Crim Flashcards
(37 cards)
Garland
Responsibilisation - pushes responsibility onto individuals to avoid becoming victims of crimes.
Durkheim
Functionalist - crime is functional, 4 functions: warning device, safety valve, strengthens collective values, enables social change. Too much crime may be dysfunctional.
Merton
Functionalist - strain theory, strain between goals of society and the institutional means of achieving them. People respond differently; conformists, innovators, ritualists, retreatists and rebels. Explains crime.
AK Cohen
Subcultural functionalist - status frustration, cultural deprivation leads to educational failure and dead end jobs, adopt alternative norms and values and gain status by valuing criminal/deviant activities.
Cloward & Ohlin
Subcultural functionalist - illegitimate opportunity structure, persons response to strain depends on how they grew up; criminal, conflict or retreatist.
Miller
Subcultural functionalist - focal concerns, working class male subcultures cope with boring, repetitive work with unique focal concerns, smartness, toughness and excitement.
Matza
Evaluate subcultural functionalism - believes theory is too deterministic, argues that everyone has subterranean values and sometimes expressed as crime and deviance. Techniques of neutralisation, justifies behaviour, and people drift in and out of crime.
Chambliss
Traditional marxist - capitalism is criminogenic, produces consumer greed and relative deprivation and so crime is committed to be able to afford it.
Gordon
Traditional marxist - crime is a rational response to capitalism, committed by all social classes, statistics only make it appear to be mostly working class.
Pearce
Traditional marxist - health and safety laws appear to protect workers but actually benefit capitalists, ideological function.
Snider
Traditional marxist - capitalists reluctant to pass any laws that may regulate bourgeois activities or threaten profitability.
Box
Traditional marxist - white collar crime seen as less serious than working class due to ideology, big companies use undeveloped countries for unsafe work as profit is increased.
Taylor
Neo marxist - to fully analyse crime a ‘fully social theory of deviance’ needs to be used; i.e. the wider origins of the act, the act itself, the social reactions.
Hall
Policing the crisis - applied the neo marxist approach to the act of muggin in the 1970s, moral panic caused by media and stated that young black males were used as scapegoats to draw attention away from the crisis of capitalism.
Brake
Subcultural marxist - magical resistance, working class youth subcultures express their disdain of capitalism through clothes and language etc. But this is ‘magical’ as it is an illusion, appears to solve problems but does no such thing, they will end up trapped like parents.
Stan Cohen (marxist criticism)
Criticised subcultural marxism - writers are simply biased in their writing and wanted to prove that working class youth cultures were an attack on capitalism.
Smart
Feminist - pointed out how women are seen as double deviants as they break the law and traditional gender roles.
Becker
Labelling theorist - moral entrepreneurs impose definitions on society, selective law enforcement, master status and deviant career.
Cicourel
Labelling theorist - justice is not fixed but negotiable, e.g. juvenile justice, police arrest based on stereotypes and stats are invalid
Lemert
Labelling theorist - primary (not publicly labelled) and secondary (exposed) deviance. Studied Canadian inuits with speech impediments.
Jock Young
Labelling theorist - deviancy amplification, increased police activity leads to the crime becoming worse, e.g. Hippies in 1970 London.
Stan Cohen
Labelling theorist - moral panics complements deviancy amplification. Media exaggerate stories and build groups into folk devils i.e. mods and rockers in 60’s.
McRobbie & Thornton
Argue Cohen’s idea of ‘moral panics’ are outdated as media are aware.
Shaw & McKay
Environmentalist - Concentric zones, high crime rate in ‘zone of transition’, high levels of turnover, low informal social control, crime becomes socially acceptable.
