Cram

Question 1

Nitrate ion in plants

Answer 1

Makes amino acids, proteins, DNA, chlorophyll

Stunted growth
Older leaves turn yellow

Question 2

Potassium ion in plants

Answer 2

For enzymes of respiration and photosynthesis

Leaves turn yellow wth dead spots

Question 3

Phosphate ion in plants

Answer 3

Makes DNA and compounds of cell membrane

Poor root growth
Younger leaves turn purple

Question 4

Magnesium ion in plants

Answer 4

Part of chlorophyll molecule

Leaves turn yellow

Question 5

Test for glucose

Answer 5

Benedict’s reagent + heat

Positive -> yellow/ orange

Question 6

Starch test

Answer 6

Iodine

Positive -> blue/ black

Question 7

Test for lipids

Answer 7

Emulsion test
Dissolve sample in ethanol, decant layer, add water, shake

Positive -> cloudy mixture

Question 8

Protein test

Answer 8

Buret test
Add copper sulphate/ dilute NaOH

Positive -> purple

Question 9

Functions of lipids (5)

Answer 9

Source of energy in food
Store of energy in animals 
Cell membranes 
Insulation 
Hormones

Question 10

Functions of proteins (5)

Answer 10

Structural/ repairing tissues 
Hormones
Antibodies
Enzymes
Transport

Question 11

Iron mineral in body

Answer 11

Part of haemoglobin
Lack of it causes anaemia
Found in red meat and vegetables

Question 12

Calcium mineral in body

Answer 12

For born growth and muscles
Lack of it causes osteoporosis
Found in dairy foods such as milk and cheese

Question 13

Vitamin A

Answer 13

Part of pigment in rods and cones in retina
Lack of it causes blindness
Found in fish, cheese, carrots

Question 14

Vitamin C

Answer 14

Part of collagen protein for skin, hair, gums, bones
Lack of it causes scurvy
Found in citrus fruit

Question 15

Vitamin D

Answer 15

Helps absorb calcium for growth
Lack of it causes rickets and poor teeth
Found in fish, made naturally. G being exposed to sunlight

Question 16

Fibre

Answer 16

Reduces cholesterol and aids digestion

Found in oats, fruit, cereal

Question 17

Pancreatic juices contains:

Answer 17

Maltase (maltose -> glucose)
Amylase (starch -> maltose)
Protease (protein -> amino acids)
Lipase (fat -> glycerol + fatty acids)

Question 18

Bile

Answer 18

Made in the liver, stored in the gall bladder, released in the duodenum

Emulsified large fat droplets into smaller droplets
Increases surface area for lipase
Alkali to neutralise stomach acid in bolus

Question 19

Factors affecting rate of transpiration (4)

Answer 19

Light intensity
Temperature
Wind speed
Humidity

Question 20

Factors affecting photosynthesis (3)

Answer 20

Concentration of CO2
Temperature
Light intensity

Question 21

Factors affecting enzymes (2)

Answer 21

Temperature

PH

Question 22

Red blood cell adaptations

Answer 22

Biconcave disc like cells
No nucleus
Thin cell surface membrane
Contains haemoglobin

Question 23

Lymphocytes

Answer 23

Makes antibodies

Groups together pathogens
Makes pathogens more recognisable
Can burst open pathogen cell
Neutralise toxins produced by pathogens

Question 24

Phagocytes

Answer 24

Ingest/ engulf pathogens

Changes its shape, extends cytoplasm to enclose pathogens in its vacuole
Secretes enzymes to break down pathogen

Question 25

Affects of adrenaline

Answer 25

Makes getting beat faster and harder

Question 26

How impulses travel across a synapse

Answer 26

Electrical impulses arrive at a synapse Ends of fine branches of the axon secretes a chemical called neurotransmitter Neurotransmitter diffuses across synapse to the membrane of the second neurone Electrical impulses start again in second cell Neurotransmitter is broken down by an enzyme

Question 27

Why is 10% energy not transferred to the next trophic level

Answer 27

Respiration (heat) Excretion (egested food) Didn't eat the whole organism (bone)

Question 28

What does oestrogen do

Answer 28

Causes lining to thicken so levels need to increase just before ovulation

Question 29

What does progesterone do

Answer 29

Maintains the lining of the uterus for ~10 days during implantation (release of egg and keeping perfect conditions)

Question 30

Purpose of placenta (3)

Answer 30

Diffusion Provides oxygen and nutrients to developing embryo Makes amino acids and proteinsynthesis Secretes female hormones which maintain the pregnancy Vitamins Removes unread and carbon dioxide

Question 31

Purpose of amniotic fluid

Answer 31

Protects developing embryo

Question 32

interspecific

Answer 32

Uses nets to separate species to prevent predation

Question 33

Intraspecific

Answer 33

Fish within the same species separated by age and size to prevent older/ larger fish eating smaller/ younger fish

Question 34

Selective breeding

Answer 34

Breeding of those individuals with desired features which is enforced by human choice

Question 35

Genetic engineering with insulin and a bacterium

Answer 35

``` Lipozyme breaks open bacteria Restriction enzyme cuts DNA from a bacterium's plasmid and same enzyme cuts insulin gene from human DNA Restriction enzyme acts as a vector Ligase enzyme inserts growth hormone Bacterium takes up recombinant DNA ```

Question 36

How are plasmids like vectors

Answer 36

Able to easily take up DNA and swap with another and insert recombinant DNA into other cells Transfer genes

Question 37

Insulin

Answer 37

Controls and lowers glucose levels by converting glucose into glycogen in the liver/ muscle

Question 38

Role of capillaries when really hot

Answer 38

They expand by vasodilation so more blood is at the surface of the skin for rapid cooling