CR Qs Flashcards

Question

_Which one of the following actions is directly caused by growth hormone?_ Inhibits insulin secretion Increases osteoclastic activity Increases gut absorption of phosphate Stimulates parietal cell maturation Increases proximal tubule Na+/H+ activity Stimulates release of insulin-like growth factors

Answer 1

_Which one of the following actions is directly caused by growth hormone?_ Inhibits insulin secretion Increases osteoclastic activity Increases gut absorption of phosphate Stimulates parietal cell maturation Increases proximal tubule Na+/H+ activity **Stimulates release of insulin-like growth factors**

Answer 2

- positive inotropic drugs - vasodilators - misceallaneous drugs for chronic failure

Answer 3

A 72-year-old man attends the emergency department following a syncopal episode. He has an ECG which shows a prolonged PR interval, with every second QRS complex dropped. The width of the QRS complexes are normal. In which part of the heart is the conduction delay likely to be coming from? Apex **AVN** Bundle of His SAN Left ventricle

Answer 4

_Inspiratory capacity:_ **Equals tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume** Equals vital capacity + residual volume Maximum volume of air that can be inspired at the end of a normal tidal inspiration 500ml in males, 350ml in females Equals tidal volume \* (PaCO2 - PeCO2) / PaCO2 Maximum volume of air that can be expired after a maximal inspiration

Answer 5

which class of antiarrhythmic drugs causes acts on K+ channels? Class I Class II: **Class III** Class IV

Answer 6

_Which one of the following is the predominant finding during the plateau phase of the cardiac action potential?_ Efflux of potassium **Slow influx of calcium** Rapid potassium influx Efflux of calcium Rapid sodium influx

Answer 7

which part of larynx is the only complete ring of cartilage? a) thyroid cartilage * *b) cricoid cartilage** c) artyenoid cartilage d) cuneiform cartilage e) corniculate cartilage

Answer 8

what happens to pulmoanary arterial resstiance during exercise? [1] **massively drops** what happens to pulmoanary arterial pressure during exercise? [1] **slightly increases**

Answer 9

_Efflux of potassium is the predominant finding during which phase of the cardiac action potential?_ Phase 2 **Phase 1** Phase 0 Phase 4 Phase 3

Answer 10

5th intercostal space in the mid-clavicular line

Answer 11

A 32-year-old gentleman presents to the emergency department after being attacked by a man with a baseball bat. The soft tissue surrounding his eye shows significant swelling, to the point where the patient cannot see out of that eye. A CT scan shows a fracture of the floor of the orbit. Fracture of the floor of the orbit creates an abnormal communication between the orbit and which of the following areas of the face? Ethmoidal air cells Nasal cavity Frontal sinus Sphenoid sinu **Maxillary sinus**

Answer 12

A 43-year-old man presents to the emergency department with shortness of breath, fever and a productive cough. He has no past medical history and does not take any regular medications. On examination, there is bronchial breathing and coarse crackles at the right lung base. Plain radiography of the chest demonstrates consolidation in the right lower zone. Arterial blood gas: pH7.36(7.35-7.45) pO27.2 kPa(11-13) pCO24.1 kPa(4-6) SaO287%(94-98) Given the likely diagnosis, which of the following is a predicted initial physiological response? Bradycardia Reduced resp. rate Reduced tidal volume **Vasoconstriction of the pulmonary arteries** Vasodilation of the pulmonary arteries **Pulmonary arteries vasoconstrict in the presence of hypoxia Vasoconstriction of pulmonary arteries is the correct response. The patient has clinical and radiographic evidence of pneumonia along with type 1 respiratory failure. In response to hypoxia, the small pulmonary arteries vasoconstrict so as to direct blood flow from poorly ventilated areas of the lung to areas with better ventilation. This results in better overall efficiency of gas exchange between blood and alveoli.**

Answer 13

A 68-year-old man is about to undergo surgery for transitional cell carcinoma of the left kidney. As part of the operation, the left renal artery must be located and dissected. At what vertebral level would the surgeon find the origin of this artery? T12 **L1** T10 L4 L3

Answer 14

alveolar ventilation: (tidal volume - dead space) x resp rate (breaths per minute) [1]

Answer 15

- **J receptors - cause brachycardia / hypotension**

Answer 16

this picture depicts a lymph node. what are the correct labels for A, B & C? a) A = trabeculae, B = cortex, C = medulla * *b) A = capsule, B = trabeculae, C = medulla** c) A = capsule, B = trabeculae, C = cortex d) A = cortex, B = trabeculae, C = medulla e) A = capsule, B = medulla, C = trabeculae

Answer 17

**iliotibial band**

Answer 18

_In respect of skeletal muscle contraction, zone of thin filaments that is not superimposed by thick filaments:_ A-band Tropomyosin **I-band** Actin M-line H-zone

Answer 19

_Vagal trunk perforates the diaphragm:_ L1 L4 L2 **T10** L3 T12

Answer 20

_Which one of the following is an example of perfusion-limited exchange?_ **Oxygen (normal conditions)** Oxygen (emphysema) Oxygen (lung fibrosis) Carbon monoxide Oxygen (during strenuous exercise)

Answer 21

What view of the heart do leads V1 and V2 represent? **Septal** Lateral Anterior Inferior

Answer 22

the mediastinal pleura receives innervation from: a) vagus nerve * *b) phrenic nerve only** c) intercostal nerve only d) vagus and phrenic nerve e) phrenic nerve and intercostal nerve

Answer 23

Which one of the following muscles is supplied by the external laryngeal nerve? Transverse artyenoid **Cricothyroid** Thyro-artyenoid Posterior crico-arteynoid Oblique artyenoid **The others are all supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve.**

Answer 24

differing effects depending on where it binds: * *i) proximal tubule**: Increases Na+ reabsorbtion, which increases blood flow, which increases BP * *ii) adrenal cortex:** increases aldosterone, which causes increase Na+ reabsorbtion in distal tubule, increase bloodflow and BP * *iii) systemic arterioles**: binds to GPCR = artriolar vasoconstriction = increases BP * *iv) brain:** stimules release of ADH = increase Na reabsorbtion

Answer 25

_what do J receptors detect? [1]_ - pulmonary capillary widening - pulmonary oedema _what response do they cause? [1]_ - brachycardia - hypotension - bronchoconstriction

Answer 26

Thiazide diuretics act on which part of the nephron? a) descending loop of Henle b) ascending loop of Henle * *c) distal tubule** d) collecting duct e) promixal tubule Thiazide diuretics like bendroflumethiazide (Aprinox) inhibit reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions from the distal convoluted tubules in the kidneys by blocking a Na+/Cl− cotransporter.

Answer 27

If there were 3 large squares in an R-R interval what would the heart rate be? 90 bpm **100 bpm** 80 bpm 70 bpm

Answer 28

A 34-year-old man is shot in the postero- inferior aspect of his thigh. Which one of the following lies at the most lateral aspect of the popliteal fossa? Popliteal artery Popliteal vein **Common peroneal nerve** Tibial nerve Small saphenous vein

Answer 29

what is identified on this CXR? Azygous vein **IVC** Right atrium Left atrium Right ventricle Left ventricle

Answer 30

A 65-year-old man with long standing atrial fibrillation develops an embolus to the lower leg. The decision is made to perform an embolectomy, utilising a trans popliteal approach. After incising the deep fascia, which of the following structures will the surgeons encounter first on exploring the central region of the popliteal fossa? Popliteal vein Common peroneal nerve Popliteal artery **Tibial nerve** None of the above

Answer 31

Bowmans glands

Answer 32

_Rapid sodium influx is the predominant finding during which phase of the cardiac action potential?_ Final repolarisation **Rapid depolarisation** Early repolarisation Plateau

Answer 33

which of the following acts on vascular smooth muscle? * *- alpha 1 adrenoreceptors** - alpha 2 adrenoreceptors - beta 1 adrenoreceptors - beta 2 adrenoreceptors - beta 3 adrenoreceptors

Answer 34

_Which one of the following actions is directly caused by growth hormone?_ Increases gut absorption of calcium Decreases appetite Increases proximal tubule Na+/H+ activity **Increases lipolysis** Decreases renal reabsorption of phosphate Increases glycogenolysis

Answer 35

the cardiac notch is located at which rib? rib 2 rib 3 **rib 4** rib 5 rib 6

Answer 36

Testicular and ovarian arteries leave the aorta: L3 T12 **L2** L1 L4

Answer 37

_In a patient with pneumonia, a past medical history of COPD is most associated with which organism?_ Pneumocystis jiroveci Mycoplasma pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus Klebsiella pneumoniae **Haemophilus influenzae** Legionella pneumophilia

Answer 38

out of the following, where does paracellular diffusion occur? * *a) kidneys** b) lungs c) heart d) spleen

Answer 39

hyperventilation is characterised by: - metabolic acidosis - metabolic alkaosis - respiratory acidosis * *- respiratory alkolosis**

Answer 40

An 81-year-old man presents to the emergency department with central, crushing chest pain. His ECG shows ST-segment elevation in leads V1-4. Which electrical state in the heart is likely to be affected according to his ECG? Atrial depolrisation The time between onset of atrial depolarisation and the onset of ventricular depolaristion The start of ventricular depolarisation **The period when the entire ventricle is depolarised** There is no link betweenthe electrical state of the heart and the ST segment of the ECG

Answer 41

What would happen if the papillary muscles in the left ventricle did not contract? * *a) blood would regurgitate into the left atria** b) blood would pass into the aortic valve early c) there would be increased turbulence as blood passed through the aortic valve d) blood would regurgitate into the right atria

Answer 42

_Which one of the following is most likely to represent a contraindication to the prescription of beta-blockers?_ CKD (eGFR \< 30ml/min/1.73m2) Concurrent nitrate therapy Cerebrovascular disease **Asthma** Recent myocardial infarction Ischaemic heart disease

Answer 43

What would it suggest if lead I became more positive than lead II and lead III became negative? **Left axis deviaton** Right axis deviaton

Answer 44

_Which one of the following is the predominant finding during phase 2 of the cardiac action potential?_ Rapid sodium influx Resting potential is restored by Na+/K+ ATPase Efflux of potassium Rapid potassium influx Efflux of calcium **Slow influx of calcium**

Answer 45

What is structure A? Main bronchi Pulonary trunk SVC **Pulmonary arteries** Ascending aorta Descending aorta

Answer 46

which wave in ECG represents ventricle septal depolarisation? - P wave **- Q wave** - R wave - S wave - T wave

Answer 47

covers the myosin-binding sites on actin

Answer 48

_Are used in the management of stable adult asthma for adults not controlled with a SABA + ICS:_ Oral corticosteroids Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) Short-acting beta-agonists (SABA) **Leukotriene receptor antagonists**

Answer 49

surfactant reduces alveoli surface tension. what is it mostly made from? a) glycoprotein b) glycolipid * *c) phospholipid** d) lipid e) glycophosolipid structure: 50% phospholipid - dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPtdCho)

Answer 50

at which level in respiratory system do you find clara cells? a) trachea b) bronchus * *c) bronchioles** d) alveoli

Answer 51

which part of respiratory tree is zone 17-19? - terminal bronchioles - conducting bronchioles **- respiratory bronchioles** - lobar bronchus - segmental bronchioles

Answer 52

_Which one of the following best describes the mechanism of action of salbutamol?_ Increases cGMP leading to smooth muscle relaxation Increase pancreatic insulin secretion **Beta receptor agonist** Antimuscarinic H2 antagonist H1 antagonist

Answer 53

A 62-year-old man presents to his GP with shortness of breath on exertion. He has a transthoracic echo to determine the function of his heart. How would the echo be used to calculate his cardiac output? (stroke volume / end diastolic LV volume) \* 100% (end diastolic LV volume - end systolic LV volume) / HR (end systolic LV volume - end diastolic LV volume) x HR **(end diastolic LV volume - end systolic LV volume) x HR**

Answer 54

right bronchus [1] more vertical than left bronchus [1]

Answer 55

sciatic nerve is halfway between which two points? [2] **greater trochanter and ischial tuberosity**

Answer 56

**NFP = (HPc - HPif) - (OPc - OPif)**

Answer 57

The space between the vocal cords is referred to as which of the following? Piriform recess Rima vestibuli Vestibule Glottis **Rima glottidis**

Answer 58

**_Vestibular Folds –_** Mucous membranes encasing vestibular ligaments. Protective function. **_Rima Vestibuli –_** Space between vestibular ligaments **_Vocal Folds (Vocal Cords) –_** Mucous membranes encasing vocal ligaments _**Rima Glottidis** -_ Space between vocal ligaments **_Glottis –_ Vocal apparatus of larynx including vocal folds, ligaments and Rima Glottidis**

Answer 59

what is A? * *a) K+** b) Na+ c) Ca2+ d) Cl- e) H+

Answer 60

- septal cartilage - ethmoid - vomer

Answer 61

_Thoracic duct perforates the diaphragm:_ L3 T8 L2 T10 L4 **T12**

Answer 62

A 22-year-old man is stabbed in the chest at the level of the junction between the sternum and manubrium. Which structure is at greatest risk? Left atrium Oesphagus Thyroid gland IVC **Aortic arch** **At the level of the Angle of Louis (Manubriosternal angle), is the surface marking for the aortic arch. The oesophagus is posteriorly located and at less risk.**

Answer 63

beta blockers for antihypertensive drugs target which of the following: - alpha 1 adrenoreceptors - alpha 2 adrenoreceptors * *- beta 1 adrenoreceptors** - beta 2 adrenoreceptors - beta 3 adrenoreceptors

Answer 64

**primary**: genetic cause **secondary**: damage to lymphatic system (e.g. surgery, elephantiasis - worm infection, tissue injury)

Answer 65

neutropenia is a decrease in neutrophils, in which of the following would you see neutropenia? - infection - inflammation - tissue damage * *- HIV** - haemorrhage (others would cause neutrophilia - increase)

Answer 66

which of these would not be found in normal tissue? - plasma cells - mast cells - macrophage - **neutrophils** - B cells - T cells

Answer 67

_What type of blood gas abnormality does COPD most commonly cause?_ Respiratory alkalosis **Respiratory acidosis**

Answer 68

_Which one of the following adverse effects is most characteristically associated with ACE inhibitors?_ Ankle swelling Hypocalcaemia Heart failure Precipitation of digoxin toxicity Pruritus **Angioedema**

Answer 69

It is a collection of cells that **carry electrical signals from the AV node** to the to the **ventricles of the heart.**

Answer 70

**bundle of His**

Answer 71

nasopharynx: CN V2 oropharynx: CN IX laryngopharynx: CN X

Answer 72

A patient's ECG shows abnormal broad complex QRS complexes, indicating either a ventricular origin problem or aberrant conduction. What is the normal resting membrane potential of the heart's ventricular contractile fibres? **-90mV** -50mV 0mV +50mV +90mV

Answer 73

Which area of the brain stem coordinates the basic rhythm of breathing? Thalamus Midbrain Upper pons Lower pons **Medulla oblongata**

Answer 74

_Vital capacity:_ Maximum volume of air that can be inspired at the end of a normal tidal inspiration Equals tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume Volume of air remaining after maximal expiration Equals fuctional residual capacity - expiratory reserve volume **Equals inspiratory capacity + expiratory reserve volume** Maximum volume of air that can be expired at the end of a normal tidal expiration

Answer 75

which glucose transporters do erythrocytes use? **GLUT1** GLUT2 GLUT3 GLUT4 GLUT5

Answer 76

Which of the paranasal sinuses is located on the roof of the posterior nasal cavity, inferior to the pituitary gland? Ethmoid air cells Carotid sinus Frontal sinus **Sphenoid sinus** Maxillary sinus

Answer 77

which nerve supplies most of the muscles of the larynx, causing phonation? superior laryngeal nerve inferfior laryngeal nerve **recurrent laryngeal nerve** vagus nerve

Answer 78

_What type of blood gas abnormality does anxiety leading to hyperventilation most commonly cause?_ **Respiratory alkalosis** Respiratory acidosis

Answer 79

sensor: juxtaglomerular apparatus of the distal tubule of the kidney

Answer 80

which of the following would you not find in the red pulp of spleen? a) old erythrocytes b) lymphocytes c) macrophages * *d) plasma cells** e) damaged erythrocytes _white pulp:_ B and T cells, APCs and plasma cells _red pulp:_ old & damaged RBC, macrophages, lymphocytes

Answer 81

A gentleman presents to the emergency department with haemorrhage after being involved in a road traffic accident. Despite his blood loss, his blood pressure has remained stable. Which of the following is true about the receptors responsible for maintaining his blood pressure? Baroreceptors are present throughout the arterial system The baroceptor reflex only acts on the sympathetic NS Baroceptor impulses travel via the SNS **Baroceptors are stimulated by arterial stretch** Barcoreptors only activate when BP drops

Answer 82

which layer of heart valves do you find in the i) atria: **spongosia** ii) ventricle: **ventricularis** iii) middle of heart valve: **fibrosa** (on picture - first arrow: Fibrosa, middle, spongiosa, last - ventricularis)

Answer 83

_In respect of skeletal muscle contraction, binds with calcium ions:_ Actin Troponin-C Sarcoplasmic reticulum Tropomyosin Myosin Titin

Answer 84

A 19-year-old man has a routine ECG as part of his new employee health check. The ECG shows varying P-P intervals with slight changes in the ventricular rate. The P waves have a normal morphology and the P-R interval remains constant. His only past medical history is that he is asthmatic and has been using his inhalers more frequently since increasing his running mileage. You reassure the patient that his ECG is normal and record the rhythm as sinus arrhythmia. What is the most likely explanation for this rhythm? **Ventricular rate changes with ventilation** The patient is anxious SAN firing has slight variation n fit patients Use of salmutamol inhaler before appointment Incorrect diagnosis **- Sinus arrhythmia is a normal physiological phenomenon which is commonly seen in young, healthy patients. The heart rate varies with ventilation, inspiration increases heart rate and expiration decreases (only very slightly but detectable on ECG).**

Answer 85

- intracellular Ca2+ influx stopped i) Left ventricle and HR decrease: less o2 consumption in myocardium ii) vascular smooth muscle contraction inhibition: coronary artery dilation = coronorary BF increaeed, o2 supply in myocardium increased decreases angina

Answer 86

_Work by relaxing the smooth muscle of airways:_ Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) Oral corticosteroids Leukotriene receptor antagonists **Short-acting beta-agonists (SABA)**

Answer 87

diapedesis

Answer 88

vasconstriction at the alveoli with poor ventilation. redirect blood to alveoli with better ventilation [1]

Answer 89

continous capilarries (without caveolae)

Answer 90

_Taken everyday for the treatment of asthma, regardless of whether the patient has symptoms:_ Short-acting beta-agonists (SABA) Oral corticosteroids **Long-acting beta-agonists (LABA)**

Answer 91

Where are the greatest proportion of musculi pectinati found? Right ventricle Left ventricle **Right atrium** Pulmonary valve Aortic valve **The musculi pectinati are found in the atria, hence the reason that the atrial walls in the right atrium are irregular anteriorly.**

Answer 92

_Which one of the following is the predominant finding during phase 3 of the cardiac action potential?_ Slow influx of calcium Rapid sodium influx Resting potential is restored by Na+/K+ ATPase **Efflux of potassium** Efflux of calcium Rapid potassium influx

Answer 93

tissues: - **mast cells - macrophage (derived from monocytes) - B & T cells - plasma cells**

Answer 94

Room o2 = 21% alveolar o2 = 14% O2 input: 4.2 (volume of alveolar ventilation) X (21 - 14 / 100) = 0.294 L/min

Answer 95

**goblet cells**

Answer 96

What is structure D? Main bronchi Pulonary trunk SVC Pulmonary arteries **Ascending aorta** Descending aorta

Answer 97

_Which one of the following is the predominant finding during C of the cardiac action potential?_ Resting potential is restored by Na+/K+ ATPase Rapid potassium influx Efflux of potassium Rapid sodium influx Efflux of calcium **Slow influx of calcium**

Answer 98

``` 1 = The costodiaphragmatic recesses 2 = The costomediastinal recess ```

Answer 99

Here is a photomicrograph of the surface of the lung. What does the arrow indicate? Stratified sqaumous epithelial cells Fibroblasts Simple cuboidal epithelial cells **Mesothelial cells** Endotheilial cells ## Footnote **On the surface of the lung is the visceral pleura. It has a serosal lining. There is a thin layer of simple squamous epithelial cells (mesothelium) supported by connective tissue. This epithelium allows a little serous (watery) fluid to cross and lubricate the lungs as they move in the closed pleural cavity. There is only one layer of flattened nuclei (reddish colouration) visible at the surface. The few other nuclei underlying the mesothelium are fibroblast nuclei in the connective tissue. It does not resemble stratified squamous epithelium.**

Answer 100

myocardial infarction

Answer 101

capillaries are held together by: a) gap junctions b) desmosomes c) hemidesmosomes * *d) tight junctions**

Answer 102

_What type of blood gas abnormality does pulmonary embolism most commonly cause?_ Respiratory acidosis **Respiratory alkalosis**

Answer 103

_Which one of the following is most characteristically caused by thiazides?_ Hypocalcaemia Hyperkalaemia Hypernatraemia **Hypercalcaemia**

Answer 104

_Which of the following is a common cause of right axis deviation?_ Ventricular septal defect Atrial septal defect **Right ventricular hypertrophy** Left ventricular hypertrophy

Answer 105

Which one of the following are not generally supplied by the right coronary artery? - SAN **- the circumflex artery** - AVN - most of right ventricle - right atrium The circumflex artery is generally a branch of the left coronary artery.

Answer 106

_Which one of the following is an example of perfusion-limited exchange?_ Oxygen (during strenuous exercise) Oxygen (emphysema) Oxygen (lung fibrosis) Carbon monoxide **Carbon dioxide**

Answer 107

which of these is correct? a) most common = lymphocyte, least common = basophil * *b) most common = neutrophil, least common = basophil** c) most common = basophil, least common = eosinophil d) most common = monocyte, least common = neutrophil e) most common = lymphocyte, least common = eosinophil

Answer 108

atria contracting and causing back pressure in jugular vein [1]

Answer 109

Ischaemic changes in leads I, aVL +/- V5-6 would be most likely caused by a lesion of the: LAD **Left circumflex** Right coronary LAD or left circumflex

Answer 110

which of the following is not granular leukocyte? **a) lymphocyte** b) neutrophil c) basophil d) eosinophil

Answer 111

which of the following lack pinocytic vesicles a) fenestrated capillary * *b) discontinous capillary** c) continous capillary

Answer 112

what are the figures of V/Q at i) base of the lung: **0.63** ii) apex of the lung **3.33**

Answer 113

closure of which channels determines rate of firing of cardiac pacemaker cells? - Na - Ca * *- K** - GLUT4

Answer 114

B cells: **lymphoid nodules in cortex** T cells: **paracortex or thymus-dependent region** ## Footnote **T cells further in !!**

Answer 115

at which point is cartilage lost in the respiratory tree? - terminal bronchioles * *- conducting bronchioles** - respiratory bronchioles - lobar bronchus - segmental bronchioles

Answer 116

Control of ventilation. Which statement is false? Peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the bifurcation of the carotid arteries and arch of the aorta **Central chemoreceptors respond to changes in O2** The respiratory centres control the rate and depth of respiration Involuntary control of respiration is from the medulla and pons Irritant receptors cause bronchospasm **Central chemoreceptors: Respond to increased H+ in BRAIN INTERSTITIAL FLUID to increase ventilation.**

Answer 117

purkinje fibres

Answer 118

which of the following is not one of the 4 main types of CVD? a) stoke b) CHD * *c) pulmonary disease** d) aortic disease e) peripheral arterial disease

Answer 119

What is the duration of a normal PR-interval? 0. 04 - 0.08 secs * *0.12 - 0.2 secs** 0. 08 - 0.12 secs 0. 04 - 0.12 secs

Answer 120

which organ are hassal corpuscles found in? spleen **thymus** lymph node spleen and thymus spleen and lymph node

Answer 121

A 32-year-old man is brought to the Emergency Department coughing and wheezing after an episode of alcohol intoxication. On examination, he has reduced breath sounds on the one side. Imaging studies show he has aspirated a foreign body, which is occluding an airway structure. Which is the most likely location for this foreign body to be stuck in? Trachea Left mainstem bronchus Right superior lobar bronchus **Right mainstem bronchus** Left superior lobar bronchus

Answer 122

If ST-elevation was noted in leads II, III and aVF, what would it suggest? ## Footnote - posterior myocardial infarction **- An inferior myocardial infarction** - A septal myocardial infarction - An anterior myocardial infarction

Answer 123

A young man presents with acute onset palpitations and shortness of breath, his ECG shows tachycardia. Which of the following cardiac structures usually depolarises at the fastest rate? AVN **SAN** Ventricular epicardium Bundle of His Purkinje fibres

Answer 124

What view of the heart do leads I, aVL, V5 and V6 represent? Anterior Septal **Lateral** Inferior

Answer 125

right atrium IVC

Answer 126

_Residual volume:_ Equals tidal volume \* (PaO2 - PeO2) / PaO2 4,500ml in males, 3,500 mls in females Maximum volume of air that can be expired at the end of a normal tidal expiration Maximum volume of air that can be inspired at the end of a normal tidal inspiration **Increases with age** 500ml in males, 350ml in females

Answer 127

NFP = (HPc - HPif) - (OPc - OPif)

Answer 128

The presence of DPG displaces the dissociation curve to the right and so aids the unloading of O2 at active tissues.

Answer 129

which beta receptor do Beta Blockers work at? * *a) B1** b) B2 c) B3 **antagonisitically !**

Answer 130

A 58-year-old gentleman presented with abdominal pain exacerbated by eating, nausea and weight loss. After imagining, it is suspected that he has median arcuate ligament syndrome. This is causing a compression of the branch of the abdominal aorta supplying the foregut, so he is scheduled for surgical decompression of this vessel. What are the 3 branches of this occluded branch of the aorta? Cystic, hepatic, splenic Hepatic, pancreatic, splenic **Left gastric, hepatic, splenic,** Left gastric, right gastric, hepatic Right gastric, hepatic, pancreatic

Answer 131

_Which one of the following is the predominant finding during phase 3 of the cardiac action potential?_ Resting potential is restored by Na+/K+ ATPase Rapid potassium influx **Efflux of potassium** Rapid sodium influx Efflux of calcium Slow influx of calcium

Answer 132

The total amount of fluid filtered through ALL the glomeruli in BOTH kidneys in a fit adult is about **120-125 ml/min.**

Answer 133

_Which one of the following actions is directly caused by cortisol?_ Stimulates release of insulin-like growth factors Increases Na+ reabsorption in the renal distal tubule Vasoconstriction of vascular smooth muscle **Increases osteoclastic activity** Increases glycogenolysis Increases gastric H+ secretion

Answer 134

spleen thymus bone marrow

Answer 135

Which one of the following are not characteristic features of central chemoreceptors in the control of ventilation? They are located in the medulla oblongata **They are stimulated primarly by venous hypercapnia** They are relatively insensitve to hypoxia They may be affected by changes in the pH of CSF During acute hypercapnia the carotid sensor receptors will be stimulated first **They are stimulated by arterial carbon dioxide.**

Answer 136

which transporter do thiazide diuretics work on? Na/K Na/K/Cl2 **Na/Cl @ DCT** ROMK SGLT

Answer 137

Ischaemic changes in leads V1-V4 would be most likely caused by a lesion of the: **LAD** Left circumflex Right coronary LAD or left circumflex

Answer 138

A 45-year-old man has a long femoral line inserted to provide CVP measurements. The catheter passes from the common iliac vein into the inferior vena cava. At which of the following vertebral levels will this occur? **L5** L4 S1 L3 L2

Answer 139

_Azygous vein perforates the diaphragm:_ T8 L2 **T12** L1 T10 L3

Answer 140

methaemoglobin

Answer 141

The radiologist notes a bowel obstruction at the level of L1. Which of the following is the most likely to be affected? Caecum **Duodenum** Ileum Rectum Transverse colon

Answer 142

COPD Asthma

Answer 143

which of the following [2] is S wave largest on? **V1 V2** V3 V4 V5 V6

Answer 144

_Used first-line if a patient is experiencing an exacerbation of asthma:_ Leukotriene receptor antagonists Oral corticosteroids **Short-acting beta-agonists (SABA)** Long-acting beta-agonists (LABA) Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS)

Answer 145

Which artery is most likely to be affected in the context of ST elevation being present in leads V3 and V4? **Left anterior descending coronary artery** Left circumflex coronary artery Right coronary artery All of the above ## Footnote **Leads V3 and V4 represent the anterior portion of the heart. ST elevation in these leads would be suggestive of anterior myocardial infarction. The anterior portion of the heart is supplied primarily by the left anterior descending artery.**

Answer 146

1. Diameter of arterioles (main) 2. Viscosity of blood

Answer 147

A 67-year-old man undergoes a carotid endarterectomy and seems to recover well following surgery. When he is reviewed on the ward post operatively he complains that his voice is hoarse. What is the most likely cause? Damage to the accessory nerve Damage to the cervical plexus Damage to the glossopharnygeal nerve Damage to the hypoglossoal nerve **Damage to the vagus**

Answer 148

Which one of the following is the sensory nerve that branches off the superior laryngeal nerve? Left vagus nerve Left recurrent laryngeal nerve External laryngeal nerve **Internal layngeal nerve** Right recurrent laryngeal nerve

Answer 149

to undertake a blood smear, you use which stain: * *a) wrights stain** b) toluidine blue c) silver nitrate d) haematoxylin and eosin e) ziehl-neelsen stain

Answer 150

A 66-year-old man with a suspected ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm is rushed to the emergency department. On arrival, the patient is cold, clammy, and looks pale. His observations are as follows: temperature 35.3 degrees Celsius, respiratory rate 40, heart rate 116bpm, and blood pressure 90/65mmHg. On a drop in the blood oxygen concentration, his inspiratory centre is stimulated and overrides any voluntary cortical control of breathing pattern. Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors that detect these changes? Internal carotid artery **Aortic arch** SVC Pulmonary vein Pulmonary artery **The aortic and carotid bodies contain the peripheral chemoreceptors which can respond to changes in carbon dioxide concentration in the arterial blood. They are situated in the aortic arch and carotid bodies (at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery). They are less sensitive than the central chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata, which monitors the CSF. There are no peripheral chemoreceptors in veins.**

Answer 151

_In respect of skeletal muscle contraction, middle of the sarcomere, cross-linking myosin:_ I-band H-zone Actin Titin **M-line** Tropomyosin

Answer 152

Beta Blockers - B1 receptor antagonist: [1] - causes reduced HR (@ SA node) [1] - decrease in o2 demand at SA node [1] - negative inotropic effect [1] - decrease BP [1] - decreased myocardial oxygen demand

Answer 153

what is the level of the notch of the cartilage? C1 C2 C3 **C4** C5

Answer 154

Where are the greatest proportion of musculi pectinati found? - right ventricle - left ventricle **- right atrium** - pulmonary valve - aortic valve The musculi pectinati are found in the atria, hence the reason that the atrial walls in the right atrium are irregular anteriorly

Answer 155

hyaline cartliage perichondrium

Answer 156

which stain would you use to identify reticulocytes? a) ziehl neelsen b) orcein c) H&E * *d) methylene blue** e) gram

Answer 157

where do you find the mesangial cells: a) wall of distal tubule * *b) between afferent and efferent arterioles** c) loop of Henle d) wall of proximal tubule e) around the wall of the afferent and efferent arterioles

Answer 158

_Which one of the following actions is directly caused by glucagon?_ Stimulates release of insulin-like growth factors Inhibits insulin secretion Inhibits inflammatory and immune responses **Increases gluconeogenesis** Decreases appetite Increases secretion of water from pancreas and intestines

Answer 159

CD and DCT

Answer 160

cardiomyocytes

Answer 161

A 64-year-old presents acutely with shortness of breath, ankle swelling and chest pain. He is diagnosed with heart failure. His stroke volume is failing to respond appropriately to which of the following? Afterload VN impulses **Preload** Aortic pressure Systole

Answer 162

1. sympathetic nerve activation (via B-adrenoreceptors) 2. renal artery hypotension 3. decreased sodium delivery to the distal tubules of the kidney

Answer 163

_Residual volume:_ **Volume of air remaining after maximal expiration** Equals tidal volume \* (PaCO2 - PeCO2) / PaCO2 Equals tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume 500ml in males, 350ml in females Maximum volume of air that can be expired at the end of a normal tidal expiration Maximum volume of air that can be inspired at the end of a normal tidal inspiration

Answer 164

what is angina? [1] **decrease o2 supply to heart** name three drug classes you would use to treat angina [3] **nitrates [1]** **CCB [1] BB [1]**

Answer 165

Joanna is a 62-year-old female who has recently been diagnosed with hypertension. Her doctor explains to her that her average blood pressure is determined by multiple bodily processes, including action by the heart, nervous system, and blood vessel diameter. Theoretically, on average, Joanna's cardiac output (CO) is 4L/min. On examination today, her mean arterial pressure (MAP) is measured at 140mmHg. Given these figures, what is Joanna's systemic vascular resistance (SVR)? [1] **35 mm Hg min mL-1** The calculation used to calculate systemic vascular resistance is: SVR = MAP / CO. Therefore, in this case**, SVR = 140/4 = 35mmHg⋅min⋅mL-1.**

Answer 166

where do you find the macula densa cells: * *a) wall of distal tubule** b) between afferent and efferent arterioles c) loop of Henle d) wall of proximal tubule e) around the wall of the afferent and efferent arterioles

Answer 167

bronchodilation at the lungs is caused by sympathetic innervation on which adrenergic receptors? a) alpha 1 b) alpha 2 c) beta 1 * *d) beta 2** e) beta 3

Answer 168

anterior: **thyroid cartilage** posterior: **artyenoids**

Answer 169

A man presents to his GP and has his lying and standing blood pressures measured. When he stands his baroreceptors detect decreased stretch, activating the baroreceptor reflex. This decreases baroreceptor activity, which causes an increase in sympathetic discharge. What is the action of the neurotransmitter released? **Noradrenaline binds to β 1 receptors in the SA node increasing depolarisation** Noradrenaline binds to a 1 receptors in the SA node increasing depolarisation Noradrenaline binds to β 1 receptors in the AV node decreasing depolarisation Noradrenaline binds to a 1 receptors in the AV node increasing depolarisation

Answer 170

_Which one of the following is the predominant finding during phase 1 of the cardiac action potential?_ Resting potential is restored by Na+/K+ ATPase Rapid potassium influx **Efflux of potassium** Rapid sodium influx Efflux of calcium Slow influx of calcium

Answer 171

CO (L/ min) = HR X SV

Answer 172

Ventricular muscle has an unusual shape of action potential. It starts like a normal nerve action potential with sodium influx, however this is followed by a prolonged depolarisation phase called the plateau. This plateau is due to a late and prolonged entry of which ion into the cell? a) K+ b) Na+ * *c) Ca2+** d) Cl- e) H+

Answer 173

Ischaemic changes in leads II, III, & aVF would be most likely caused by a lesion of the: LAD Left circumflex **Right coronary** LAD or left circumflex

Answer 174

which sinus does sinisitus most commonly occur in? a) temporal * *b) maxillary** c) ethmoidal d) sphenoidal happens most commonly in maxillary sinus: drainage hole is in the superior part of maxillary sinus

Answer 175

where do find Hassal's corpuscles? a) MALT b) bone marrow c) lymph nodes d) spleen * *e) thymus**

Answer 176

Internal laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal artery enter the larnx at a) cricothryoid membrane b) thryoid cartilage c) artyenoid cartliage * *d) thyrohyiod membrane** e) cunieform cartilage

Answer 177

i) diaphragmatic pleura**: intercostal and phrenic nerves** ii) mediastinal pleura: **phrenic nerve**

Answer 178

What is the typical stroke volume in a resting 70 Kg man? 10 ml 150 ml 125 ml 45 ml **70 ml**

Answer 179

what is effect of nitroglycerin (and glyceryl trinitrate) in low doses? - increases afterload - decreases afterload - increases preload * *- decreases preload** - decreases preload and afterload **low doses = decreases preload high does = decreases afterload BOTH cause decrease in o2 demand at heart**

Answer 180

which of the following would you associate with an allergic reaction, parasitic infections and chronic inflammation? * *a) eosinophils** b) lymphocytes c) basophils d) monocytes e) neutrophils

Answer 181

_Which one of the following is the predominant finding during D of the cardiac action potential?_ Resting potential is restored by Na+/K+ ATPase Rapid potassium influx **Efflux of potassium** Rapid sodium influx Efflux of calcium Slow influx of calcium

Answer 182

epithelial reticulocytes activate dendritic cells

Answer 183

which organ is directed the most blood from C/O? a) heart b) brain c) liver **d) kidney** e) lungs

Answer 184

type 1 respiratory failure: **hypoxaemia** (PaO2 \<8kPa) **without hypercapnia** type 2 respiratory failure: **hypoxaemia with hypercapnia**

Answer 185

which of the following [2] is T wave largest on? V1 **V2 V3** V4 V5 V6

Answer 186

what is the the structure that connects the cartilage in trachea? - tunica adventitia **- smooth muscle** - skeletal muscle - cardiac muscle - collagen

Answer 187

1. sympathetic nerve activation (via B-adrenoreceptors) [1] 2. renal artery hypotension [1] 3. decreased sodium delivery to the distal tubules of the kidney [1]

Answer 188

Which one of the following vessels does not drain directly into the inferior vena cava? **Superior mesentric vein** Right common iliac Right hepatic vein Left hepatic vein Right testicular vein

Answer 189

_Which one of the following is the predominant finding during phase 4 of the cardiac action potential?_ **Resting potential is restored by Na+/K+ ATPase** Rapid potassium influx Efflux of potassium Rapid sodium influx Efflux of calcium Slow influx of calcium

Answer 190

A 73-year-old woman presents to the Emergency Department with acute shortness of breath following a 5-day febrile illness. On initial assessment, her oxygen saturation is 75% on room air with a PaO2 of 4.5kpa on an arterial blood gas. Which of the following would be the expected physiological response in this patient? Increased tidal volume with decreasesd resp. rate Pulmonary vasoconstriction **Pulmonary artery vasodilation** Reduced tidal volume with increases resp rate Systematic vasonstriction ## Footnote **Pulmonary arteries vasoconstrict in the presence of hypoxia Systemic vasculature, unlike the pulmonary vessels, vasodilates in response to hypoxia.**

Answer 191

which wave in ECG represents ventricular depolarisation? - P wave - Q wave **- R wave** - S wave - T wave

Answer 192

A 43-year-old lady is recovering on the intensive care unit following a Whipples procedure. She has a central venous line in situ. Which one of the following will lead to the 'c' wave on the waveform trace? **Ventricular contraction** Emptying of the right atrium Emptying of the right ventricle Atrial contraction Atrial venous filling

Answer 193

_Which one of the following is the predominant finding during phase 1 of the cardiac action potential?_ Rapid sodium influx **Efflux of potassium** Slow influx of calcium Efflux of calcium Rapid potassium influx Resting potential is restored by Na+/K+ ATPase

Answer 194

A 48-year-old male suffered a work-related facial burn. During the morning ward round, you notice that in the surgeons' notes he states that the arterial blood supply, via the facial artery, is good. Thus he is hopeful for satisfactory healing. Which large artery is the facial artery a branch of? **External carotid artery** Internal carotid artery Vertebral artery Subclavian artery Brachiocephalic artery

Answer 195

_ECG changes in II, III, aVF would be most likely caused by a lesion of the:_ **Right coronary** Left posterior descending Left anterior descending Right circumflex Left circumflex

Answer 196

A 25-year-old male smoker is seen in the vascular clinic with a history of pain and claudication in both legs. On examination, he is found to have poor pedal pulses, loss of leg hair and a necrotic looking ulcer over the base of his 5th toe. An angiogram reveals corkscrew vessels of the vasa vasorum, the blood vessels feeding the larger blood vessels of the legs. In what part of the blood vessel wall might you find these corkscrew vessels? **Tunica adventitia** Elastin layer Serosa Tunica media Tunica intima

Answer 197

A 60-year-old gentleman suffering from heart failure presents to his GP with peripheral oedema. He is found to be fluid overloaded which causes atrial natriuretic peptide is released by the atrial myocytes. What is the mechanism of action of atrial natriuretic peptide? Promote sodium reabsorbtion Agonist of aldosterone **Antagonist of angiotension II** Agonist of angiotension I

Answer 198

Which one of the following is not contained within the middle mediastinum? Main bronchi Arch of the azygos vein **Thoracic duct** Pericardium Aortic root

Answer 199

A 43-year-old lady is recovering on the intensive care unit following a Whipples procedure. She has a central venous line in situ. Which one of the following will lead to the 'v' wave on the waveform trace? Ventricular contraction Emptying of the right atrium Emptying of the right ventricle Atrial contraction **Atrial venous filling**

Answer 200

which of the following acts on cardiac muscle? - alpha 1 adrenoreceptors - alpha 2 adrenoreceptors * *- beta 1 adrenoreceptors** - beta 2 adrenoreceptors - beta 3 adrenoreceptors

Answer 201

T1 vert, manubrium & rib1

Answer 202

which sympathetic receptor do you find on the heart? alpha 1 alpha 2 **beta 1** beta 2 beta 3

Answer 203

_Thoracic duct perforates the diaphragm:_ **T12** L3 T10 L4 L2 T8

Answer 204

_Which one of the following adverse effects is most characteristically associated with loop diuretics?_ Tachycardia Increased risk of fractures Steven-Johnson syndrome **Hypocalcaemia** Tremor Constipation

Answer 205

juxtaglomerulus apparatus

Answer 206

A 34-year-old gentleman presents to the emergency department with bradycardia. Cardiac muscle is likely to remain in phase 4 of the cardiac action potential for a prolonged amount of time. What occurs in phase 4 of the cardiac action potential? Slow sodium influx Rapid potassium influx **Na+/K+ ATPase acts** Slow calcium influx Rapid sodium infleux

Answer 207

which class of antiarrhythmic drugs causes acts on Ca2+ channels? Class I Class II: Class III **Class IV**

Answer 208

the diaphragmatic pleura receives innervation from: a) vagus nerve b) phrenic nerve only c) intercostal nerve only d) vagus and phrenic nerve * *e) phrenic nerve and intercostal nerve**

Answer 209

compliance airway resistance

Answer 210

Which one of the following structures lies deepest in the popliteal fossa? Popliteal vein Common peroneal nerve **Popliteal artery** Tibial nerve None of the above

Answer 211

which of the following is not a cause of normocytic amaemia? a) acute blood loss b) renal failure c) leukaemia d) sickle cell disease * *e) alcholism**

Answer 212

olfactory epithelium bowmans glands

Answer 213

clearance = (urine concentration of substance / plasma concentration of substance) x urine flow rate

Answer 214

what is the name of the muscle found in the heart's i) atria: **crista termanlis (**smooth); **pectinate muscle;** ii) ventricles: **trabeculae carnae**

Answer 215

where do posterior intercostal arteries 1 & 2 orginate from? - descending aorta * *- costocervical trunk** - internal thoracic artery - subclavian artery

Answer 216

Ischaemic changes in leads V1-V3 would be most likely caused by a lesion of the: LAD **Left circumflex** Right coronary LAD or left circumflex

Answer 217

which wave in ECG represents the depolarisation of the Purkinje fibres? - P wave - Q wave - R wave **- S wave** - T wave

Answer 218

A 5-year-old boy is playing with some small ball bearings. Unfortunately he inhales one. To which of the following lung regions is the ball most likely to settle? **Right lower lobe** Left main bronchus Right upper lobe Left lower lobe None of the above

Answer 219

A 22-year-old man is undergoing an endotracheal intubation. Which one of the following vertebral levels is consistent with the origin of the trachea? C2 T1 **C6** C4 C3

Answer 220

You are a medical student on placement in the pathology lab. The pathologist is examining a section of a blood vessel. What separates the tunica media from the tunica adventitia? Gap junctions Internal elastic lamina Endothelium Fibroblasts **External elastic lamina**

Answer 221

_In respect of skeletal muscle contraction, allows rapid conduction of the action potential to allow co-ordinated muscule contraction:_ **T-tubule** Actin Tropomyosin Troponin-C Sarcomere Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 222

A 75-year-old man presents to the emergency department in respiratory arrest. His partner tells you that he has a history of congestive heart failure and that he recently has had an infection. After the patient is mechanically ventilated, you notice that they have low lung compliance. What is the reason for this finding? Ephymsema Increased lung surfactant Loss of lung connective tissue with age **Pulmonary oedema** Upright posture

Answer 223

A 63-year-old man is undergoing a right pneumonectomy for carcinoma of the bronchus. As the surgeons approach the root of the lung, which structure will lie most posteriorly (in the anatomical plane)? Phrenic nerve Main bronchus **Vagus nerve** Pulmonary vein Pulmonary artery

Answer 224

_Which one of the following is the predominant finding during B of the cardiac action potential?_ Resting potential is restored by Na+/K+ ATPase Rapid potassium influx **Efflux of potassium** Rapid sodium influx Efflux of calcium Slow influx of calcium

Answer 225

_What is structure B?_ Main bronchi Pulonary trunk SVC **Pulmonary arteries** Ascending aorta Descending aorta

Answer 226

_Total lung capacity:_ 4,500ml in males, 3,500 mls in females Maximum volume of air that can be expired after a maximal inspiration **Equals vital capacity + residual volume** Equals inspiratory capacity + expiratory reserve volume 500ml in males, 350ml in females Equals tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 227

- fibrous CT - elastic CT - smooth muscle

Answer 228

_Which one of the following is the predominant finding during the rapid depolarisation phase of the cardiac action potential?_ Efflux of calcium **Rapid sodium influx** Slow influx of calcium Rapid potassium influx Efflux of potassium

Answer 229

which of the following is not present in the olfactory epithelium? * *a) goblet cells** b) cililated pseudostratitfied columnar cells c) olfactory cells d) Bowmans glands

Answer 230

where does your spinal cord end? T12 **L1 L2** L3 L4

Answer 231

where would you not find mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)? a) duodenum * *b) kidneys** c) oesphagus d) bronchus e) testes

Answer 232

which structures enter the larynx at the thryohyoid ligament? * *- internal laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal artery** - external larnygeal nerve and superior laryngeal artery - external laryngeal nerve and inferior laryngeal artery - internal laryngeal nerve and inferior laryngeal artery

Answer 233

_Which one of the following is the predominant finding during A of the cardiac action potential?_ Resting potential is restored by Na+/K+ ATPase Rapid potassium influx Efflux of potassium **Rapid sodium influx** Efflux of calcium Slow influx of calcium

Answer 234

A 22-year-old women has recently undergone a surgical excision of the submandibular gland. She presents to the follow up clinic with a complaint of tongue weakness on the ipsilateral side to her surgery. Which nerve has been damaged? **Hypoglossal nerve** Lingual nerve inferior alevolar nerve Facial nerve Lesser petrosal nerve

Answer 235

A: **omohyoid** B: **SCM** C: **sternohyoid**

Answer 236

what is the level of the cricoid cartilage? C2 C3 C4 C5 **C6**

Answer 237

_Which one of the following is the predominant finding during phase 2 of the cardiac action potential?_ Resting potential is restored by Na+/K+ ATPase Rapid potassium influx Efflux of potassium Rapid sodium influx Efflux of calcium **Slow influx of calcium**

Answer 238

macrophages are dervived from: a) neutrophils b) lymphocytes c) basophils * *d) monocytes** e) mast cells

Answer 239

A 66-year-old lady presents to the emergency department with palpitations. Her ECG shows tall tented T waves. The T wave corresponds to phase 3 of the cardiac action potential. Which of the following is responsible for the shape of the T wave? Slow depolaration due to influx of sodium Slow depolaration due to influx of potassium Repolarisation due to efflux of calcium **Repolorisation due to efflux of potassium** Resting potential restored by Na/K ATPase

Answer 240

A 43-year-old lady is recovering on the intensive care unit following a Whipples procedure. She has a central venous line in situ. Which one of the following will lead to the 'a' wave on the waveform trace? Ventricular contraction Emptying of the right atrium Emptying of the right ventricle **Atrial contraction** Atrial venous filling

Answer 241

A 65-year-old man with heart failure presents to his GP. He has a stroke volume of 33% and asks what affects stroke volume. Which of the following would increase stroke volume in a normal individual? Heart failure Increased parasympathetic activation Hypertension **Increased central venous pressure** Decreased inotropy

Answer 242

which is the main laryngeal cartilage used for phonation? a) cricoid cartilage b) thryoid cartilage * *c) artyenoid cartliage** d) corniculate cartilage e) cunieform cartilage

Answer 243

What view of the heart do leads V3 & V4 represent? **Anterior** Septal Lateral Inferior

Answer 244

A man with suspected heart failure has a transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) to investigate the function of his heart. The goal is to measure his ejection fraction, however, to do this first his stroke volume must be measured. What is the formula for stroke volume? ESV - EDV **EDV - ESV** Systolic pressure - diastolic pressure End systolic volume + end diastolic volume

Answer 245

Which electrolyte maintains the resting potential of ventricular myocytes? Calcium **Potassium** Phosphate Sodium Chloride

Answer 246

which of the following acts on bronchiole smooth muscle? - alpha 1 adrenoreceptors - alpha 2 adrenoreceptors - beta 1 adrenoreceptors * *- beta 2 adrenoreceptors** - beta 3 adrenoreceptors

Answer 247

In response to stretch, cells release atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). Where do you these cells? a) left atrium and IVC b) left atrium and SVC * *c) right atrium and IVC** d) right atrium and SVC e) IVC & SVC

Answer 248

in which of the following would you find hassal's corpsucles? lymph node spleen **thymus** bone marrow

Answer 249

liddles syndrome is caused by the ubquination of which channels: - aquaporins * *- ENAC - causes increased Na absorbtion at DCT** - ROMK - NaKCC - NaK ATPase

Answer 250

Which pathology is depicted here? Pneumonia TB Small cell carcinoma \*\*Asthma\*\* Squamous cell carnicoma \*resp epithelium with goblet cell hyperplasia eosinophils in lam prop +++ thickened BM SM hypertrophy mucous in lumen\*

Answer 251

Which pathology is depicted here? Pneumonia \*\*TB\*\* Small cell carcinoma Asthma Squamous cell carnicoma \*Under the microscope multinucleate giant cells and granulomatosis are seen\*

Answer 252

Which pathology is depicted here? Pneumonia TB \*\*Small cell carcinoma\*\* Asthma Squamous cell carnicoma \*Multiple mitotic figures are identified as well as scattered apoptotic tumor cells. The finely dispersed or salt and pepper chromatin with no distinct nucleoli is apparent in many of the cells, although the crush artifact caused by the biopsy process can make this feature more difficult to distinguish. The small cells lie among a background of delicate stroma that is sparse compared to the dense sheet of tumor cells\*

Answer 253

Which pathology is depicted here? Pneumonia TB \*\*Small cell carcinoma\*\* Asthma Squamous cell carnicoma

Answer 254

Which pathology is depicted here? Pneumonia \*\*TB\*\* Small cell carcinoma Asthma Squamous cell carnicoma \*Caseous necrosis and granulomatosis\*

Answer 255

Which pathology is depicted here? \*\*Pneumonia\*\* TB Small cell carcinoma Asthma Squamous cell carnicoma

Answer 256

\* many dust cells (macrophages that have taken up carbon particles. \* damage to the cilia that typically lines the airways, an increase in mucous-producing cells, squamous metaplasia, (protective adaptation) \* Metaplastic and dysplastic structural changes could eventually lead to lung cancer.

Answer 257

\*\*Type II pneumocytes\*\* and \*\*Clara cells\*\* are both involved in surfactant production. The lung tissue histology of such an infant would appear with \*\*collapsed alveoli\*\*. [1]

Answer 258

Which pathology is depicted here? Pneumonia TB Small cell carcinoma Asthma \*\*Squamous cell carnicoma\*\* \*Squamous cell carcinoma, well differentiated: epithelium shows marked keratinization and minimal nuclear pleomorphism.\*

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