Cranium Osteology Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
What surrounds the brain?
A
Neurocranium
2
Q
What are the facial bones called?
A
Viscerocranium
3
Q
How many bones in the skull?
A
28
4
Q
The skull is split into 2 parts
A
Cranium
Mandible
5
Q
What are the 6 midline, unpaired bones
A
Occipital Frontal Mandible Sphenoid Ethmoid Vomer
6
Q
What are the 11 pairs of bilateral bones
A
Parietal Temporal Zygomatic Maxilla Nasal Palatine Lacrimal Inferior nasal concha Malleus Incus Stapes
7
Q
The neurocranium is subdivided into two parts:
A
Calvaria
Cranial base
8
Q
What is the dome shaped roof of neurocranium
A
Calvaria
9
Q
Floor of the neurocranium
A
Cranial base
10
Q
Majority of bones in the Calvaria are fused by fibrous joints called
A
Sutures
11
Q
What separates the parietal and temporal bones?
A
Squamous suture
12
Q
What separates the frontal and parietal bones?
A
Coronal suture
13
Q
What separates the parietal and temporal bones from the occipital bone?
A
Lambdoid suture
14
Q
What separates the parietal bones?
A
Sagittarius suture
15
Q
What is the pterion?
A
When all four bones meet
16
Q
An injury to the pterion may cause?
A
Extradural (epidural) hematoma
17
Q
What is deep to the pterion?
A
The middle meningeal artery
18
Q
What is the middle meningeal artery a branch of?
A
The external carotid artery
19
Q
What is covered with mucosa, increase vascular and mucosal surface area, and warms and moistens air?
A
Superior, middle, and inferior concha
20
Q
Which parts of the concha is apart of the ethmoid bone?
A
Superior and middle nasal concha
21
Q
What’s the attachment point for falx cerebri
A
Crista Gaili
22
Q
What function does the cribiform plate
A
Transmits the olfactory nerves CN I from the olfactory areas of the nasal cavities to the olfactory bulbs of the brain
23
Q
What organ is located in the hypophyseal fossa?
A
Pituitary gland
24
Q
How many hormones secreted by the pituitary gland?
A
9
25
What hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?.
Prolactin, FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, HGH, MSH
26
What hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?
ADH, oxytocin
27
Anterior cranial fossa is in what lobe?
Frontal
28
Middle cranial fossa is in what lobe?
Temporal
29
What is in the posterior cranial fossa
Cerebellum
30
What space of spinal cord contains fat and internal vertebral venous plexus?
Epidural space
31
“Tough mother” outermost meningeal layer (spinal cord)
Dura mater
32
What space of the spinal cord is between dura mater and arachnoid mater?
Subdural space
33
“Spider mother” thin, delicate, a vascular. Adhered to dura mater (spinal cord)
Arachnoid mater
34
What space of the spinal cord is filled with cerebral spinal fluid and is the space you access when doing lumbar puncture
Subarachnoid space
35
“Tender mother” it’s like a Saran Wrap adhering to cord (spinal cord)
Pia mater
36
This space of the brain has no epidural fat or venous plexus
Epidural space
37
Tightly adhered to skull, eliminating epidural space (brain)
Dura mater
38
Dura mater of the brain splits into two layers in the head
Periosteal layer
| Meningeal layer- continuous with cord dura
39
(Brain) meninge loosely attached to dura, and contains arachnoid granulations
Arachnoid mater
40
Arachnoid granulations
Small protrusions of arachnoid through dura that absorbs CSF
41
(Brain) space that contains CSF and cerebral arteries and veins
Subarachnoid space
42
Meninge of the brain that “Saran wrap” around the brain
Pia mater
43
“True” spaces of the spinal cord
Epidural
| Subarachnoid
44
Potential space of spinal cord
Subdural
45
True spaces of brain
Subarachnoid
46
Potential spaces of brain
Epidural
| Subdural
47
Epidural (extradural) hematoma
Due to trauma
Between periosteal layer of dura and bone
Arterial bleed required to peel tightly adherent dura from skull
Doesn’t usually cross suture lines
Lenticular or bi-convex shape
48
Subdural hematoma
Often due to trauma
Between the meningeal layer of dura and arachnoid
Due to tears in cerebral or bridging veins
May cross suture lines
Crescent shape
49
Subdural space
Deep to dura
| Bridging veins
50
Bridging veins
Superior cerebral veins that empty into the superior Sagittarius sinus
51
What damage can bridging veins cause
Bleeding into the Subdural space
52
Subarachnoid hematoma
Deep to arachnoid mater
| Fluid filled: CSF and blood vessels
53
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Ruptured cerebral artery
| Is a accumulation of blood inside the brain
54
Subdural hematoma is often due to
Cerebral vein rupture
55
Epidural hematoma is often due to
Middle meninge am artery rupture
56
Dura partitions are formed by
Meningeal layer of the dura mater
57
What is the falx cerebri
Separates two hemispheres of cerebrum
| Verticals projection
58
Falx cerebelli does what
Sperates two hemispheres of cerebellum
| Vertical projection
59
What does the tentorium cerebelli do
Separates cerebrum from cerebellum
| Horizontal projection
60
What does the diaphragms Sallae do
Covers pituitary gland
| Horizontal projection
61
Innervation of anterior cranial fossa
CN V1
62
Innervation of medial middle cranial fossa
CN V2 (maxillary)
63
Innervation of lateral middle fossa
CN V3 (mandibular)
64
Posterior cranial fossa Innervation
```
CN X (vagus)
C1-C3 ( cervical nerves)
```
65
Dura blood supply
The dura mater receives its own vascular supply mostly from the middle meningeal artery and vein
66
What is the major venous drainage system of the brain, meninges, calvarium, and other structures of the head
Dura venous system
67
Where do endothelial lined channels occur
Between periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater
68
All dura sinuses ultimately drain into the internal jugular veins @ the
The jugular foramina
69
What veins drain into the dura venous sinuses
```
Diploic veins
Emissary veins
Cerebral veins
Bridging veins
Arachnoid granulations
```
70
What drains flat bones of calvarium
Diploic veins
71
What connects extracranial veins with intracranial dura sinuses
Emissary veins
72
What do the cerebral veins do
Drain the brain parenchyma
Subrarchnoid space
Pierce the meninges and drain into the cranial venous sinuses
73
What veins drain cerebrum and cerebellum and cross subarachnoid and Subdural spaces to drain into sinuses
Bridging veins
74
What drains the CSF from subarachnoid space into the dura, sinuses
Arachnoid granulations
75
Do the dural venous sinuses have valves?
No
76
Superior Sagittal sinus
Superior border of the falx cerebri
77
What does the superior sagittal sinus receive
Superior cerebral, Diploic, and emissary veins and CSF
78
Where is the inferior sagittal sinus
Inferior margin of falx cerebri
79
What does the inferior sagittal sinus receive
few cerebral veins and veins from the falx cerebri
80
Great cerebral vein does?
Joins w the inferior sagittal sinus to form the straight sinus
81
What does the great cerebral vein ( vein of Galen) receive
Superior cerebeller veins, and veins from the falx cerebri; drains deep areas of the cerebral hemispheres
82
Junction of falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
Straight sinus
83
Straight sinus receives
Inferior sagittal sinus, great cerebral vein, posterior cerebral veins, superior cerebellar veins, and veins from the falx cerebri
84
Falx cerebelli against occipital bone
Occipital sinus
85
Occipital sinus receives
Communicates inferiorly with vertebral plexus of veins
86
Confluence of sinuses
Dilated space at the internal occipital protuberance
87
Confluence of sinuses receives
Superior sagittal, straight, and occipital sinuses
88
Transverse sinus
Horizontal extensions from the confluence of sinuses along the posterior and lateral attachments of the tentorium cerebelli
89
Transverse sinus receives
Confluence of sinuses transverse, superior sagittal, straight superior petrosal inferior cerebral, cerebellar, diploic, and
emissary veins
90
Sigmoid sinus
Continuation of transverse sinuses to internal jugular vein
91
Sigmoid sinus receives
Transverse sinuses, and cerebral, cerebellar, diploic, and emissary veins
92
Superior and Inferior Petrosal Sinuses
Both have a relationship with the petrous part of temporal bone
93
Superior and Inferior Petrosal Sinuses receives
Cavernous sinus, and cerebral and cerebellar veins
The inferior petrosal also receives veins from the
internal ear and brainstem
94
Cavernous sinus
Lateral aspect of the body of sphenoid
95
Cavernous sinus receives
Cerebral and ophthalmic veins, deep veins of the face, sphenoparietal sinuses, and emissary veins
96
What does the cavernous sinus communicate with?
Facial vein via the ophthalmic veins
97
What artery passes through the cavernous sinus
Internal carotid artery
98
What nerves pass through the cavernous sinus
Cranial nerves
99
What provides pathways for infection
The venous drainage
100
Venous plexus located on either side of the body of the
Sphenoid bone
101
What receives venous flow from deep veins of face and ophthalmic veins
Cavernous sinus
102
Infections in the face can cause infection in cavernous sinus and possibly into the eye is called
Triangle of death
103
What is the cavernous sinus drained by
Superior and inferior Petrosal sinuses
104
Cavernous sinus thrombosis is also called
Triangle of death, danger triangle
105
How often is cavernous sinus thrombosis (triangle of death)
Very rare
106
Triangle of death develops from
Sinus infections
Skin infections of the face
Nasal boils
Dental infections
107
Most common pathogen for cavernous sinus thrombosis is
Staphylococcus aureus
108
Symptoms of cavernous sinus thrombosis triangle of death
Fever
Headache (50% to 90%)
Periorbital swelling and pain
Vision changes (photophobia, diplopia, loss of vision)
Weakened eye movement
Starts with one eye and then progresses to another eye
109
CSF is produces in the ventricles by what
The choroid plexus
110
Flow of CSF
```
Lateral ventricle (bilateral) ->
Interventricular Foramen of Monro ->
3rd ventricle ->
Cerebral aqueduct ->
4th ventricle ->
Foramina of Luschka and foramen of Magendie ->
Subarachnoid space ->
Absorbed by arachnoid granulations (arachnoid villi) ->
Superior sagittal sinus
```
111
Cerebral aqueduct does not have
Choroid plexus
112
The flow of CSF
Little infants try crying for food sorry all done
113
Hydrocephalus caused by
Overproduction of CSF
Obstruction of CSF flow from the ventricles
*Most commonly at cerebral aqueduct*
Inability of arachnoid granulations to absorb CSF
*Usually due to previous subarachnoid hemorrhage*
114
Obstruction of CSF flow from ventricles happen where
Most commonly at cerebral aqueduct
115
Is hydrocephalus more common in adults or children
Adults
116
Hydrocephalus in adults
Interruption of CSF absorption through the arachnoid granulations.
This occurs when blood enters the subarachnoid space after subarachnoid hemorrhage, passes over the brain, and interferes with normal CSF absorption.
Placing a catheter into the ventricular system may relieve the pressure.
117
Hydrocephalus in children
The size and dimensions of the ventricle increases, and as a result the brain enlarges.
Because the skull sutures are not fused, the head expands.
