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OCB > Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

A 
1 olfactory
2 optic
3 oculomotor
4 trochlear
5 trigeminal
6 abducens
7 facial
8 vestibulocochlear (auditory)
9 glossopharyngeal
10 vagus
11 (spinal) accessory
12 hypoglossal
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2
Q

Where does CN I synapse?

A

Olfactory bulb

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3
Q

Which special sensory nerve doesn’t enter the thalamus?

A

Olfactory - CN I

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4
Q

How many pairs of olfactory nerves are there?

A

15-20

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5
Q

What is the function of CN I?

A

Special sensory - smell.

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6
Q

Where does CN I originate from?

A

Cerebrum

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7
Q

Which canal does CN I exit from?

A

Cribiform plate.

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8
Q

What is the function of CN II?

A

Vision - special sensory.

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9
Q

Where do axons for nasal retina of CN II decussate?

A

Optic chiasma

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10
Q

Do axons for the temporal retina cross?

A

No, they stay ipsilateral (same side).

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11
Q

What results with damage to the optic nerve?

A

Complete blindness in one eye.

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12
Q

What results with damage to the optic tract?

A

Loss of half field vision in both eyes.

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13
Q

Where does CN II originate from?

A

Cerebrum

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14
Q

Which canal does CN II exit from?

A

Optic canal

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15
Q

Where does CN III emerge from?

A

Midbrain-pontine junction (midbrain/pons).

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16
Q

What is the motor function of CN III?

A

Eye movement.

Motor: innervates 4 extrinsic eye muscles.

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17
Q

What is the parasympathetic function of CN III?

A

Supplies pupillary sphincter and ciliary muscles of the eye (via ciliary ganglion).

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18
Q

Where does CN III exit from?

A

Superior orbital fissure.

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19
Q

Where does CN IV originate from?

A

Posterior (dorsal) side of midbrain.

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20
Q

Which nerve has the longest intracranial length?

A

CN IV

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21
Q

Which canal does CN IV exit from?

A

Superior orbital fissure.

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22
Q

What is does CN IV innervate?

A

Provides motor innervation to superior oblique muscle.

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23
Q

What is the function of CN IV?

A

Downward, lateral and internal eye rotational movements.

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24
Q

What are the 3 branches of CN V?

A

Ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2) and mandibular (V3)

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25
Q

Where does V1 of CNV exit from?

A

Superior orbital fissure

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26
Q

Where does V2 of CNV exit from?

A

Foramen rotundum

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27
Q

Where does V3 of CNV exit from?

A

Foramen ovale

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28
Q

Where does CNV arise from?

A

Pons

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29
Q

Describe the central connection of the CN V

A
  • It originates from 3 sensory nuclei (mesencephalic, principal sensory and spinal nuclei) and 1 motor nucleus extending from the midbrain to the medulla oblongata.
  • At the level of the pons, the sensory nuclei merge to form a sensory root whilst the motor nuclei form a motor root.
  • In the middle cranial fossa, sensory root expands to form trigeminal ganglion.
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30
Q

What does signals does the Mesencephalic Nucleus receive?

A

(In midbrain).

Receives proprioceptive input (from jaw and teeth).

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31
Q

What does signals does the Principle Sensory Nucleus receive?

A

(In mid-pons).

Receives light touch sensation from all three branches.

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32
Q

What does signals does the Spinal Nucleus receive?

A

(Mid-pons to top of spinal cord).

Receives pain and temperature sensation of the face.

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33
Q

Where is the trigeminal ganglion located?

A

Trigeminal cave – this is a depression of the temporal bone.

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34
Q

What are the branches of the Ophthalmic nerve (CN V)?

A
  • Frontal nerve
  • Lacrimal nerve
  • Nasociliary nerve
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35
Q

What does the Nasociliary nerve branch into?

A
  • Anterior/posterior ethmoidal nerve.
  • Long ciliary nerve.
  • Infratrochlear nerve.
  • Sensory root of ciliary ganglion.
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36
Q

What does the frontal nerve (CN V1) innervate?

A

Skin of forehead and scalp.

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37
Q

What does the lacrimal nerve (CN V1) innervate?

A

Lacrimal glands, conjunctiva of eyes, upper eyelids.

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38
Q

What does the nasociliary nerve (CN V1) innervate?

A

Nasal mucous membranes

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39
Q

What are the branches of the Maxillary nerve (CN V)?

A

In meninges:
- Middle meningeal nerve.

In pterygopalatine fossa:

  • Nasopalatine nerve.
  • Greater palatine nerve.
  • Lesser palatine nerve.
  • Posterior SAN.

In infraorbital canal:

  • Middle SAN.
  • Anterior SAN.
  • Infraorbital nerve
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40
Q

What are the branches of the Mandibular nerve (CN V)?

A 
Before division (from main trunk of nerve):
- Meningeal branch (sensory).

From anterior division:

  • Masseteric nerve (motor)
  • Deep temporal nerves – anterior and posterior (motor).
  • Lateral pterygoid nerve (motor).
  • Medial pterygoid nerve (motor).
  • Buccal nerve (sensory).

From posterior division

  • Auriculotemporal nerve (sensory)
  • Lingual nerve (sensory) –
  • Inferior alveolar nerve (motor and sensory).
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41
Q

What are the route and branches of the inferior alveolar nerve?

A
  • Traves behind lateral pterygoid muscle.
  • Branches into mylohyoid nerve and enters mandibular foramen.
  • In mandibular canal, sensory branches form into inferior dental plexus - gives small gingival/dental nerves to teeth.
  • Exits anteriorly at mental foramen.
  • Gives off mental nerve.
  • Continues anteriorly as mandibular incisive nerve.
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42
Q

What does the mylohyoid nerve innervate?

A

(Motor/sensory) - mylohyoid muscle and anterior belly of digastric.

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43
Q

What does the mental nerve innervate?

A

Chin, lower lip, labial gingiva, mandibular anterior/premolar teeth.

44
Q

What does the incisive nerve innervate?

A

Anterior teeth

45
Q

Where does the auriculotemporal nerve exit from’?

A

Otic ganglion.

46
Q

What does the auriculotemporal nerve supply?

A

Auricle and temporal region, TMJ, external acoustic meatus.

Parasympathetic root carries postganglionic fibres to parotid gland.

47
Q

What does the lingual nerve supply?

A

Sensory fibres to anterior 2/3 of tongue and lingual mucosa.

48
Q

Where does the middle meningeal nerve exit from and what does it accompany?

A

Foramen spinosum before V2 enters foramen rotundum.

Accompanies middle meningeal artery/vein as they enter cranium through foramen spinosum.

49
Q

What does the middle meningeal nerve supply?

A

Dura mater.

50
Q

Where does the nasopalatine nerve exit from?

A

Incisive foramen.

51
Q

Where does the greater palatine nerve exit from?

A

Greater palatine foramen

52
Q

Where does the lesser palatine nerve exit from?

A

Lesser palatine foramen

53
Q

What does the nasopalatine nerve supply?

A

Palatal mucosa, gingiva and palatal alveolar bone.

54
Q

What does the greater palatine nerve supply?

A

Hard palate mucosa, palatal alveolar bone and posterior gingiva (3-8).

55
Q

What does the lesser palatine nerve supply?

A

Soft palate.

56
Q

What does the posterior SAN supply?

A

Molars (except MB root of 6), maxillary sinus and buccal gingiva.

57
Q

What does the middle SAN supply?

A

Premolars and MB root of 6.

58
Q

What does the anterior SAN supply?

A

Anterior teeth

59
Q

What does the infraorbital nerve supply?

A

Lower eyelid, upper lips and part of nasal vestibule.

60
Q

Where does the infraorbital nerve exit from?

A

Infraorbital foramen of maxilla.

61
Q

Which is the largest division of CN V?

A

V3 - mandibular

62
Q

Where does CN VI exit from?

A

Superior orbital fissure

63
Q

Where does CN VI arise from?

A

Pontine-medulla junction

64
Q

What does CN VI innervate?

A

Lateral rectus - lateral movements of pupil of the eye.

65
Q

Where does CN VII exit from?

A

Internal acoustic meatus.

66
Q

Where does CN VII arise from?

A

Pontine-medulla junction (pons)

67
Q

What is the central connections of CN VII?

A
  • Motor and sensory roots travel through internal acoustic meatus and enters facial canal.
  • 2 roots fuse to form the facial nerve.
  • The nerve forms the geniculate ganglion.
  • Exits skull at stylomastoid foramen
68
Q

Where is the internal acoustic meatus located?

A

In petrous part of temporal bone

69
Q

Where does CN VII leave the cranium?

A

Stylomastoid foramen

70
Q

What are the intracranial branches of CN VII?

A
  • Greater petrosal nerve
  • Nerve to stapedius
  • Chorda tympani nerve
71
Q

What are the extracranial branches of CN VII?

A
  • Posterior auricular nerve

- Facial branches: Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Mandibular, Cervical

72
Q

Where does the Greater petrosal nerve run through and where does it synapse?

A

Runs through Pterygoid canal.

Synapses at pterygopalatine ganglion.

73
Q

What does the Greater petrosal nerve innervate?

A

Parasympathetic fibres to nasal glands, palatine glands, lacrimal gland and pharyngeal gland.

74
Q

What does the nerve to stapedius innervate?

A

Motor innervation for stapedius muscle in middle ear.

75
Q

What does the chorda tympani nerve supply?

A

Special sensory taste fibres to anterior 2/3 tongue.

Parasympathetic innervation to submandibular/sublingual glands.

76
Q

What does the posterior auricular nerve innervate?

A

Supplies the movement of scalp muscles around the ear.

77
Q

What other muscles does the facial nerve supply after leaving the stylomastoid foramen?

A
  • Posterior belly of digastric muscle.
  • Stylohyoid muscle.
  • Muscles of facial expression.
78
Q

Where are the 5 facial branches (CN VII) located? What do they supply?

A

Parotid gland.

Motor fibres of muscles of mastication.

79
Q

What is an Upper Motor Neuron Lesion?

A

Upper Motor Neuron Lesion on one side.

- Upper region is normal but lower region will be defective.

80
Q

What is a Lower Motor Neuron Lesion?

A

Causes the entire face on one side to be affected.

81
Q

What is an example of an Upper Motor Neuron Lesion?

A

Central facial palsy or Corticobulbar palsy.

  • Damage occurs prior to reaching brainstem.

Can be caused by lesions in:

  • Face area of primary motor cortex.
  • Descending Corticobulbar fibres.
82
Q

What is an example of a Lower Motor Neuron Lesion?

A

Peripheral facial palsy or Bell’s palsy.

  • Damage occurs after leaving brainstem, prior to reaching muscles.

Includes lesions in:

  • Motor facial nucleus.
  • Facial nerve in CNS or on its course of peripheral distribution.
83
Q

What is an example of a Lower Motor Neuron Lesion?

A

Peripheral facial palsy or Bell’s palsy.

  • Damage occurs after leaving brainstem, prior to reaching muscles.

Includes lesions in:

  • Motor facial nucleus.
  • Facial nerve in CNS or on its course of peripheral distribution.
84
Q

Where does CN VIII arise from?

A

Pontine-medulla junction (pons).

85
Q

Where does CN VIII exit from?

A

Internal acoustic meatus

86
Q

What are the 2 branches of CN VIII?

A
  • Vestibular nerve

- Cochlear nerve

87
Q

What is the function of CN VIII?

A
  • Vestibular nerve monitors balance, position and movement (vestibular system).
  • Cochlear nerve monitors hearing (inner ear).
88
Q

What type of neurons does CN VIII consist of?

A

Bipolar neurons

89
Q

Where does CN IX arise from?

A

Medulla oblongata

90
Q

Where does CN IX leave the cranium from?

A

Jugular foramen.

91
Q

What are the functions of CN IX?

A
  • Special sensory: - Taste posterior 1/3 tongue.
  • General Sensory: - posterior 1/3 and oropharynx.
  • Brachial Motor: - stylopharyngeus muscle.
  • Visceral sensory: - monitors blood CO2 / Hydrogen ions via the carotid body (role in BP control).
  • Parasympathetic (visceral motor): parotid gland via otic ganglion and to auriculotemporal nerve and CN V3.
92
Q

Where does CN X arise from?

A

Medulla oblongata.

93
Q

Where does CN X leave the cranium from?

A

Jugular foramen

94
Q

What are the sensory functions of CN X?

A
  • Somatosensory: - mucous membrane of laryngopharynx, larynx, upper trachea.
  • Visceral sensory: - trachea, lungs, carotid sinus, abdominal veins, gut (to splenic flexure).
95
Q

What are the motor functions of CN X?

A
  • Somatic motor: - most muscles of pharynx and larynx, upper oesophagus (swallowing, vomiting), palatoglossus of the tongue.
  • Parasympathetic: - cardiac muscle, GI tract, trachea/bronchi.
96
Q

Where does CN XI arise from?

A

Medulla oblongata

97
Q

Where does CN XI leave the cranium from?

A

Jugular foramen

98
Q

Where do the roots of CN XI arise from?

A

Roots from cervical segments of spinal cord travel through foramen magnum and join cranial fibres to form accessory nerve.

99
Q

What are the divisions of CN IX?

A
  • Spinal division

- Cranial division

100
Q

What are the functions of CN IX?

A
  • Spinal division: - trapezius and SCM (head and shoulder movements).
  • Cranial division: - muscles of voluntary swallowing (soft palate, pharynx).
101
Q

Where does CN XII arise from?

A

Medulla oblongata.

102
Q

Where does CN XII leave the cranium from?

A

Hypoglossal canal

103
Q

What are the functions of CN XII?

A

Swallowing and speech

104
Q

What does CN XII innervate?

A

Motor to intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles (except palatoglossus) and muscles surrounding hyoid bone.

105
Q

What nerves are associated with Nucleus Ambiguus?

A

CN IX & CN X.

Efferent motor to muscles of larynx, pharynx, and upper oesophagus.
- Associated with speech (phonation), swallowing, vomiting.

106
Q

What nerves are associated with Nucleus Tracts Solitarius (Solitary Nucleus)?

A

CN VII, CN IX & CN X.

Visceral sensory to tongue, carotid body, carotid sinus, GI tract, trachea/bronchi.
- Associated with chemoreception - taste, blood CO2/hydrogen ion monitoring, BP monitoring, gut distension.

OCB (8 decks)

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