make the environment pleasant, not stressful._**
58
## Footnote
**What is the 1st sub-skill of**
**arranging?**
**The first sub-skill of arranging is eliminating distractions.**
Most people have worked in an environment where there were many distractions. Remember what it was like to try to perform your job effectively when you worked in a distracting environment? **_Extraneous noises, uncomfortable chairs, and an uncomfortable room temperature_** can deter one’s attention and deplete one’s energy so that more time is required for each task and errors are more frequent. **_Eliminating distractions is important to successful communications._**
59
## Footnote
**What is positioning?**
Positioning means placing your body so you are able to **_observe, listen or perform_** some physical act.
If your goal is to get information, manage or help others, it makes sense to prepare yourself in order to achieve the goal you have in mind. Do not regard the discussion and practice of positioning as being unworthy of consideration. Examine the importance of proper positioning in other activities such as sports activities, surgery, music, etc.
60
## Footnote
**What is the first sub-skill of positioning?**
The first sub-skill of positioning is **_distancing_**.
One of the obvious functions of establishing the appropriate distance from someone is to **enable you to see and hear clearly.**
When the goal is communication, positioning with a distance between 18 inches and 3 (three) eet works best. If you are too close, you will risk threatening persons and you will break that “invisible zone” we all have around us. If you distance yourself more than three feet away, people may develop concern about your genuine interest in them.
If for any reason you anticipate trouble with someone who could possibly injure you, give yourself extra distance. **_Those who work in criminal justice settings typically allow three and a 3.5' half feet as a norm so they have time to react to danger_**. It is important to be aware that distance may nonverbally send positive and negative messages. Such awareness will provide a good start to your communication efforts.
61
## Footnote
**What is the 3rd sub-skill of positioning?**
The third sub-skill of positioning is **_looking directly._**
How many times have you heard or said that you could tell someone was not being honest because they wouldn’t look you or someone else in the eye? Not that there’s much validity to this test but it seems to be used often. The reason for mentioning the statement is that people really believe that important messages are communicated by facial expressions and the eyes; and they are!
Please note that what particular message is conveyed is culturally dependent. In many cultures, persons who look you in the eye seem more interested, intense, concerned, etc. However, in other cultures, direct eye contact is viewed as aggressive and offensive. You may infer anxiety in shifting eyes and fatigue. Smiles, frowns and perspiration, can also lead to several important inferences. You can see why **_looking directly is an essential part of good positioning and why it is important to remain aware of cultural diversity when practicing this sub-skill._**
62
## Footnote
**Explain posturing for effect and control.**
It takes energy to have good posture. One of the clearest signals of being tired or having low energy is poor body posture. When you stand or sit upright, it communicates your preparedness to function. People sense your interest and your confidence by your posture. **_Good posture assists you in sizing up situations._**
* *_There are 3 sub-skills:_**
1. standing and sitting erect;
2. eliminating distractive behaviors;
3. inclining forward slightly.
63
## Footnote
**What is the 1st skill of posturing?**
The 1st sub-skill of posturing is **_standing and sitting erect._**
If you appear not to be sitting or standing erect and you are in a sensitive situation where you want to control the conditions, you should sit and stand erect. It communicates a positive message. You are in control, you are ready and you care.
64
## Footnote
**What is the 2nd sub-skill of posturing?**
The 2nd sub-skill of posturing is **_eliminating distractive behaviors_** *(e.g. excessive gesturing).*
If you lose control as a result of some “harmless” gestures, it isn’t harmless. It may threaten someone who may not tell you. This may cause you to lose control over a situation where you should have control, cost you business or damage a relationship.
65
## Footnote
**What's the 3rd sub-skill of posturing?**
The 3rd sub-skill of posturing is **_inclining forward slightly._**
If you want to appear in control, if you want to appear as if you know what you are doing, but not like you have to have your way, you should incline forward slightly. It shows interest or an inclination to help.
66
## Footnote
**What's the the most important**
**non-verbal communication skills?**
**_Eye contact_** one of the most important non-verbal communication skills
67
## Footnote
**Define critical thinking.**
**_Critical thinking_** is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully
conceptualizing,
applying,
analyzing,
synthesizing, and/or
evaluating
information gathered from or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action.
68
## Footnote
**Define community policing.**
**_Community policing_** is a policing philosophy that promotes and supports organizational strategies to address the causes and reduce the fear of crime and social disorder through **_problem-solving tactics_** and **_community-police partnerships._**
69
## Footnote
**List 6 essential aspects of critical thinking.**
The essential aspects of critical thinking are:
**DC-AR-PP**
1. Dispositions
2. Criteria
3. Argument
4. Reasoning
5. Point of View
6. Procedures for Applying Criteria
**_Dispositions_**: Critical thinkers are skeptical, open-minded, value fair-mindedness, respect evidence and reasoning, respect clarity and precision, look at different points of view, and will change positions when reason leads them to do so.
**_Criteria_**: To think critically, must apply criteria. Need to have conditions that must be met for something to be judged as believable. Although the argument can be made that each subject area has different criteria, some standards apply to all subjects.
**_Argument_**: Is a statement or proposition with supporting evidence. Critical thinking involves identify, evaluating, and constructing arguments.
**_Reasoning_**: The ability to infer a conclusion from one or multiple premises. To do so requires examining logical relationships among statements or data.
**_Point of View_**: The way one views the world, which shapes one’s construction of meaning. In a search for understanding, critical thinkers view phenomena from many points of view.
**_Procedures for Applying Criteria_**: Other types of thinking use a general procedure. Critical thinking makes use of many procedures. These Procedures include asking questions, making judgments, and identifying assumptions.
70
## Footnote
**What are the methods of good problem solvers?**
**_PCBAA_**
* positive attitude
* concern for accuracy
* breaking the problem into parts
* avoiding guessing
* activeness in problem solving
71
## Footnote
**What are the four steps of SARA Model?**
The four-step SARA Model:
_**Scanning
Analysis
Response
Assessment**_
for problem solving is frequently implemented by a policing agency in partnership with the community.
Problem-oriented policing requires that officers use their critical thinking skills to **_look for underlying causes_** behind events or a series of incidents rather to focus on individual occurrences as isolated events.
**_SARA Problem-Solving Process:_**
Scanning - identifying the problem
Analysis - learning the problem’s causes, scope, and effects
Response - acting to alleviate the problem
Assessment determining whether the response worked
**_Scanning (identifying the problem):_**
The identification of a cluster of similar, related or recurring incidents through a preliminary review of information, and the selection of this crime/disorder problem, among competing priorities, for future examination.
**_Analysis (learning the problem’s causes, scope, and effects):_**
The use of several sources of information to determine why a problem is occurring, who is responsible, who is affected, where the problem is located, when it occurs and what form the problem takes. Analysis requires identifying patterns that explain the conditions that facilitate the crime or disorder problem. Sources of information may include police data (CAD, arrest, incident data, etc.); victim and offender interviews; environmental surveys; officer, business and resident surveys; social service and other government agency data; etc.
**_Response (acting to alleviate the problem):_**
The execution of a tailored set of actions that address the most important findings of the problem analysis phase and focus on at least two of the following: (1) preventing future occurrences by deflecting offenders; (2) protecting likely victims; or (3) making crime locations less conducive to problem behaviors. Responses are designed to have a long-term impact on the problem, and do not require a commitment of police time and resources that is not sustainable over the long-term.
**_Assessment (determining whether the response worked):_**
The measurement of the impact(s) of the responses on the targeted crime/disorder problem using information collected from multiple sources, both before and after the responses has been implemented. Allows feedback from all resources to include the officers and community.
72
## Footnote
**What are the 3 elements of the crime triangle?**
The **_crime triangle_** offers an easy way to understand and visualize crime problems. The crime triangle also provides an easy way to explain the analysis stage of the SARA model, and may help students perform analysis.
The three (3) elements of the triangle are: **_offender, victim, and location_**. These three elements come together to form the crime triangle.
73
## Footnote
**What the % breakdown of the PO's**
**communication skills?**
Communication is an important professional skill.
**_97%_** of an officer's duties involve **_verbal skills._**
**_3%_** of contacts require **_physical force._**
74
## Footnote
**Why communication skills are importants?**
Because approximately **_93%_** of the time a message is received and interpreted based on **_how_** something is said rather than what is said.
75
## Footnote
**What are the elements of communication?**
* Words, touch, body movement, message
* Content - actual message.
* Voice - verbal personality (how it is said).
* Non-verbals - raised eyebrows, posture, etc.
76
## Footnote
**How are the messages percieved (based on %)?**
Perception of a message:
**_7%_** of the time a message is received due to **_content_**.
**_33%_** of the time a message is received due to **_voice_**.
**_60%_** of the time a message is received due to **_non-verbals (body language)._**
77
## Footnote
**Describe the 5 types of solutions/responses.**
1. Solutions designed to **_totally eliminate a problem;_**
2. Solutions designed to **_substantially reduce_** a problem;
3. Solutions designed to **_reduce the harm_** created by the problem;
4. Solutions designed to **_deal with a problem better_** (treat people more humanely, reduce costs, or increase effectiveness); and,
5. Solutions designed to **_remove the problem_** from police consideration.
78
**What are the three (3) elements of**
**arranging the environment for effective communication?**
1. **_X - Eliminating distraction_**.
2. **_+ - Adding attractors_** (privacy, comfort, etc.)
3. **_Î - Enhancing the environment_** to facilitate communication.
79
**What are the 3 (three) elements of**
**positioning for effectiveness and safety?**
1. **_Distancing_** far enough to be safe, close enough to see and hear.
2. **_Facing squarely._**
3. **_Looking directly_** at people to demonstrate confidence and attentiveness (while keeping the cultural context in mind)
80
## Footnote
**What are the 3 (three) elments of**
**posturing for effect and control?**
1. Standing or sitting **_erect_** to show strength and confidence in oneself.
2. **_Eliminating distracting_** behaviors that interfere with focusing on what is important.
3. **_Leaning forward slightly_** to show that you are interested and concerned.
81
## Footnote
**What is arranging?**
**_Arranging_** means eliminating from the environment anything that might distract you or the person whom you are supervising or with whom you are interacting. **_A dual goal is to make the environment pleasant, not stressful._**
82
## Footnote
**What is the 1st sub-skill of**
**arranging?**
**The first sub-skill of arranging is eliminating distractions.**
Most people have worked in an environment where there were many distractions. Remember what it was like to try to perform your job effectively when you worked in a distracting environment? **_Extraneous noises, uncomfortable chairs, and an uncomfortable room temperature_** can deter one’s attention and deplete one’s energy so that more time is required for each task and errors are more frequent. **_Eliminating distractions is important to successful communications._**
83
## Footnote
**What is positioning?**
Positioning means placing your body so you are able to **_observe, listen or perform_** some physical act.
If your goal is to get information, manage or help others, it makes sense to prepare yourself in order to achieve the goal you have in mind. Do not regard the discussion and practice of positioning as being unworthy of consideration. Examine the importance of proper positioning in other activities such as sports activities, surgery, music, etc.
84
## Footnote
**What is the first sub-skill of positioning?**
The first sub-skill of positioning is **_distancing_**.
One of the obvious functions of establishing the appropriate distance from someone is to **enable you to see and hear clearly.**
When the goal is communication, positioning with a distance between 18 inches and 3 (three) eet works best. If you are too close, you will risk threatening persons and you will break that “invisible zone” we all have around us. If you distance yourself more than three feet away, people may develop concern about your genuine interest in them.
If for any reason you anticipate trouble with someone who could possibly injure you, give yourself extra distance. **_Those who work in criminal justice settings typically allow three and a 3.5' half feet as a norm so they have time to react to danger_**. It is important to be aware that distance may nonverbally send positive and negative messages. Such awareness will provide a good start to your communication efforts.
85
## Footnote
**What is the 3rd sub-skill of positioning?**
The third sub-skill of positioning is **_looking directly._**
How many times have you heard or said that you could tell someone was not being honest because they wouldn’t look you or someone else in the eye? Not that there’s much validity to this test but it seems to be used often. The reason for mentioning the statement is that people really believe that important messages are communicated by facial expressions and the eyes; and they are!
Please note that what particular message is conveyed is culturally dependent. In many cultures, persons who look you in the eye seem more interested, intense, concerned, etc. However, in other cultures, direct eye contact is viewed as aggressive and offensive. You may infer anxiety in shifting eyes and fatigue. Smiles, frowns and perspiration, can also lead to several important inferences. You can see why **_looking directly is an essential part of good positioning and why it is important to remain aware of cultural diversity when practicing this sub-skill._**
86
## Footnote
**Explain posturing for effect and control.**
It takes energy to have good posture. One of the clearest signals of being tired or having low energy is poor body posture. When you stand or sit upright, it communicates your preparedness to function. People sense your interest and your confidence by your posture. **_Good posture assists you in sizing up situations._**
* *_There are 3 sub-skills:_**
1. standing and sitting erect;
2. eliminating distractive behaviors;
3. inclining forward slightly.
87
## Footnote
**What is the 1st skill of posturing?**
The 1st sub-skill of posturing is **_standing and sitting erect._**
If you appear not to be sitting or standing erect and you are in a sensitive situation where you want to control the conditions, you should sit and stand erect. It communicates a positive message. You are in control, you are ready and you care.
88
## Footnote
**What is the 2nd sub-skill of posturing?**
The 2nd sub-skill of posturing is **_eliminating distractive behaviors_** *(e.g. excessive gesturing).*
If you lose control as a result of some “harmless” gestures, it isn’t harmless. It may threaten someone who may not tell you. This may cause you to lose control over a situation where you should have control, cost you business or damage a relationship.
89
## Footnote
**What's the 3rd sub-skill of posturing?**
The 3rd sub-skill of posturing is **_inclining forward slightly._**
If you want to appear in control, if you want to appear as if you know what you are doing, but not like you have to have your way, you should incline forward slightly. It shows interest or an inclination to help.
90
## Footnote
**What's the the most important**
**non-verbal communication skills?**
**_Eye contact_** one of the most important non-verbal communication skills
91
## Footnote
**Define critical thinking.**
**_Critical thinking_** is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully
conceptualizing,
applying,
analyzing,
synthesizing, and/or
evaluating
information gathered from or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action.
92
## Footnote
**Define community policing.**
**_Community policing_** is a policing philosophy that promotes and supports organizational strategies to address the causes and reduce the fear of crime and social disorder through **_problem-solving tactics_** and **_community-police partnerships._**
93
## Footnote
**List 6 essential aspects of critical thinking.**
The essential aspects of critical thinking are:
**DC-AR-PP**
1. Dispositions
2. Criteria
3. Argument
4. Reasoning
5. Point of View
6. Procedures for Applying Criteria
**_Dispositions_**: Critical thinkers are skeptical, open-minded, value fair-mindedness, respect evidence and reasoning, respect clarity and precision, look at different points of view, and will change positions when reason leads them to do so.
**_Criteria_**: To think critically, must apply criteria. Need to have conditions that must be met for something to be judged as believable. Although the argument can be made that each subject area has different criteria, some standards apply to all subjects.
**_Argument_**: Is a statement or proposition with supporting evidence. Critical thinking involves identify, evaluating, and constructing arguments.
**_Reasoning_**: The ability to infer a conclusion from one or multiple premises. To do so requires examining logical relationships among statements or data.
**_Point of View_**: The way one views the world, which shapes one’s construction of meaning. In a search for understanding, critical thinkers view phenomena from many points of view.
**_Procedures for Applying Criteria_**: Other types of thinking use a general procedure. Critical thinking makes use of many procedures. These Procedures include asking questions, making judgments, and identifying assumptions.
94
## Footnote
**What are the methods of good problem solvers?**
**_PCBAA_**
* positive attitude
* concern for accuracy
* breaking the problem into parts
* avoiding guessing
* activeness in problem solving
95
## Footnote
**What are the four steps of SARA Model?**
The four-step SARA Model:
_**Scanning
Analysis
Response
Assessment**_
for problem solving is frequently implemented by a policing agency in partnership with the community.
Problem-oriented policing requires that officers use their critical thinking skills to **_look for underlying causes_** behind events or a series of incidents rather to focus on individual occurrences as isolated events.
**_SARA Problem-Solving Process:_**
Scanning - identifying the problem
Analysis - learning the problem’s causes, scope, and effects
Response - acting to alleviate the problem
Assessment determining whether the response worked
**_Scanning (identifying the problem):_**
The identification of a cluster of similar, related or recurring incidents through a preliminary review of information, and the selection of this crime/disorder problem, among competing priorities, for future examination.
**_Analysis (learning the problem’s causes, scope, and effects):_**
The use of several sources of information to determine why a problem is occurring, who is responsible, who is affected, where the problem is located, when it occurs and what form the problem takes. Analysis requires identifying patterns that explain the conditions that facilitate the crime or disorder problem. Sources of information may include police data (CAD, arrest, incident data, etc.); victim and offender interviews; environmental surveys; officer, business and resident surveys; social service and other government agency data; etc.
**_Response (acting to alleviate the problem):_**
The execution of a tailored set of actions that address the most important findings of the problem analysis phase and focus on at least two of the following: (1) preventing future occurrences by deflecting offenders; (2) protecting likely victims; or (3) making crime locations less conducive to problem behaviors. Responses are designed to have a long-term impact on the problem, and do not require a commitment of police time and resources that is not sustainable over the long-term.
**_Assessment (determining whether the response worked):_**
The measurement of the impact(s) of the responses on the targeted crime/disorder problem using information collected from multiple sources, both before and after the responses has been implemented. Allows feedback from all resources to include the officers and community.
96
## Footnote
**What are the 3 elements of the crime triangle?**
The **_crime triangle_** offers an easy way to understand and visualize crime problems. The crime triangle also provides an easy way to explain the analysis stage of the SARA model, and may help students perform analysis.
The three (3) elements of the triangle are: **_offender, victim, and location_**. These three elements come together to form the crime triangle.
97
## Footnote
**What the % breakdown of the PO's**
**communication skills?**
Communication is an important professional skill.
**_97%_** of an officer's duties involve **_verbal skills._**
**_3%_** of contacts require **_physical force._**
98
## Footnote
**Why communication skills are importants?**
Because approximately **_93%_** of the time a message is received and interpreted based on **_how_** something is said rather than what is said.
99
## Footnote
**What are the elements of communication?**
* Words, touch, body movement, message
* Content - actual message.
* Voice - verbal personality (how it is said).
* Non-verbals - raised eyebrows, posture, etc.
100
## Footnote
**How are the messages percieved (based on %)?**
Perception of a message:
**_7%_** of the time a message is received due to **_content_**.
**_33%_** of the time a message is received due to **_voice_**.
**_60%_** of the time a message is received due to **_non-verbals (body language)._**
101
## Footnote
**Describe the 5 types of solutions/responses.**
1. Solutions designed to **_totally eliminate a problem;_**
2. Solutions designed to **_substantially reduce_** a problem;
3. Solutions designed to **_reduce the harm_** created by the problem;
4. Solutions designed to **_deal with a problem better_** (treat people more humanely, reduce costs, or increase effectiveness); and,
5. Solutions designed to **_remove the problem_** from police consideration.
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