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BIOL 307 lab > Cranial skeleton > Flashcards

Cranial skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main components of the cranial skeleton?

A

chondrocranium: base of the braincase

splanchnocranium: visceral arches

dermatocranium: outer part of the braincase

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2
Q

What are the 3 skull modifications: temporal fenestrae/fossae?

A

anapsid: no fenestrae

synapsid: pair of 1 fenestra

diapsid: pairs of 2 fenestrae

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3
Q

Which vertebrates are anapsids?

A

fish and turtles

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4
Q

Which vertebrates are synapsids?

A

mammals

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5
Q

Which vertebrates are diapsids?

A

some reptiles and birds

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6
Q

What is the proposed purpose for temporal fenestrae/fossae?

A

location for jaw muscle attachment

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7
Q

T or F: the chondrocranium is a single piece

A

true, but it’s made of numerous fused bones

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8
Q

WHat are the major bone groups in the chondrocranium?

A

occipitals, sphenoids, ethmoids

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9
Q

What is the chondrocranium derived from?

A

mesodermal sclerotome and neural crest cells

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10
Q

In the embryo, paired cartilages underneath the brain develop into what two things?

A

parts of the cranium to support the brain

the roof of the mouth or primary/hard palate

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11
Q

What are the sense organs housed in during embryonic stage?

A

cartilage capsules

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12
Q

What forms around the brain during development beginning at the notochord?

A

cartilage

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13
Q

When sense organs are surrounded by cartilage during development what 3 things do they form?

A

the optic capsule (eyes)
the otic capsule (ears) - if present
the nasal capsule (olfactory)

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14
Q

Which two cartilage capsules encasing sensory organs fuse to the chondrocranium?

A

the nasal and otic capsules

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15
Q

What is the sclera? What is its purpose?

A

the optic cartilage forms the sclera instead of fusing to the chondrocranium

it contains cartilage or bone

allows movement of the eyes

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16
Q

How many pairs of cartilages make up the human chondrocranium?

A

6

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17
Q

What are the 6 paired cartilages in the human chondrocranium?

A

parachordal cartilages - forms around notochord

prechordal cartilages- forms in front of notochord

occiptal cartilages- forms where the brain meets the spinal cord

otic capsule - forms inner ear

orbital cartilages - forms eye

nasal capsules - forms olfactory organ

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18
Q

What does the splanchnocranium contribute to?

A

jaws

forms the gill arches, hyoid, and cartilages at anterior end of trachea, glottis, epiglottis, larynx

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19
Q

What does the splanchnocranium develop from?

A

visceral arches that provide gill support in fishes

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20
Q

what is the visceral skeleton derived from?

A

splanchnic (gut) mesoderm, neural crest cells

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the pharynx?

A

involved in feeding
in lesser derived: in respiration

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22
Q

T or F: more derived vertebrates have less gill slits - why/why not?

A

true

they have evolved away from filter feeding

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23
Q

What is another name for visceral arches?

A

gill bars

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24
Q

What is the mandibular arch derived from?

A

the first visceral arch

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25
Q

What are jaws mainly derived from?

A

the mandibular arch

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26
Q

T or F: jaws are modified gill supports

A

true, they are derived from the mandibular arch which is derived from the first visceral arch (gill slits)

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27
Q

What are the two components of the mandibular arch?

A

the mandibular cartilage (lower jaw)
palatoquadrate cartilage (upper jaw)

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28
Q

What is the hyoid arch?

A

the second visceral arch

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29
Q

in tetrapods, what purpose does the hyoid arch/2nd visceral arch serve?

A

supports the jaw and tongue

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30
Q

What is the tongue attached to?

A

hyoid bone

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31
Q

In tetrapods, which part of the tongue/hyoid articulates with the chondrocranium?

A

the dorsal part = the hyomandibula (remember in the frog dissection, the tongue was attached at the dorsal end of the mouth, not the anterior like ours)

32
Q

What did visceral arches 3-7 become? what do they do?

A

branchial arches

involved in respiration

33
Q

What 2 arches work together to allow jaw movement?

A

mandibular and hyoid arches

34
Q

What are the 3 the mandibular and hyoid arches can be articulated with the chondrocranium? what vertebrate groups have these styles?

A

amphistylic - early cartilaginous and early bony fishes

hyostylic - elasmobranchs and most bony fish

autostylic - lungfishes and tetrapod ancestors

35
Q

Describe amphistylistic articulation. what are the vertebrate groups that have this?

A

jaw is directly connected to chondrocranium and is supported by hyomandibula

early cartilaginous fish
early bony fish

36
Q

Describe hyostylistic articulation. what are the vertebrate groups that have this?

A

upper and lower jaw supported only by hyomandibula
upper law has no connection to chondrocranium

elasmobranchs and bony fishes

37
Q

Describe autostylistic articulation. what are the vertebrate groups that have this?

A

upper jaw is either articulated or fused with the chondrocranium
lower jaw forms mandibular cartilage
jaw not supported by hyomandibular

lungfish
tetrapod ancestors

38
Q

what is the dermatocranium?

A

bones that:

compose the roof of the cranium (outer braincase)
cover the major sense organs and brain
form plates and armour for some vertebrates

39
Q

Where does the dermatocranium develop?

A

within the dermal layer of the skin

40
Q

T or F: dermatocranium, like the chondrocranium and splanchnocranium is made up of bones that are preceded in development by cartilages?

A

false

they are not preceded by cartilages

41
Q

What are the dermal bones in ostracoderms?

A

the original dermal scales (armour) which sink into and attach to the neurocranium and become ossified

42
Q

What does ossified mean?

A

turned into bone

43
Q

What are dermal bones derived from?

A

neural crest cells

44
Q

What are formina? singular: foramen

A

collective name for the various small openings in the skull

aka fenestrae

45
Q

What is the purpose of foramina?

A

they are openings for the series of 10 paired cranial nerves to connect to the brain and major sense organs, facial muscles, tongue, teeth, etc

46
Q

What are cranial sutures?

A

an immovable, fibrous joint in the skull

bone surfaces are closely connected by connective tissue

47
Q

What are the 4 types of cranial sutures?

A

coronal - between frontal bone and 2 parietal bones

sagittal - between 2 parietal bones

lambdoidal - between right and left parietal bones and occipital bone

squamosal - between parietal and temporal bone on each side

48
Q

What are Wormian bones? where are they located?

A

small bone fragments located in sutures

especially found in sagittal and lambdoidal

49
Q

What are 2 skull modifications for more powerful jaws?

A

otic notch
temporal fossae

50
Q

How does the otic notch increase jaw power?

A

the otic notch is an adaptation for muscle attachment to compensate for increased jaw muscles and counter dermal bone

51
Q

Are turtles anapsids or diapsids?

A

they were thought to be anapsid, but new evidence suggests that like their reptilian relatives, they’re diapsids

52
Q

How do temporal fossae/fenestrae increase jaw power?

A

paired openings on the skull create an attachment location for larger jaw muscles

53
Q

What are the two possible temporal fenestrae?

A

infratemporal and supratemporal

54
Q

In what two ways can the eye orbital be related to the temporal fenestrae/fossae?

A

the eye orbit can be separate from fossae - ex. cats, horses, humans
or
can be merged - ex. wolves, rats

55
Q

What was a major skull modification for breathing air?

A

evolution of the secondary palate

56
Q

What are the 3 stages of secondary palate evolution?

A

primary unmodified palate = complete roof to the mouth - fishes and amphibians

partial secondary palate = a trend toward the evolution of the secondary palate - some bones developed (ex. maxilla, premaxilla, palatine) - some reptiles (not birds)

complete secondary palate =
alligator has complete bony
mammals have complete not bony
birds have complete fleshy

57
Q

How can amphibians live on land if their palate is primary and unmodified for breathing air (ie., complete roof)?

A

they use cutaneous respiration and perform gas exchange across their skin for respiration

58
Q

What type of secondary palate do alligators have?

A

complete bony

59
Q

What type of secondary palate do birds have?

A

complete fleshy

60
Q

What type of secondary palate do mammals have?

A

complete function - both bony and fleshy components q

61
Q

Why do birds have complete fleshy secondary palates instead of bony like their reptilian relatives?

A

to save weight

62
Q

What are fontanels? what is their function?

A

membrane-filled soft spots in mammalian skulls present only while developing which later are filled in with bone

function:

connect the incomplete cranial bones during development
allow the head to change shape during birth to fit through narrow birth canal
allow rapid growth during first 2 years of development

63
Q

how many middle ear bones do mammals have? reptiles, amphibians?

A

mammals = 3
reptiles, amphibians = 1

64
Q

What are turbinal bones?

A

pairs of rolled up bones covered in olfactory epithelium usually located in the nose of animals to increase surface area for smelling

65
Q

Why is the evolution of jaws so significant for vertebrates?

A

allowed them to capture and eat larger food

66
Q

How is the evolution of the jaw related to the size of vertebrates?

A

being able to eat larger food more quickly allowed vertebrates to grow in size faster than invertebrates

67
Q

which vertebrates have upper jaws that are not fused to the chondrocranium? what does this allow?

A

some fish, like sharks can move their jaws independently of their skull

68
Q

Why does it appear like sharks can dislocate their upper jaw from the skull when they open their mouth to catch prey?

A

the upper jaw is not united to the chondrocranium and can therefore move independently of the skull

69
Q

What is the function of the hyoid bone?

A

it supports the tongue

also attaches to muscles of the phayrnx and neck

70
Q

How is a swinging jaw an advantageous adaptation?

A

a swinging jaw is not fused to the cranium so it allows the mouth to open wider and for the animal (fish) to catch larger prey and provides a stronger bite

71
Q

What bones comprise the upper and lower jaws in mammals?

A

upper: palatoquadrate cartilage of the mandibular arch

lower: the dentary bone (just one bone)

72
Q

What does the hyomandibular do in fishes?

A
73
Q

What does the hyomandibular become in reptiles and amphibians?

A

the only middle ear bone

74
Q

What does the hyomandibular become in mammals?

A

becomes a bone in the middle ear

75
Q

What do the articular and quadrate bones become in mammals?

A

each becomes a bone in the middle ear

76
Q

How many middle ear bones do mammals have? reptiles and amphibians?

A

mammals = 3, from the hyomandibular, articular, and quadrate

reptiles and amphibians = 1 from the hyomandibular

BIOL 307 lab (9 decks)

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