Cranium

Question 1

Landmark: pterion

Shape and Location:

Answer 1

junction of greater wing of sphenoid, squamous temporal, frontal, and parietal bones; overlies course of anterior division of middle meningeal artery

Question 2

Landmark: lambda

Shape and Location:

Answer 2

point on calvaria at junction of lambed and sagittal sutures

Question 3

Landmark: bregma

Shape and Location:

Answer 3

point on calvaria at junction of coronal and sagittal sutures

Question 4

Landmark: vertex

Shape and Location:

Answer 4

superior point of neurocranium, in middle with cranium oriented in anatomical (orbitomeatal or Frankfort) plane

Question 5

Landmark: asterion

Shape and Location:

Answer 5

star shaped; located a junction of three sutures: marietomastoid, occipitomastoid, and lambdoid

Question 6

Landmark: glabella

Shape and Location:

Answer 6

smooth prominence; most marked in males; on frontal bones superior to root of nose; most anterior projecting part of forehead

Question 7

Landmark: inion

Shape and Location:

Answer 7

most prominent point of external occipital protuberance

Question 8

Landmark: nasion

Shape and Location:

Answer 8

point on cranium where frontonasal and internal sutures meet

Question 9

anterior cranial fossa (3)

Answer 9

foramen cecum
cribriform foramina in cribriform plate
anterior and posterior ethnical foramina

Question 10

middle cranial fossa (7)

Answer 10

optic canals 
superior orbital fissure 
foramen rotundum
foramen ovale 
foramen spinosum 
foramen lacerum 
groove or hiatus of greater petrosal nerve

Question 11

posterior cranial fossa (5)

Answer 11

foramen magnum
jugular foramen 
hypoglassal canal
condylar canal 
mastoid foramen

Question 12

Foramina/Apertures: foramen cecum

Contents:

Answer 12

nasal emissary vein (1% of population)

Question 13

Foramina/Apertures: cribriform foramina in cribriform plate

Contents:

Answer 13

axons of olfactory cells in olfactory epithelium that form olfactory nerves

Question 14

Foramina/Apertures: anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina
Contents:

Answer 14

vessels and nerves with same names

Question 15

Foramina/Apertures: optic canals

Contents:

Answer 15

optic nerves (CN 2) and ophthalmic arteries

Question 16

Foramina/Apertures: superior orbital fissure

Contents:

Answer 16

ophthalmic veins; ophthalmic nerve (CN V1); CN 3, 4, 6; sympathetic fibers

Question 17

Foramina/Apertures: foramen rotundum

Contents:

Answer 17

maxillary nerve (CN V2)

Question 18

Foramina/Apertures: foramen ovale

Contents:

Answer 18

mandibular nerve (CN V3) and accessory meningeal artery

Question 19

Foramina/Apertures: foramen spinosum

Contents:

Answer 19

middle meningeal artery and vein and meningeal arterial branches and small veins

Question 20

Foramina/Apertures: foramen lacerum

Contents:

Answer 20

deep petrosal nerve and some meningeal arterial branches and small veins

Question 21

Foramina/Apertures: groove or hiatus of greater petrosal nerve
Contents:

Answer 21

greater petrosal nerve and petrosal branch of middle meningeal artery

Question 22

Foramina/Apertures: foramen magnum

Contents:

Answer 22

medulla and meninges, vertebral arteries, CN 11, dural veins, anterior and posterior spinal arteries

Question 23

Foramina/Apertures: jugular foramen

Contents:

Answer 23

CN 9, 10 and 11; superior bull of internal jugular vein; inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses; and meningeal branches of ascending pharyngeal and occipital arteries

Question 24

Foramina/Apertures: hypoglossal canal

Contents:

Answer 24

hypoglossal nerve (CN 12)

Question 25

Foramina/Apertures: condylar canal | Contents:

Answer 25

emissary vein that passes from sigmoid sinus to vertebral veins in neck

Question 26

Foramina/Apertures: mastoid foramen | Contents:

Answer 26

matted emissary vein from sigmoid sinus and meningeal branch of occipital artery

Question 27

Cranial nerve: olfactory (1) Part of central nervous system from which nerve(s) enter(s) or emerge(s): General functional types of fibers: General distribution:

Answer 27

forebrain (prosencephalon) cerebral hemispheres (telencephalon) special sensory olfactory mucosa of nose

Question 28

Cranial nerve: optic (2) Part of central nervous system from which nerve(s) enter(s) or emerge(s): General functional types of fibers: General distribution:

Answer 28

forebrain diencephalon special sensory retina of eye

Question 29

Cranial nerve: occulomotor (3) Part of central nervous system from which nerve(s) enter(s) or emerge(s): General functional types of fibers: General distribution:

Answer 29

midbrain midbrain motor intra-ocular and four extra ocular muscles

Question 30

Cranial nerve: trochlear (4) Part of central nervous system from which nerve(s) enter(s) or emerge(s): General functional types of fibers: General distribution:

Answer 30

midbrain midbrain motor one extra-ocular muscle (superior oblique

Question 31

Cranial nerve: trigeminal (5) Part of central nervous system from which nerve(s) enter(s) or emerge(s): General functional types of fibers: General distribution:

Answer 31

brainstem probs mixed, motor and sensory root derivatives of frontonasal process and 1st pharyngeal arch

Question 32

Cranial nerve: abducent (6) Part of central nervous system from which nerve(s) enter(s) or emerge(s): General functional types of fibers: General distribution:

Answer 32

brainstem junction between pons and medulla motor one extra-ocular muscle

Question 33

Cranial nerve: facial (7) Part of central nervous system from which nerve(s) enter(s) or emerge(s): General functional types of fibers: General distribution:

Answer 33

brainstem junction between pons and medulla mixed, primary and root and intermediate nerve derivatives of the 2nd pharyngeal arch

Question 34

Cranial nerve: vestibulocochlear (8) Part of central nervous system from which nerve(s) enter(s) or emerge(s): General functional types of fibers: General distribution:

Answer 34

brainstem junction between pons and medulla special sensory internal ear

Question 35

Cranial nerve: glossopharyngeal (9) Part of central nervous system from which nerve(s) enter(s) or emerge(s): General functional types of fibers: General distribution:

Answer 35

brainstem medulla mixed derivatives of 3rd pharyngeal arch

Question 36

Cranial nerve: vagus (10) Part of central nervous system from which nerve(s) enter(s) or emerge(s): General functional types of fibers: General distribution:

Answer 36

brainstem medulla mixed derivates of fourth pharyngeal arch

Question 37

Cranial nerve: spinal accessory (11) Part of central nervous system from which nerve(s) enter(s) or emerge(s): General functional types of fibers: General distribution:

Answer 37

superior spinal cord superior spinal cord motor superficial layer of neck

Question 38

Cranial nerve: hypoglossal (12) Part of central nervous system from which nerve(s) enter(s) or emerge(s): General functional types of fibers: General distribution:

Answer 38

brainstem medulla motor muscles of tongue

Question 39

1 Types and or sites of lesion: fracture of cribriform plate Abnormal findings:

Answer 39

anosmia (loss of smell); centrospinal fluid rhinorhea

Question 40

2 Types and or sites of lesion: direct trauma to orbit of eyeball; fracture involving optic canal Abnormal findings:

Answer 40

loss of pupillary constriction

Question 41

2 Types and or sites of lesion: pressure on optic pathway; laceration or intracerebeal clot in temporal, parietal, or occipital lobes of brain Abnormal findings:

Answer 41

visual field defects

Question 42

3 Types and or sites of lesion: pressure from herniating uncus on nerve; fracture involving covetous sinus; aneurysms Abnormal findings:

Answer 42

dilated pupil; ptosis; eye turns down and out; pupillary reflex on side of lesion will be lost

Question 43

4 Types and/or sites of lesions: stretching of nerve during its course around brainstem; fracture of orbit Abnormal findings:

Answer 43

inability to look down when eye is adducted

Question 44

5 Types and/or sites of lesions: injury to terminal branches (particularly CN V2) in roof of maxillary sinus; pathological processes affecting trigeminal ganglion Abnormal findings:

Answer 44

loss of pain and touch sensations; parathesia; masseter and temporalis muscles do not contract; deviation of mandible to side of lesion when mouth is open

Question 45

6 Types and/or sites of lesions: base of brain or fracture involving cavernous sinus or orbit Abnormal findings:

Answer 45

eye fails to move laterally; diplopia on lateral gaze

Question 46

7 Types and/or sites of lesions: laceration or confusion in parotid region Abnormal findings:

Answer 46

paralysis of facial muscles; eye remains open; angle of mouth droops; forehead does not wrinkle

Question 47

7 Types and/or sites of lesions: fracture of temporal bone Abnormal findings:

Answer 47

as above, plus associated involvement of cochlear nerve and chords tympani, dry cornea; loss of taste on anterior two thirds of tongue

Question 48

7 Types and/or sites of lesions: intracranial hematoma (stroke) Abnormal findings:

Answer 48

forehead drink;es because of bilateral innervation of frontal muscle; otherwise paralysis of contralateral facial muscles

Question 49

8 Types and/or sites of lesions: tumor of nerve (acoustic neuroma) Abnormal findings:

Answer 49

progressive unilateral hearing loss; tinnitus (noises in ear)

Question 50

9 Types and/or sites of lesions: brainstem lesion or deep laceration of neck Abnormal findings:

Answer 50

loss of taste on posterior third of tongue, loss of sensation on affected side of soft palate

Question 51

10 Types and/or sites of lesions: brainstem lesion or deep laceration of neck Abnormal findings:

Answer 51

sagging of soft palate; deviation of uvula to normal side; harness owning to paralysis of vocal fold

Question 52

11 Types and/or sites of lesions: laceration of neck Abnormal findings:

Answer 52

paralysis of sternocleidomastoid and descending fibers of trapezius; dropping of shoulder

Question 53

12 Types and/or sites of lesions: neck laceration; fractures of cranial base Abnormal findings:

Answer 53

protruded tongue deviates toward affected side; moderate dysarthria (disturbance of articulation)