crime analysis

Question 1

What is the definition of crime analysis?

Answer 1

Use of qualitative and quantitative techniques to analyze crime data

Includes sociodemographic, spatial, and temporal information.

Question 2

What are the two main types of data used in crime analysis?

Answer 2

• Quantitative data
• Qualitative data

Question 3

What does GIS stand for in the context of crime mapping?

Answer 3

Geographic Information System

Facilitates visual and statistical analyses.

Question 4

What historical event marked the beginning of modern crime analysis?

Answer 4

The establishment of the first modern police force

Question 5

What was the significance of the Metropolitan Police Act?

Answer 5

first modern police force in London

Question 6

What role did August Vollmer play in crime analysis?

Answer 6

Contributions to the development of crime analysis techniques

Question 7

What is Compstat?

Answer 7

Data and mapping-driven police management strategy

Question 8

What is a key challenge for crime analysis?

Answer 8

Institutionalizing crime analysis into day-to-day police practice

Question 9

What is the problem analysis triangle?

Answer 9

Problems (crimes) happen when a suitable offender and victim are together at a suitable location

breaks down settings & understand how crime opportunities can occur

Place is an important theoretical concept for crime analysts.

Question 10

what are the outer components of the problem analysis triangle

Answer 10

• guardians: protect victims/targets by watching over them or removing them from particular settings
• managers: people who are responsible for places, such as hotels, retail stores, apartment buildings, and homes
• handlers: people who know potential offenders and are in positions that allow them to monitor and/or control potential offenders’ actions

Question 11

What does the Rational Choice Theory involve?

Answer 11

Choices based on risks and rewards

Question 12

Define Crime Pattern Theory.

Answer 12

AKA geometric theory of crime; activity space overlap creates more opportunity for crime

Question 13

What does the term ‘repeat victimization’ refer to?

Answer 13

Reoccurrence of crime in the same places or against the same people

Question 14

What are the categories of Situational Crime Prevention?

Answer 14

• Increase effort
• Increase risks
• Reduce rewards
• Reduce provocations
• Remove excuses

Question 15

What is spatial displacement in the context of crime?

Answer 15

Shifting of an activity in one area to another

Question 16

What does the term ‘garbage in, garbage out’ refer to in data analysis?

Answer 16

Importance of data quality

Question 17

What are the four types of crime analysis?

Answer 17

• Crime intelligence analysis
• Tactical crime analysis
• Strategic crime analysis
• Administrative crime analysis

Question 18

What is the focus of Tactical Crime Analysis?

Answer 18

Short-term development of patrol and investigative priorities.

a short-term analysis of crime patterns and trends to help law enforcement respond to recent crimes

Question 19

what is crime intelligence analysis

Answer 19

Analysis about people involved in crimes
A proactive process that examines details of crime that have already happened

Question 20

what is strategic crime analysis

Answer 20

process that helps identify and address long-term crime issues

Question 21

what is administrative crime analysis

Answer 21

Analysis directed toward the administrative needs of the police agency, its government, and its community

Question 22

What is a data matrix?

Answer 22

A rectangular table of variables and units from which data have been collected

Question 23

What is a relational database?

Answer 23

A data matrix that has been organized for searching and analyzing data through a computer

Question 24

What does the Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) provide?

Answer 24

Criminal justice information to law enforcement and national security partners

Question 25

What is open source intelligence (OSINT)?

Answer 25

Unclassified info that is publicly available

Question 26

What is the significance of the 80/20 rule in crime analysis?

Answer 26

80% of outcomes are the result of only 20% of the related causes ## Footnote signifies that a small percentage of locations, individuals, or times (around 20%) are responsible for a large majority (around 80%) of criminal activity

Question 27

What is the main goal of Environmental Criminology?

Answer 27

Understand patterns of crime that are predictable to prevent them

Question 28

What is the meaning of near repeat victimization?

Answer 28

Nonvictimized places near places that have been victimized

Question 29

What is the role of feedback and evaluation in the crime analysis process?

Answer 29

Should inform and improve the entire process

Question 30

Fill in the blank: The analysis about people involved in crimes is known as _______.

Answer 30

Crime intelligence analysis

Question 31

True or False: Crime analysis grew rapidly in the USA from 1900-1970.

Answer 31

False ## Footnote Crime analysis grew slowly due to corruption and costs.

Question 32

What is a Geographic Information System (GIS)?

Answer 32

A system used to capture, store, analyze, manage, and present spatial or geographic data ## Footnote GIS integrates hardware, software, and data for understanding spatial relationships.

Question 33

What are the three types of vector data?

Answer 33

* Point feature * Line feature * Polygon feature

Question 34

Define point feature in vector data.

Answer 34

A discrete location depicted by a symbol or label like a pin on a map.

Question 35

What does a line feature represent?

Answer 35

A real-world element represented by a line or a set of lines, such as rivers or highways.

Question 36

How is a polygon feature illustrated?

Answer 36

As a multisided figure with a closed set of lines, representing areas like city boundaries or parks.

Question 37

What is raster data used for?

Answer 37

To display features on the earth’s surface through an arrangement of grid cells or pixels.

Question 38

What is the purpose of projections in GIS?

Answer 38

To accurately display geographic data from a round surface onto a two-dimensional format.

Question 39

What coordinate systems are typically used in GIS?

Answer 39

* Latitude and longitude * X-Y coordinates * State plane coordinates

Question 40

What is geocoding?

Answer 40

The process of locating events based on address when latitude and longitude are not available.

Question 41

What are the two approaches to spatial analysis?

Answer 41

* Descriptive mapping * Analytical mapping

Question 42

True or False: A single symbol (point) map obscures repeat incident locations.

Answer 42

True

Question 43

What is the function of buffers in mapping?

Answer 43

To illustrate relative distances between map features.

Question 44

What does graduated mapping depict?

Answer 44

Features using different sizes or colors based on particular characteristics. Used to account for multiple incidents at same locations

Question 45

Fill in the blank: _______ mapping is a technique for representing data summarized by statistical or administrative areas.

Answer 45

Choropleth

Question 46

List the four statistical classifications used in methods for statistical classification.

Answer 46

* Equal interval classification * Natural breaks classification * Quantile classification * Manual method classification

Question 47

What is the purpose of interactive creative mapping?

Answer 47

To provide simplified geographic information systems to novice users over the internet.

Question 48

What are the steps for density mapping?

Answer 48

* Determining the geographic area of analysis * Placing an arbitrary grid over the geographic area * Designating search radius distance to compute statistics * Shading cells according to their score

Question 49

What is the standard model of policing focused on?

Answer 49

Enforcing the law in a broad and reactive way using police resources.

Question 50

What does the place-based approach aim to do?

Answer 50

Prevent and deter crime in small geographic areas that experience high crime rates.

Question 51

What is hot spots policing?

Answer 51

A place-based policing strategy implementing traditional methods in areas with disproportionately high crime.

Question 52

What is the central strategy of the person-focused approach?

Answer 52

Focused deterrence, which aims to deter a small number of prolific offenders.

Question 53

What does the problem-solving approach utilize?

Answer 53

The problem analysis triangle to understand and address long-term problems.

Question 54

What does the SARA model stand for?

Answer 54

* Scanning * Analysis * Response * Assessment

Question 55

What is the role of crime analysts in the community-based approach?

Answer 55

To provide statistical information about crime and assist in analyzing community feedback.

Question 56

What is the focus of disorder policing?

Answer 56

Enhancing the community's ability to exercise informal social controls to maintain order. OR police attempt to impose order through strict enforcement

Question 57

Define intelligence-led policing (ILP).

Answer 57

A model where the intelligence function is central to crime reduction and prevention efforts.

Question 58

What is predictive policing?

Answer 58

The collection and analysis of data to predict future crime locations and offenders.

Question 59

What is the goal of crime analysis?

Answer 59

To examine problematic activity at different levels, rather than just individual incidents.

Question 60

What does the scanning step in the SARA problem-solving process include?

Answer 60

Identifying and prioritizing crime, disorder, and quality-of-life problems.

Question 61

What is the analysis step focused on?

Answer 61

Understanding the problem activity and identifying potential responses based on research.

Question 62

What is the response step in the SARA model?

Answer 62

Selecting appropriate responses based on the analysis results and previous successful methods.

Question 63

What is assessed in the assessment step of the SARA process?

Answer 63

Whether the response was successful in addressing the identified problem.