cq2; preventable chronic diseases (cvd)

Question 1

What is CVD?

Answer 1

Damage to, or disease of, the heart, arteries, veins and/or smaller blood vessels.

Question 2

What are the three major forms of CVD?

Answer 2

• Coronary heart disease (ischaemic heart disease)
• Stroke (cerebrovascular)
• Peripheral vascular disease

Question 3

What is coronary heart disease?

Answer 3

Poor supply of blood to the muscular walls of heart by the coronary arteries.

Question 4

What is stroke?

Answer 4

An interruption of supply of blood to the brain

Question 5

What is peripheral vascular disease?

Answer 5

Diseases of the arteries, arterioles and capillaries, which affect the limbs, usually reducing blood supply to legs

Question 6

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 6

The build up of fatty/fibrous material on the interior walls of arteries.

Question 7

How does atherosclerosis lead to detrimental health?

Answer 7

• The build up of fatty materials → decreased blood flow → increased BP

Question 8

What are factors that speed up atherosclerosis?

Answer 8

• High BP
• Smoking
• Fat rich diets

Question 9

What is Arteriosclerosis?

Answer 9

The hardening of the arteries

Question 10

How is Arteriosclerosis developed?

Answer 10

• Mainly through the aging process
• Develops as the fatty deposits of Atherosclerosis build-up and arteries become harder and less
  elastic

Question 11

Difference between Atherosclerosis and Arteriosclerosis?

Answer 11

Atherosclerosis → Blocked
Arteriosclerosis → Hard

Question 12

What casues coronary heart disease (ischaemic heart disease)?

Answer 12

A reduction in the supply of blood to the heart as coronary arteries narrow
- Can be a result of atherosclerosis

Question 13

How does a heart attack occur?

Answer 13

Occurs when a coronary artery becomes completely blocked and the heart is deprived of oxygenated blood , which is needed for proper function.

Question 14

Why is oxygenated blood needed for the heart?

Answer 14

Lack of oxygenated blood causes tissues in the heart muscle to die leading to heart damage, heart attacks or sudden death.

Question 15

What is Angina pectoris?

Answer 15

Chest pain that occurs when the heart has insufficient supply of oxygenated blood
- Can be the result of coronary heart disease

Question 16

How does a stroke occur?

Answer 16

A stroke occurs either when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted by a clot or atherosclerosis, or when the burst blood vessel hemorrhages into the brain.

Question 17

What are the effects of a stroke?

Answer 17

• The effect of a stroke on the functioning of the body can be severe, even though the damaged area appears to be quite small
• If the affected artery is large, then paralysis of one side of the body may occur.

Question 18

How does heart failure occur?

Answer 18

Heart failure is a reflection of the heart’s inability to cater for the demands placed on it during everyday life
- It can also be the result of atherosclerosis, heart attacks, high BP, defective heart valves and infections of the heart.

Question 19

What does failure to the left side of the heart mean?

Answer 19

Blood accumulates in the lungs and the sufferer may experience repeated breathlessness

Question 20

What does failure to the right side of the heart mean?

Answer 20

Causes pressure to build up in the right atrium, so blood
cannot return to the heart from the body in the usual way
- Blood may accumulate in the veins and an excess of fluid accumulates in the body’s tissues.

Question 21

What is the extent of CVD?

Answer 21

• The National health survey 2007-08 found that 3.4 million Australians have CVD and it is a leading cause of death (32% of all deaths in 2010, dropped from 42% in 1996)
• Leading cause for males (2020)

Question 22

What are non-modifiable risk factors for CVD?

Answer 22

1. Age: risk increases with age as a result of progression of atherosclerosis
2. Heredity: family history of disease increases risk
3. Gender: males more likely to develop CVD

Question 23

What are modifiable risk factors for CVD

Answer 23

1. Smoking (most significant)
   - 5 times more likely
   - Chemicals (eg. Nicotine and carbon monoxide increases heart rate, constricts vessels, which reduces blood flow and oxygen carrying capacity in blood.)
2. Hypertension (high blood pressure):
   - Most common cause of heart disease as it can overload the heart and blood vessels
   - Linked to high salt intake and overweight
   - Also increase risk of stroke
3. Lack of physical activity: develop less efficient heart, high levels of blood fats and propensity to gain
   weight
4. Overweight (obesity):
   - Increase risk by extra burden on heart and lungs
   - Linked to high blood pressure and high levels of blood fats
5. High cholesterol: high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in blood can significantly increase chances of developing CVD

Question 24

What are protective factors for CVD?

Answer 24

• Blood pressure and cholesterol checks
• Quit smoking
• Enjoy healthy eating
• Visit the doctor regularly
• Be physically active
• Achieve and maintain a healthy weight

Question 25

What are the main sociocultural determinants for CVD?

Answer 25

- Males - Asians

Question 26

How are males a sociocultural determinant for CVD?

Answer 26

Males are more likely to ignore early warning signs and less likely to access health services - Due to cultural expectations (masculinity) or genetic/biological characteristics in males

Question 27

How are asians a sociocultural determinant for CVD?

Answer 27

Asians are less prone to getting CVD due to low fat diets

Question 28

What are socio-economic determinants for CVD?

Answer 28

Socio-economically disadvantaged people are more likely to drink, smoke and purchase fast food

Question 29

What are environmental determinants for CVD?

Answer 29

Rural and remote areas have lack of access to appropriate health services, information and technology

Question 30

What are the groups at risk of CVD?

Answer 30

1. Smokers 2. Low SES 3. Males 4. People with high fat diets 5. People with hypertension 6. People over 65 years 7. People with high cholesterol 8. People with a family history