Crime

Question 1

Durkheim - Function

Answer 1

Limited amount of CD is necessary

Deviance is functional because its used as a deterrent

When a evil crime occurs it brings everyone together in disgust

Boundary Maintenance

Question 2

Merton - Function

Answer 2

American society share the goal of being rich and successful

Those who didn’t achieve the American Dream were deviants

People retreated to drugs and alcohol to deal with the strain of failing the American dream

Question 3

Hirschi - Function

Answer 3

Control Theory - weak willed humans need social bonds to deter them from crime.

Informal Social control - caregivers can be effective in stopping crime like the police force

Question 4

A.Cohen - Subculture

Answer 4

Most delinquents are looked down upon by society and denied status.

Deviants are culturally deprived so create a subculture to deal with this.

Subculture allows its members to show frustration by breaking rules and gain prestige by peers.

Question 5

Cloward and Ohlin - Subculture

Answer 5

Different types of deviance - sniff glue, take drugs, steal a car or burgle houses.

Criminal subculture exists in w/c communities as stolen goods can benefit all members due to financial situation

Frustration amongst subcultures creates conflict.

Question 6

Miller - Subculture

Answer 6

Subculture members develop an alternative value consensus

W/C have different values that promotes crime and deviance.

w/c have a higher conviction rate than m/c

Question 7

Lemert - Labelling

Answer 7

Primary deviance - actions that aren’t publically labelled.

Secondary deviance - when someone has been labelled as a rule breaker

Societal reaction creates deviance

Question 7

Young- Labelling

Answer 7

Hippies in Notting Hill smoked weed as their alt lifestyle.

Police had false stereotypical perception of hippies - deviance

Hippies rejected former lifestyle so became a self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 8

S.Cohen - Moral Panics

Answer 8

Mods vs Rockers - 1964

Press created false image of mods and rockers which led to police and public harassing this image despite innocence.

Media created spiral of deviance amplification which caused conflict between mods and rockers.

Question 9

Fishman - Moral Panics

Answer 9

Media reporting of mugging of elderly created impression of a crime wave despite the statistic decreasing.

Media air news of mugging when nothing else is going on.

Theme of street crime ties together a number of stories.

Question 10

Croall - Marxism

Answer 10

Corporate/White-collar crime is more serious than street crime.

Owners of companies commit crime in order to get more money

Convinced public that these crimes were complicated so they weren’t taken up in court

Question 11

Box - Marxism

Answer 11

Difference in perception between street and corporate crime.

When a burglar shoots and kills an innocent it is seen as cowardly but when a businessman doesn’t give someone the correct health and safety, it is seen as negligence.

Robber and businessman both didnt care for safety so should be punished in the same way.

Question 12

Gordon - Marxism

Answer 12

Selective law enforcement benefits capitalism.

If members of w/c are considered criminals, ruling class punish them ti protect the interest of others.

Few prosecutions of corporate crime shows that it is necessary for capitalism.

Question 13

P.Cohen - Youth Subculture

Answer 13

Immediate context - Old communities undermined because cockneys moved towns. This led to redevelopment, decline of the docks and decline of the extended family.

Wider Context - Majority of w/c embraced hegemonic values of ruling class but elsewhere poverty maintained.

This led to youth subculture to deal with loss of community.

Question 14

Clarke - Youth Subculture

Answer 14

Actions of Skinheads are symbolic of the resistance of the breakdown of East London community.

Appearance developed into the traditional w/c man to revitalise the culture.

Actions of skinheads were to perpetuate the class system.

Question 15

Lea and Young - New Left

Answer 15

Relative Deprivation - A group feels they are worse off than others in society so leads to resentment and deviance.

Subculture - RDed people recognise their shared situation so create subculture

Marginalisation - RDed people recognise no one cares about their plight so feel marginalised.

Question 16

Kinsey et Al - New Left

Answer 16

Police need to stop relying on heavy handed methods like stop and search as it creates alienation.

Brixton Riots - law-abiding members of society recognised police as the enemy as they couldnt distinguish deviants from civilians

Led to conflict

Question 17

Perry Pre-School Project - New Left (Crime Prevention)

Answer 17

58 children omitted to Highscope and progress was measured into their adult lives.

27-40 y/o adults who participated did not commit crime.

Question 18

Wilson - New Right

Answer 18

Taxes needed to be lowered - minority of poor people committed crime so wealth was not the issue - personal choice.

Offenders consider if they will get caught.

Adoption of 0 tolerance policing would make criminals think twice before committing crime.

Question 19

Coleman - New Right

Answer 19

Correlation between Family structure and crime.

Absence of strong family relationship meant males were inadequately socialised so dont see delinquency as wrong

Question 20

Painter - Applied Right

Answer 20

Streetlights in Stoke

Question 21

Wilson and Kelling - Applied Right

Answer 21

Broken Window theory - neighbourhood’s negligence leads to lower community morale and they accept vandalism.

Police should fix this to prevent crime occuring.

Question 22

Foucault - Surveillance

Answer 22

Panopticon design meant criminals in prison never knew when wardens were watching them.

Question 23

Newburn and Haymen - Surveillance

Answer 23

Kilburn Experiment - granted access to police station for 18 months

CCTV of police in prison intruded and protected their rights

Police said they liked it because it prevented the stigma of police mistreatment

Question 24

Beer - Surveillance

Answer 24

Racial profiling - black man arrested for trying to get into his own house due to his race Claimed that racial profiling was socialised CCTV of black people were put under surveillance due to race

Question 25

Durkheim - Punishment

Answer 25

When a member of society commits a crime it goes against value consensus. Punishment signifies good behaviour and deters members from committing crime.

Question 26

Gordon - Punishment

Answer 26

Bourgeoisie distorted the perception of law enforcement. Person is caught and their actions are seen as a failure. This prevents a proletarian revolution

Question 27

S.Cohen - Punishment

Answer 27

ASBO anklets seen as a medal of honour in their subculture so didn't stop crime.

Question 28

Miers - Victims

Answer 28

Statistics outlined the most likely victims of crime Demonstrated how relationships lead to crimes (dv) Positivists assume victims bring crime onto themselves

Question 29

Von Hentig - Victims

Answer 29

Post-WW2 showed that victims fell into 1 of 13 categories. Perception of these groups was that they were soft so easy to be a victim Victims were appeared responsible for the crime they receive

Question 30

Stanko - Victims / Gender

Answer 30

Women's lives controlled by the fear of being a victim Women check their houses for intruders and dress conservatively to prevent harassment

Question 31

Pollak - Gender

Answer 31

Women commit crimes that are hard to be punished for - shoplifting. Women are good at hiding things due to their menstruation Women receive more lenience from police due to gender so undeterred from committing crime again.

Question 32

Heidensohn - Gender

Answer 32

Women commit less crime due to being supervised by men Controlled at Home, Public and Work

Question 33

Messerschmidt - Masculinity

Answer 33

Men are in a lifelong struggle to prove their masculinity and a way of doing this is crime Men aspire to have hegemonic masculinity and those who don't have subordinate masculinity. Doctor by day and rugger bugger at night

Question 34

Winlow - Masculinity

Answer 34

In the north east men used to prove their masculinity by manual labor but now its harder to receive full time employment due to women working. Bouncers at nightclubs involved in drug deals and assaults to show masculinity

Question 35

Hall et Al - Ethnicity

Answer 35

Moral panic in Ireland due to civil war. Police created the perception of 'black mugger' to allow themselves to be more aggressive in their law enforcement. Led to more discrimination of african americans.

Question 36

Reiner - Ethnicity

Answer 36

Canteen culture meant police had racial bias against black people - driving while black Police more likely to stop and search young black men because of this stigma These males are labelled as a criminal so they decide to live up to the label.

Question 37

Jewkes - Media

Answer 37

A lot of media content is connected with crime - sex crimes, violence crimes etc. Creates perception that young w/c men are main crime committers

Question 38

Skidmore - Media

Answer 38

Media manipulated by the police as their main source of crime news - child abuse Police play down the extent of problem Social workers became scapegoats for not acting quickly against crime in the family

Question 39

McRobbie and Thornton - Media

Answer 39

Media have power to shape the view of who the folk devils are in society View of crime was grey instead of black and white No one agrees who the criminals are so link between media and crime is not definite.

Question 40

Smart - Postmodern

Answer 40

All sociologists were incorrect about assuming one can identify causes and solution to crime. Must look at every crime as a separate issue so cant apply knowledge to all crimes. Criminologists should leave their work for providing bad information

Question 41

Morrison - Postmodern

Answer 41

In modernity, all members of society needed to cooperate. Postmodernity - rich less likely to help the poor Say there is nothing wrong with victimising other members of society. Leads to crime.

Question 42

Castells - Globalisation

Answer 42

Global crimes like human trafficking happens in the east more than the west. International criminal gangs spot opportunity to do crime Cant tackle 1st world crime until we tackle 3rd world crime

Question 43

Taylor - Globalisation

Answer 43

Historically each nation created jobs for people despite skill set Level of crime was low Now international influence of work meant less jobs for the unskilled Led to criminal economy

Question 44

Hobbs and Dunningham - Globalisation

Answer 44

Small scale gangs control territories instead of mafias controlling crime. These small gangs rely on international crime to deal drugs

Question 45

Beck - Green Crime

Answer 45

Global risk society - USA hold all he cards so when they fail every country fails Uproar in crime

Question 46

White - Green Crime

Answer 46

Harming the planet harms humans

Question 47

Walters - Green Crime

Answer 47

Biopiracy - Destroying land to use for own purposes Corporate engineering of nature - using technology like fracking to extract nature

Question 48

The Scwhendingers - State Crime

Answer 48

Government has power to decide who is/isn't a criminal. New laws passed like holding someone for 28 days before they are charged Human rights compromised

Question 49

Kelman and Hamilton - State Crime

Answer 49

Authorisation - Denial of responsibility between orderer and committer Routinisation - Herding people into gas chambers makes it seem less like murder Dehumanisation - Victims betrayed as not human so less guilt

Question 50

Kramer and Michalowksi - State Crime

Answer 50

State Initiated Corporate Crime - 1986 Challenger shuttle disaster was not needed because government knew rocket was faulty State Facilitated Corporate Crime - Government do not enforce health and safety laws to ensure lives are not being put at risk