CRIM STATS

Question 1

When did stalking become a specific offence?

Answer 1

Until Protection of freedoms act was passed in 2012

Question 2

When was homosexuality illegal?

Answer 2

Was illegal before the 1967 Sexual Offences Act

Question 3

Secularisation

Answer 3

decline of religion

Question 4

What act allowed for same-sex couple to wed?

Answer 4

The Marriage (Same sex couples) Act 2013

Question 5

Why did law change for homosexuality: Wolfenden report?

Answer 5

After 2nd world war there was increase in prosecutions of gay men and by 1954 over 1,000 were in prison. This government set up a committee under Sir John Wolfenden to consider reform of the law.

Question 6

what are the biological theories?

Answer 6

1. physiological- lombroso: born criminals- crimnals physically different from non crim. e.g. high cheek bones, enormous jaw, long arms. criminals= atavistic=throwsback to earlier primitative stage of evolution= pre-social, incontrolled impulses, reduced pain so able to have tattoos.

Question 7

twin studies: evidence and stats

Answer 7

• christiansens studied 3,586 twin pairs in denmark and found 52% concordance rate of mz twins
• DZ twins: only 22%

Question 8

stats of public opinion on homosexuality

Answer 8

95% of egypt believe homosexuality should be rejected however others i.e. russia, does not

Question 9

what did tbe health act 2006 restrict?

Answer 9

smoking in public places

Question 10

cchildrens and families act 2015

Answer 10

prohibited smoking in vehicles when children were present

Question 11

How did sarah laws campaign affect policy making

Answer 11

the campaign was led by sarah paynes mother, the campaign sought to right for parents and carers to be able to access the list of sex offenders living among the area- this introduced the Child Sex Offender Disclosure Scheme

Question 12

how did clare law campaign affect policy making

Answer 12

led by her father after being murdered by her violent partner.

the change in policy allowed for disclosure of domestic violence convictions- introduced by domestic abuse disclosure scheme

Question 13

how did ann ming campaign affect policy making?

Answer 13

her campaign to abolish double jeopardy after death of her daughter julie hogg.

the criminal justice act 2003 brough about the desired change and successfully prosecuted billy dunlop for the murder of julie hogg.

now possible to charge person more than once for same offence

Question 14

what is the legal definition of crime?

Answer 14

• any action that is forbidden by criminal law
• for behaviour to be crime: actus reas + mens rea
• some cases where mens rea is not needed e.g. strict liability - guilty act= enough even if not intended e.g. health and safety laws operate on this basis