Crime

Question 1

Define crime

Answer 1

Behaviour or act which goes against the law

Question 2

How is crime seen as a social construct?

Answer 2

Causes upset to community which creates campaigns so the government changes the law

Question 3

What gender is most likely to be arrested?

Answer 3

Males

Question 4

How does the brain injury explanation explain crime?

Answer 4

Damage to prefrontal cortex (phineas gage) or to frontal lobe reduces empathy and impulse control

Question 5

What did Elbogen find when he studied war veterans?

Answer 5

Those who had returned from war 9% had already been arrested.

Those with traumatic brain damage and PTSD and who were young males with drug use and witnessed family violence were at highest risk of commiting crime

Question 6

What was the aim of Bowers case study?

Answer 6

To investigate the correlation between frontal.libe damage and violence using meta analysis

Question 7

What were the results of Bowers case study?

Answer 7

Vietnam head injury study found damage to frontal liberty increased violent behaviour and lead to dysfunction

Question 8

Give the evaluation points for the biological explanation for crime

Answer 8

F+ phineas gage and Elbogen

U+ prevents predisposition for being triggered

D- amygdala theory

E- Elbogen can’t explain individual differences

Question 9

What does the left amygdala do?

Answer 9

Processes emotions

Question 10

What does the right amygdala do?

Answer 10

Processes threatening stimuli

Question 11

What study feasibly supports amygdala theory?

Answer 11

Raine

Question 12

What did Buffkin find in his study?

Answer 12

Found those with frontal lobe damage were most violent

Question 13

Give the evaluation points for the amygdala dysfunction theory

Answer 13

F+ Raine and Buffkin
U+ brain scans identify risks, determinist
D- XYY syndrome
E- only explains violent crimes

Question 14

Name some features of XYY syndrome

Answer 14

Taller than average
Impulsive
Learning difficulties

Question 15

What did Jacobs find in 1965?

Answer 15

15 time more likely to comity crime with XYY syndrome

Although not all criminals have XYY syndrome

Question 16

Give the evaluation points for XYY syndrome

Answer 16

F+ Jacobs prison experiment for 15 times more likely to commit crime with XYY

U+ easy to identify and prevent

D- self fulfilling prophecy and label

E- 985 committed crime but didn’t have XYY

Other disorders may impact crime

Question 17

What characteristics did Eysenck find in criminal personality?

Answer 17

Highly extrovert
Underactive nervous system
Phsychotism
Emotionally unstablr

Question 18

Outline the findings of Raines criminal study

Answer 18

Found 15 year old with low heart rate had a criminal record 24 years later

Question 19

What did Boduszek find to support Raine?

Answer 19

Positive correlation between repeat offenders and personality traits

Question 20

Name the 5 factors of the 5 factor model

Answer 20

Openness
Conscientious
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

Question 21

Outline labeling theory

Answer 21

A behaviour which goes against social and cultural norms create stigmas and stereotypes leading to a self fulfilling prophecy

Question 22

Give the evaluation points for criminal personality

Answer 22

F+ Bodusek positive correlation
U+ identify strengths and weaknesses
D- 5 factor model
E- reductionist

Question 23

What was the aim of Besemers research?

Answer 23

To investigate if children of convicts were more likely to commit crime

Question 24

What was Besemers sample?

Answer 24

411 males aged 8 to 50

Question 25

What did Besemer conclude from his study?

Answer 25

Children of convicts, low income, poor housing were more likely to commit crime

Question 26

Why does crime occur according to Besemer?

Answer 26

Exclusion from society Shame

Question 27

Give the evaluation points to Besemers research

Answer 27

F+ Besemers findings U+ education for society and the impacts of stereotypes D- social learning theory E- reductionist

Question 28

Name the 4 factors of the cognitive interview

Answer 28

Report everything Reverse order Different perspectives Context

Question 29

Why is the cognitive interview useful?

Answer 29

Prevent schemas from changing Provide state and context cues

Question 30

Why are enhanced cognitive interviews important?

Answer 30

More communication Gives processing time Understanding of a question Focus

Question 31

What evidence did kronken find in relation to cognitive interviews?

Answer 31

Increase number of correct details Ineffective without active participation

Question 32

What did Milne and bull find in relation to cognitive interviews?

Answer 32

Context reinstatement and report everything we're most effective

Question 33

What does the inverted u model suggest about recall of crimes?

Answer 33

More stress les accurate details recalled

Question 34

What must occur in an offender interview?

Answer 34

Right to silence Can't ask leasing questions Right to legal advice

Question 35

Name the ethical considerations to aam offender interview

Answer 35

Planning and preparation Engage and explain to be honest and professional Account Closure Evaluate challenge information

Question 36

What dis Christianson find realtors to offender interviews

Answer 36

Studies murderers and swxual offenders and found police dominance lead to most denial

Question 37

What is offence analysis?

Answer 37

Assessment of offender to understand criminal attitude

Question 38

What is case formulation?

Answer 38

Identifies key features of an offender cognitively through a psychologist

Question 39

What did drake and ward find out in relation to case formulation?

Answer 39

Useful in completing case or when not much was known about the crime

Question 40

What is the mode of action of antibiotics amdrogens?

Answer 40

Block testosterone receptors

Question 41

Name 2 anti antrogens

Answer 41

MPA and cyprotene acetate

Question 42

What evidence did Malzetsky find to prove MPA is effective?

Answer 42

No new sexual offences committed compared to 10 who didn't get treatments

Question 43

What evidence did Malzetsky find to prove MPA is not effective?

Answer 43

1 committed a sexual violation but also recieved treatment

Question 44

What does anger management suggest is the cause of crime?

Answer 44

Inability to control anger

Question 45

Outline anger management

Answer 45

1. Offender reflects on situation 2. Offender taught techniques to reduce their anger 3. Skills become automatic if practiced regularly

Question 46

What are some strengths with anger management?

Answer 46

Howell found theor to be a better understanding of anger in those who had treatment Useful Ethical with no side effects

Question 47

Outline some weaknesses with anger management

Answer 47

No statistical significance Impacted by individual differences

Question 48

Who is the criminal contemporary study?

Answer 48

Howell

Question 49

What was Howells research and what were the findings?

Answer 49

Asked 418 males and correctional officers to answer questionnaires about their anger. Found treatment group had better understanding of anger and more willingness to change

Question 50

Evaluate Howells study

Answer 50

G- ethnocentric R+ standardised procedure and inter rater A+ usefully to reduce waste of resources V- internal impacted by extraneous variables E+ could withdraw

Question 51

What did Loftus find in relation to post event information?

Answer 51

Car accident woth correct info had less chance of recalling events inaccurately

Question 52

What did Loftus find in relation to weapon focus?

Answer 52

No significant difference in recal of a customer woth a gun

Question 53

Who wrote the classic study for criminal psychology?

Answer 53

Loftus

Question 54

What was the aim of the crinimal classic study?

Answer 54

To investigate if the way in which a question is phrased impacts recall

Question 55

What was the sample in the criminal classic study?

Answer 55

45 uni students using independent groups design

Question 56

What was the procedure of the criminal classic study?

Answer 56

Participants watched 7 videos and given a questionnaire to measure to speed of the car

Question 57

What was unique about each group in the criminal classic study?

Answer 57

The verb changed each time

Question 58

What were the 5 verbs used in the criminal classic study?

Answer 58

Hit Smashed Collided Contacted Bumped

Question 59

What were the results if the criminal classic study?

Answer 59

Contacted recalled speed at 31.8 Smashed recalled speed at 40.8

Question 60

What 2 conclusions can be drawn from the criminal classic study reaults?

Answer 60

More severe verbs had a higher estimated speed. Extent of the reconstruction of memory is unknown

Question 62

Give the evaluation points for Loftus contemporary study

Answer 62

G- small sample not representative R+ standardised procedure A+ useful to police to not ask leading questions V- lacks both artificial task and driving experience impacted results E+ followed guidelines