Crime and Deviance Flashcards
Contains: - Functionalism and Subcultural Theories - Interpretivism and Labelling Theory (379 cards)
1
Q
How many positive functions of deviance did Durkheim believe there were?
A
6
2
Q
What are the 6 positive functions of deviance according to Functionalists?
A
- Marking the extremes of behaviour
- As a publicity function
- To reflect the issues of the population and legitimise social change
- To strengthen bonds
- To provide a safety valve
- To act as a warning device to show that society is malfunctioning
3
Q
“He was the first to analyse deviance in terms of a broad sociological theory”. Which Functionalist is this strength about?
A
Durkheim
4
Q
What are the two criticisms of Durkheim and his views on deviance?
A
- Doesn’t explain why people commit crimes
2. Ignores the concept of power and that certain groups have power to make laws which impact those who don’t
5
Q
When did Merton ‘come up with’ Strain Theory?
A
1938
6
Q
Why did Functionalist Merton believe that crimes would be committed?
A
When the individual is unable to meet their societies’ set goals which is known as a value consensus
7
Q
Where did Functionalist Merton base his research on?
A
1930 USA- The American Dream
8
Q
What is the concept of ‘Anomie’ ?
A
Durkheim’s phrase- but adopted by Merton.
When an individual feels that they don’t belong due to a disjunction between the goals and the means of reaching them
9
Q
What are the 5 different strains of ‘Anomie’, who ‘came up with them’, and what is their basic explanation?
A
MERTON
- Conformist- Whether they succeed or not, their efforts always contain legit reasons.
- Innovator- Want success but reject the accepted ways of achieving it
- Ritualist- Uphold the norms but doesn’t have goals
- Retreatist- Simply retreat from society
- Rebel- Want to set up new norms and attainment methods
10
Q
What is a strength but weakness of Merton’s Strain Theory?
A
He uses official crime statistics, however they can be biased as they do not account for unnoticed crime.
11
Q
What are the key weaknesses of Merton’s Strain Theory?
A
- Merton assumes that there is a value consensus and that everyone holds the same goal.
- Utilitarian Crime (for money) is the only crime studied and accounted for.
12
Q
Which theory did the Functionalist Hirshi invent?
A
Control Theory which studies ‘Why people don’t commit crimes’
13
Q
In which 4 ways did Hirshi believe that people were connected to society?
A
- Attachment- Do they care and value other people?
- Commitment- What investments does the individual have?
- Involvement- How busy the person is?
- Belief- Does the person believe that societies values are accurate?
14
Q
Which Functionalist theory has an evaluation which says, “It recognises the importance of socialisation and control in maintaining a cohesive society”
A
Hirshi- Control Theory
15
Q
What are the weaknesses of the Control Theory?
A
- It assumes that the individuals have broken away from mainstream values- but Merton counters this.
- It doesn’t explain why some people have weaker ties/bonds than others.
- It doesn’t explain the variations in types of crime or deviance.
16
Q
What a Functionalist Subcultural Theory?
A
A theory which seeks to explain why it is that delinquency rates are higher among WC males.
17
Q
What is Cohen’s explanation called, and what does it try to explain?
A
Status Frustration.
It occurs when people are unhappy with their role or success level so retaliate in the from of delinquency. It is common in schools which have MC values as the WC build their own culture and become the ‘top boy’ by rebelling.
18
Q
What is a criticism of Status Frustration by Cohen?
A
It assumes all WC males share MC values from the beginning.
19
Q
Who’s subculture does Cloward and Ohlin build on, and how does it differ?
A
Cohen.
They believe that the lack of opportunities for WC males creates 3 individual subcultures rather than just one ‘rebellious’ one.
20
Q
What are the 3 subcultures that Cloward and Ohlin notice?
A
- Criminal- Areas with established stable crime, and a hierarchy which enables professional adult crime.
- Conflict- Common in built-up areas which leads to large disorganised crime groups, such as gangs.
- Retreatist- People who fail in all lines of opportunity which leads them to reject society.
21
Q
What is a weakness of Cloward and Ohlin’s subculture idea?
A
They ignore power structure, such as who makes the law.
22
Q
What does Miller’s subculture theory outline?
A
That the individual may cause a subculture to develop around them, rather than a reactive response which occurs due to failures.
23
Q
What personality traits does Miller highlight within his subculture studies?
A
- Trouble
- Toughness
- Smartness
- Excitement
- Fatalism
- Autonomy
24
Q
What is Matza’s opinion of young people in delinquency? (Subculture)
A
That there are no defining anti-social values and that people tend to drift in and out of delinquency.
25
What is Massner and Rosenfeld's subculture study called?
Institutional Anomie Theory
26
What do Massner and Rosenfeld think about crime- as shown by their subculture?
They believe that crime is inevitable as societies based on competition and free-markets (capitalism) adopt an 'anything goes' attitude toward getting rich and succeeding.
27
Which sociological group is Durkheim a part of?
Functionalists
28
Cohen is a ... sociologist. Fill in the gap.
Functionalist
29
Massner and Rosenfeld are what kind of sociologist?
Functionalists
30
Which Functionalist believes that young people drift in and out of delinquency?
Matza
31
Is Hirshi a Marxist or a Functionalist?
Functionalist
32
Merton (who founded the 'Strain Theory') is a Functionalist. True or False?
True
33
Is Lemert a Functionalist or Interactionist?
Interactionist
34
Who's study focuses of 'weed users' in Notting hill?
Young
35
What did Young's study discover?
That the hostile societal reaction towards crime causes the deviance.
36
Becker is an Interactionist. True or False?
True
37
When was Youngs study?
1971
38
Young and his study of marijuana users is a Interactionist theory/study. True?
True
39
When was Braithwaite's study developed?
1989
40
When was Cicourel's theory devleped?
1968
41
Braithwaite (Shaming Types) is a Marxist. True or False?
False. Interactionist
42
When was Downes and Rock's theory developed?
2003
43
Who's study was developed in 1963 and surrounded the labelling of deviant acts?
Becker- 1963
44
Cicourel is an interactionist. False?
Nope. Its true!
45
Are Downes and Rock Interactionists or Marxists, and which Interactionist do they evaluate?
Interactionist.
| They evaluate Lemert for the idea of criminal career paths- not everyone deviates.
46
What is a master status?
When a label becomes the main things that someone 'sees' about a person.
47
What is the Dark Figure of Crime?
Crime which is unrecorded or goes unnoticed.
48
How did Young reach the conclusion of his study about crime being a societal reaction from the subcultures?
He studied 'Hippies' in the Notting-Hill area who were targeted by the 'Moral Entrepreneurs' after a marijuana crime surge occurred. They were stereotyped and caught with the drugs which they used sometimes. They retreated into a closed group and began to become outcasts- with long hair. They retreated to drug use which caused further belief that they were drug heavy- even though they weren't prior to the arrests. This is the self-fulfilling prophecy.
49
What differs between primary and secondary crime according to Lemert?
Primary- (usually petty) crime which goes unnoticed.
Secondary- crime which gets noticed. This causes the perpetrator to get labelled. This can cause them to retreat into a criminal subculture and career.
50
Why do Downes and Rock disagree with Lemert's theory?
They believe that not everyone retreats into the criminal subcultures and criminal career paths.
51
What is the theory, derived from Cicourel, that studies the 'Negotiation of Justice'?
This is the idea that Officers have a typical idea of what crime perpetrators look like, and therefore certain people are more likely to get stopped. These are usually WC males, who are from broken homes.
Cicourel also believes that MC people get away with crimes as they can talk to the Moral Entrepreneurs to 'worm out' which is aided by the fact that officers don't believe them to be likely to commit crime due to their background.
52
What is disintegrative and reintegrative shaming?
```
disintegrative= shame towards the perpetrator and the crime done, this can create a deviancy amplification spiral and a criminal career path according to Braithwaite.
reintegrative= shaming towards the crime rather than the offender in a hope to help them get back on 'track'
```
53
"Press exaggeration and distorted reporting". This creates a what?
Moral Panic
54
What is the deviancy amplification spiral?
A term labelling theorists use to describe a process in which the attempt to control deviance causes an increase in deviance.
55
Can you simplify Becker's idea of the labelling criminal acts?
A deviant is someone who accepts the labels given to them rather than rejecting them and trying again.
56
What did Becker mean when he used the term 'Moral Entrepreneurs'
Those who follow and enforce the rules told to them from higher officials.
57
Give an example of a minor, primary crime.
Not paying a train fare.
58
Why does Douglas not trust crime statistics when using them to compare suicide rates?
They're just a social construct as coroners have varying ideas of a suicide. For example, a religious coroner may argue a suicide was accidental due to religious views which see suicide as a sin.
59
What methods does Douglas argue that are used when looking at suicide?
Qualitative.
| Such as examining the suicide note, or unstructured interviews with relatives of the deceased.
60
When did Douglas formulate his ideas on Suicide?
1967
61
Why can we 'ignore' Atkinson's view on society based on his theory?
He believed that all we can have are interpretations, which means that that his account is no more than an interpretation and there is no reason to accept it.
62
When did Atkinson formulate his theory on Suicide and Coroners examinations?
1978
63
What did Atkinson discover after talking to coroners and their ideas of suicide?
They had varying but overall typical views of suicide. This means that they classified it as suicide if it had certain elements- such as a large overdose or a suicide note.
64
Can you give 3 evaluations of the labelling theory?
1. It is deterministic- implying that once someone is labelled they stick to this negative career path.
2. It fails to explain why people commit primary deviance in the first place.
3. It ignores the fact that people may actively decide to have a deviant role in society rather than it being thrust upon them.
65
What does Lemert discover in his 1962 study regarding Paranoia?
That after not fitting in, people take extra measures to exclude and help with 'him', 'he' then believes people are conspiring against 'him' which causes the secondary deviance. Eventually, this lead to 'him' being admitted as a mental patient- with everything 'he' says being interpreted as 'him' being unwell.
66
Can you give a 'Real-Time' example of how Lemert's 1962 Paranoia has been replicated?
Rosenhan's 1972 Study.
'Pseudo-Patient'. A group of sociologists admitted themselves into a mental institution on count of schizophrenia, and from then on they're treated as if they're unwell, even when saying 'normal' things and behaving regularly.
67
What does Goffman's study regarding Asylums show?
The possible effects of being admitted to a mental institution.
68
Which study regarding Paranoia was released in 1962?
Lemert
69
When was Goffman's study regarding Asylums released?
1961
70
What are the 2 possible effects of being admitted to a mental institution and why do they occur- according to Goffman?
1. Mortification of self -> Killing off old self -> Replacing old self with 'inmate'
2. Resistance
Both occur due to 'degradation rituals' such as confiscation of personal items etc.
71
Why is crime inevitable in a Capitalist society according to Marxist?
Capitalism is based on the exploitation of the WC. Crime is a response to poverty. Crime is the only way to gather consumer goods.
72
What does Alienation and Lack of Control lead to, according to Marxists?
Non- utilitarian crime.
73
Give an example of non-utilitarian crime.
Vandalism
74
Give an example of a Middle Class (white collar) crime?
Tax evasion
75
How does Marxist Shider (1993) believe the Capitalist state preys on WC Crime?
The Capitalist state is reluctant to pass laws which regulate businesses and threaten profitability.
76
What was the Marxist Chambliss’ study about?
Chambliss claims the introduction of cash-payable tax in African colonies benefitted Britain as the only way the inhabitants could receive that cash was labouring in the plantations.
77
How does Chambliss’ study show us that Capitalism exploits the WC, according to Marxist?
The plantation workers were forced to work as they had no other opportunity. The business owners exploited them with little pay and little choice.
78
What does criminogenic mean?
Crime is inevitable, which is an idea believes by Marxists
79
What is selective enforcement?
This is the idea that only selected people are targeted more than others. For example, WC and ethnic minorities. It is often the case that police ignore the crimes of the powerful- according to Marxist
80
Give me an example of selective enforcement.
Courts handing out heavy fines during the London 2011 riots, but few MP were prosecuted over the MP expensed
81
What is a false consciousness?
When your ideas are created by capitalism, but you see them as your own.
82
Who introduced the idea of white collar crime?
Sutherland, 1949
| A Marxist
83
What did Pearce- a Marxist, say regarding ideological functions of law?
Laws benefit the ruling classes, such as through health and safety laws, which actually produce a false consciousness that the business cares.
84
What evidence did the Marxist, Carson discover that shows the way that rules create a false consciousness?
In a sample, of 200 firms, all had broken health and safety laws.
85
How does the media impact the way that crimes and criminals are perceived- in the eyes of Marxists?
Media presents the criminals as unhinged which hides Capitalism from being the perpetrator.
86
How to Marxists believe that Capitalism divides WC?
Crime is seen as a WC phenomenon so it divides WC as people turn on each other and blame them.
87
Can you give a real life example of a white collar crime which Croall discovered?
Crimes against the NHS such as those by doctors or health professionals who falsify prescriptions to collect more money from the NHS.
One GP made £700,000 in 5 years
88
When was Croall writing? And was he a Marxist?
2001 and yes
89
What is a crime against a consumer?
Manufacturing and selling of dangerous goods
90
What is a crime against an employee and can you give an example?
A crime which harms the people working for a company.
| Street we found in 1997 that asbestos was killing 3500 people a year, and people were working in these conditions.
91
Pollution. What kind of crime is this an example of?
Environmental
92
What is an example of a financial fraud crime?
False Accounting
93
Can you give an example of how UK is participating in a state-corporate crime?
The UK sells Saudi Arabia weapons which they drop on Yemen. We do not report them or stop selling as we earn money from it, and we ally with Saudi.
94
How is Marxism described to be too deterministic?
It assumes all people who are WC will commit crime, even though some don’t
95
Why does Traditional Marxism get evaluated negatively? Give 2 reasons- not deterministic though.
1. It ignores the relationship between crime and non class variables such a gender and ethnicity.
2. Left-realists argue that it ignores intra-class crime- which is crime committed WC to WC
96
Give one negative evaluation of WC crime?
The criminal justice system doesn’t always side with the ruling class.
97
What are the 5 arguments that Croall uses to suggest why white collar crimes aren’t regarded a serious problem for the general public?
1. They’re hard to detect
2. There is often no victim
3. They are hard to investigate
4. Institutional protection.
5. Offenders less likely to be found guilty
98
What does Box (1883) claim results in corporate crime?
Merton's strain theory can be applied.
When companies aren't reaching their maximum goal or profit, they may use illegal ways. For example, extension of working hours or pay cuts.
99
What is Sutherland (1949) key study of crime?
Differential association. This is when we learn crime from the people that we socialise with.
100
What is an example of Sutherlands study on differential crime/?
Geis (1967) found individuals joining companies with illegal price fixing were often socialised to do it too.
101
What do Deviant Subcultures have to do with corporate crime?
Companies face problems of achieving corporate goals so may adopt deviance to reach these. Also, culture of businesses may encourage people to be more competitive and 'up for' committing the crime.
102
What are the techniques of neuralisation?
Individuals invent justifications for their interactions to make their deviant acts more acceptable.
103
What article did Blair write in 1993 that signalled the Labour party was seeming to become harder on crime?
"We should be tough on crime and tough on the underlying causes of crime."
104
Who 'came up with' the techniques of neutralisation?
Sykes and Matza (1957)
105
What is an example of a technique of neutralisation?
When a company says 'they should've read the small print'.
106
What is de-labelling and how does it impact corporate crime?
Nelken (2012)- This is the process of companies avoiding labelling through expensive lawyers, police not wanting to investigate etc.
107
What does Marxist Pearce (1976) argue that is linked to the severity of corporate crime?
Corporate crime is the exception which reduces a crisis for capitalism?
108
Which Marxist calls corporate crime a, 'mystification' and why?
Box (1993) Individuals believe that corporate crime is less serious and harmful as it is unseen.
109
What is an evaluation of Marxist views on Corporate crimes?
It fails to explain the reasons for corporate crime in non-profit business such as the police.
110
What are the 3 things that both left and right realism suggest about crime?
1. It is a real problem (not socially constructed)
2. Crime needs to be addressed
3. Crime is mostly linked to poorer people.
111
Who/What do Left Realists believe are the causes for crime?
The conditions society creates for poor people
112
Who/What do Right Realists believe are the causes for crime?
The poor themselves
113
Why do Right Realists blame the poor for crime? (3)
- Inadequate socialisation
- Culture of poverty
- Biological reasons
114
Why do Left Realists blame the poor for crime? (3)
- Creation of Subcultures.
- Marginalisation
- Relative Deprivation
115
How do Right Realists believe crime should be tackled?
Harsh Punishments
116
How do Left Realists believe crime should be tackled?
1. Tackle structural causes such as inequality and poverty.
| 2. Police/ Community relations
117
What are the 4 things regarding crime that all Realists are concerned about?
1. Concerned with increased numbers of crime control
2. Realist about the solutions of crime
3. Realist about the causes of crime
4. Question the view that poverty is linked with crime
118
What 'political/ideological' branch is Right Realism linked too?
The New Right
119
Give 2 examples of Right Realists in Politics?
Thatcher and Reagan
120
"Individuals are more likely to commit crime when constraints on behaviour are weakened". Did Right or Left realism say this?
Right
121
When were the Right Realists Wilson and Hernstein writing?
1985
122
What did Wilson and Hernstein argue about positivist sociology?
It tended to look for causes of crime to be external from the individual. They argue being a criminal is a choice and that it is made up of those not properly socialised. They argued that immediate gratification has become paramount in society.
123
Why did Wilson and Hernstein claim some people were more likely to commit a crime?
Those not properly socialised. EG; New Right claims that lone parent families have this impact, especially when headed by women.
124
Who did Wilson and Hernstein claim committed the most crime?
Young men living in cities.
125
What family structure did Murray claim committed more crime?
Lone Parent- he claimed they created "lazy, immoral, drug addicts as young people"
126
Which of these two are considered right realists?
1. Rihanna
2. Charles Murray
3. Jock Young
4. Wilson and Hernstein
2. Murray
| 4. Wilson and Hernstein
127
What characteristics did the Right Realist, Murray, find were common with underclass criminals?
Illegitimacy, violence and unemployment.
128
What does Right Realism do with theories?
It generally takes other theories and updates them to relate to what they're studying.
129
How was Subcultural Theorist, Hirshi, used to describe crime in Right Realism?
Control Theory/ Bonds of Attachment.
-We all face temptation to commit crime, but we don't all succumb to it because people have strong ties with things like community (Bonds of Attachment).
130
Which two 'Right Realists' claim criminals have poor self-control?
1. Wilson and Hernstein
| 2. Hirshi
131
How do Wilson and Hernstein suggest that the cost of crime should be increased- give 2 examples?
1. Making buildings harder to break into
| 2. Security guards
132
What does "the cost of crime" phrase mean?
It is the cost of getting caught.
133
How do other Right Realists (not Wilson and Hernstein) believe that the cost of crime should be increased- which measures (2)
1. Extensive informal social controls from the police (etc) such as working with local communities to teach and prevent criminal damage.
2. More prisons are longer sentences
134
How do Right realists believe that the Prisons should be changed?
They should be more uncomfortable. For example, prisons shouldn't have XBOX or anything of that sort to make them 'desirable'.
135
What is the Broken Windows Theory?
The idea that when buildings look damaged, they encourage damage to the area by making it seem run down. It also means that the house prices decrease, which leads to 'undesirable' people occupying the area.
136
When did Left Realism emerge?
1980s as a reaction to 'law and order' Conservatism and the vacuum in radical left thinking regarding crime control.
137
TRUE OR FALSE?
Left Realists are critical of theories which see longer crime sentences and more prisons as the solution to rising crime.
True
138
Which group of people do Left Realists oppose? A or B- and why?
A: Marxists, Neo-Marxists and Radical Feminists
B: Functionalists, Subcultural Theories and Liberal Feminists
A: Marxists, Neo-Marxists and Radical Feminists
This is because they see the 'idealism' as ignoring the real victims of crime. For example, if someone stole your phone, they would blame Capitalism for not enabling them to have the phone, rather than the person who stole your private property.
139
What did Wilson and Hernstein, and Murray claim was a big cause in the number of crimes?
Low intelligence
140
What evidence is there to dissect Wilson and Hernstein, and Murray's idea that low intelligence was a cause of crime?
Lilly et al claimed that IQ differences account for 3% of crime.
141
When was Right Realist, Clarke writing?
1980
142
What did Right Realist, Clarke discover?
The Calculation of Likely Consequences
This is the 'cost of crime' or 'rewards vs risk'
143
When was Felson writing?
2002
144
What did the Right Realist, Felton claim?
People commit crime when there is a motivated offender, suitable target, and absence of capable guardian.
145
What are 'Incivilities'?
Graffiti, Litter, Noise.
| This is part of the Broken Windows Theory
146
Who discovered the broken windows theory?
Wilson and Kelling
147
Who were Wilson and Kelling?
Right Realists.
| Broken Windows theory.
148
What are Wilson and Kelling's (Right Realists) idea of Zero Tolerance policy?
This is the zero tolerance if undesirable behaviour. For example- prostitution, public drunkenness, and begging. These areas should be policed heavily to make sure people feel safe in the area.
149
Why is Wilson and Kelling's Zero Tolerance Policy possibly unhelpful?
It displaces the crime- just moves it, rather than exterminating it.
150
When was the Zero Tolerance policy introduced in New York?
2004
151
Can you give 3 strengths of the Right Realism approach of Zero Tolerance- created by Wilson and Kelling?
1. Addresses the immediate causes of crime and provides policies
2. Recognises the importance of community control
3. It recognises the importance of 'nipping in the bud' of minor offences to ensure that it doesn't impact the community
152
How does Jock Young criticise the New York Zero Tolerance Policy (Right Realism)? Can you give me 3 examples?
1. Is preoccupied with petty street crime rather than the more harmful, corporate crimes.
2. Due to reduced number of serious crime police took to arresting minor crimes that they wouldn't usually. (define deviance up)
3. Crime has already been decreasing since 1985
153
What does Define Deviance Up mean?
This is when minor offences are reported and arrested when usually they would fall through the 'net'
154
Can you give 3 overall criticims of the Right Realism explanations?
1. Ignores wider structural causes such as poverty
2. It overstates how certain offenders will think rationally when committing a crime. EG; knife crime.
3. Its view that criminals chose crime contradicts with its view that criminal behaviour is biological.
155
What are 3 things that Left Realism has accused Marxism of?
1. Not taking crime seriously, and reducing it to a simple moral panic.
2. Romanticising all WC criminals as 'Robin Hood'
3. Failing to take victimisation seriously.
156
Through victim surveys, what type of crime did Left Realists discover worries people the most?
Mugging
157
Which people were most likely to be victims of crime according to Left Realists?
The poor, ethnic minorities, inner-city residents
158
What do crime statistics suggest about who commits crime?
WC and generally male.
159
Left realists believe that (from crime statistics) individuals are wanting police to protect them as long as they're being fair and just. This includes ethnic minorities.
Is this true?
Oui
160
According to Young (2002) what were the 3 characteristics of living in late modern society?
1. Instability
2. Insecurity
3. Exclusion
161
When was Young writing?
2002
162
What area of the UK and social class has been affected the most by the closure of manufacturing industry?
WC and North UK
163
According to Young- Left Realist, why are people feeling that there is an increase in deprivation today?
The poor have access to the media which shows them the 'ideal life'. However, these people are unable to afford it so may feel increased deprivation.
164
Can you explain why there are an increase of hate crimes?
These crimes are the result of relative deprivation downwards, as in the case of asylum seekers.
165
According to Left Realists, Lea and Young (1984), what are the 3 causes of crime?
1. Relative Deprivation
2. Subculture
3. Marginalisation
166
How do Left Realists believe that crime should be reduced, in regards to policing?
A regrowth of trust
167
How, according to Left Realists, should the police rebuild trust with the local communities? Give 4 reasons.
1. Avoid heavily swamping an area with presence or with stop and searches.
2. Involve the public with law making.
3. Changing tactics (policing more racial crime)
4. More time investigating crime.
168
Why were ASBO introduced?
Protect vulnrable groups from crime and disorder
169
What is an ASBO?
Anti Social Behaviour Order
170
Who introduced the idea of the New Deal?
New Labour- Blair
171
What was the New Deal?
Introduced for unemployed youth, attempting to reduce exclusion of young people
172
According to Left Realists, how should society reduce crime?
Providing a community hub and area so that people have things to do, and can rely on people when in need.
173
Who introduced the idea of the ASBO?
New Labour- Blair
174
What 3 things did New Labour take a heavier approach on policing?
1. Hate Crime
2. Sexual Assault
3. Domestic Abuse
175
How does Young (2002) criticise New Labour's attempts to reduce crime? Give 2 examples.
Young claimed
1. Tougher on crime rather than its underlying causes.
2. The New Deal failed at the jobs create were not made permanent, and were unsuitable
176
Can you give 2 overall criticisms of Left Realisms view of crime?
1. Rely heavily on victim surveys
| 2. Focus on urban areas, which may provide a distorted view of crime.
177
Can you give 2 overall strengths of Left Realisms view of crime?
1. Highlights effect of crime on victims
| 2. Focuses on the fears of the most deprived W/C
178
How does Young link subculture and crime when observing Left Realism?
USA- Ghettos which are criminal still subscribe to the mainstream goals like materialism.
People are hooked on the American Dream and must use illegitimate ways to reach it.
179
How do Subcultures link to the Left Realist view of crime?
A subculture is a collective response to the problem of relative deprivation. Some subcultures may be religious to provide comfort.
180
How do Marginalised youths release their frustration, according to Left Realists?
Criminal means, as they have no political standpoint.
181
How are youths considered marginalised, in the opinion of Left Realists?
They have no clear aims, unlike workers (eg: better pay). They don't belong to an organisation who can represent them.
182
How does Media enhance material deprivation according to Left Realists?
It raises expectations of the material possessions individuals should have, through advertising.
183
What does Relative Deprivation really mean?
How deprived people feel in relation to others.
184
How does the Left Realist thinker, Young (1999) claim that individualisation causes crime?
Individualisation causes people to work in their own interests, which can cause them to be selfish and commit crimes.
185
According to Young, how does individualisation cause family breakdown, and how does this relate to crime- in the opinion of Left Realists?
People want to be the best version of themselves, they may believe these families are typing them down if they're unhappy. This leads to more crime as the informal controls have been released.
186
When did Left Realism develop?
1980-90
187
When were Lea and Young writing?
1984
188
What does Military Policing involve?
Swamping an area with heavy police presence.
189
What % of crime is reported to the police by public?
90%
190
How do the London Riots relate to Labelling theory? Give 2 points.
1. People began to protest as they had felt labelled as criminals due to their race- they became the deviant.
2. Mark Duggan was shot (began the riots) due to him fitting the stereotypes as a gun owner.
191
How do the London Riots relate to Right Realism? Give 2 points.
1. Man sentenced to 11 1/2 years for burning a shop down (harsh punishment).
2. Riots occurred in run-down, poorer areas with council housing. This creates a dependency culture- possibly lone parents?
192
How do the London Riots relate to Traditional Marxism? Give 2 points.
1. People were feeling unheard and alienated- linked to vandalism which occurred.
2. Selective enforcement after the murder- the family of Mr Duggan didn't get the answers.
193
How do the London Riots relate to Radical Criminology? Give 2 points.
1. Techniques of neutralisation- 'Everyone is doing it' (the looting)
2. The law criminalised the WC rather than the society which made the riots occur- unlawful killing.
194
How do the London Riots relate to Left Realism? Give 2 points.
1. People saw it as a chance to get things they never had- linked to relative deprivation caused by media.
2. No policy changes were made after the Riots to make people feel more heard- a criticism of Left Realism approach.
195
How do the London Riots relate to Functionalism and Subcultural Theories? Give 4 points.
1. Criminal areas with organised gangs were giving people roles in the riots- Cloward and Ohlin
2. People were having competitions of who could steal the most- Cohen, status frustration.
3. Illegitimate means to get the goals- Merton's Stain Theory
4. People who usually were not involved in crime did commit it- Matza.
196
What is 'Male Stream Sociology'?
This is when M/C sociologists have a romanticised preoccupation with studying W/C Male deviants.
197
Why does Heidensohn suggest that most studies are about men? Give 3 reasons.
1. Academics and Researchers mostly are men
2. There isn't as much data on women criminals to study
3. Male Stream sociology
198
What are the most women in prison there for?
Shoplifting and fraud- such as not paying a TV license.
199
What types of crime are men more likely to commit?
More risky crime.
200
Why, when women commit crime (murder), is there a larger outrage?
Because these women are not following the socialised role of the protector and nurturer.
201
What fraction of black men are likely to be imprisoned?
1/3
202
What fraction of all men are likely to be imprisoned?
1/9
203
What fraction of black women are likely to be imprisoned?
1/18
204
What fraction of all women are likely to be imprisoned?
1/56
205
What percentage of the prison population are women?
4.5%
206
Who first proposed the Chivalry Thesis?
Pollack
207
Whilst studying in the 1950s, what did Pollack notice about criminality?
Women's crime was under recorded.
208
How did Pollack see that women's domestic roles were impacting higher levels of crime?
They committed more domestic crime such as stealing, poisoning relatives or carrying out abortions (which were illegal at the time).
209
How did Pollack believe that women were not prosecuted?
They were better at hiding their crimes, and the criminal justice system was male dominated so less harsh on women.
210
What is Pollack's evaluation?
Even though he is now outdated, he was the first to suggest that criminal statistics may under represent criminal activity.
211
What is the main idea behind the Chivalry thesis?
as most of the agents of justice were male, they acted 'Chivalrously' towards women
212
Campbell (1981) uses what evidence to suggest that the chivalry thesis is accurate?
Female suspects were more likely to be cautioned than male suspects.
213
What is the evaluation for Campbell and their take on the Chivalry thesis?
The fact that women get cautioned more than men may just reflect the seriousness of the crimes.
214
What evidence from the Home office disproved Campbells take on the Chivalry thesis today?
Courts are imposing more serious punishments on women for less serious offences. (2004)
215
How does Hedderman disprove Campbells take on the Chivalry thesis today?
From 1997-08 the custody rate for women rose by 68% and men 35%
216
How do Feminists criticise the Chivalry thesis? Give the 3 part answer.
1. Female offenders are subject to double jeopardy
2. The male dominated CJS is influenced by the woman's character in relation to traditional roles.
3. Women are seen as doubly defiant
217
What does doubly defiant mean?
Women commit the crime but also abolish the norms of their gender stereotype of 'feminine behaviour'.
218
What phrase does Judge Wild (1982) use to show how men are more likely to be treated sympathetically in a rape trial?
"Women who say no do not always mean no. It is not just a question of how she says it, how she shows and makes it clear. If she doesn't want it then she only has to keep her legs shut".
219
What is the Biological Theory?
A cause of criminality which is now very old (Victorian).
| It argues that 'normal' women have a disposition which repels them from deviant behaviour (EG; no testosterone).
220
How relevant is Biological Theory today?
Not very relevant from a sociological point of view. However, there have been crime and female hormones/menstruation has been made.
221
What is the Sex Role Theory?
A functionalist theory (Parsons) which suggests that boys are socialised in a more competitive, physical and risk taking way, rather than girls who are taught to be conformist.
222
True or False, Parsons traces differences in crime and deviance to the gender roles in the conventional family?
True
223
What does Frances Heidensohn suggest about Patriarchal Control and Crime?
Her theory is called 'Patriarchal Control' and she suggests that women do not commit as much crime as they're ideologically controlled- through three ways.
224
What are the 3 ways that Heidensohn suggests that women are ideologically controlled to not commit crime?
1. Control at home
2. Control in public
3. Control at work
225
How does Heidensohn suggest that women commit less crime due to 'Control at home'?
Women spend a greater amount of time doing domestic roles, and girls get less freedom than boys
226
How does Heidensohn suggest that women commit less crime due to 'Control in public'?
Women are control in public by fear of male violence against them- including verbal abuse.
227
How does Heidensohn suggest that women commit less crime due to 'Control at work'?
Women's behaviour is (more commonly) controlled by male supervisors and managers. Glass ceiling prevents women from rising to senior positions where there is a greater opportunity to commit fraud.
228
What did Par Carlen use when studying Class and Gender Deals to discover information?
Unstructured interviews
229
What did Par Carlen discover when studying crime rates of women?
W/C women generally conform though 2 types of reward being:
1. The Class Deal (material rewards for working)
2. The Gender Deal (material and emotional rewards from family life).
Crime occurs when women do not get the reward that they are promised.
230
What was Par Carlen's study called?
Class and Gender Deals
231
What did Par Carlen discover that made these rewards less easy to come by to certain individuals?
1. If they had been in care
2. If they had been abused
3. If they had experienced poverty
232
Who came up with the Liberation Thesis?
Freda Adler (Feminist)
233
What was the general idea behind the Liberation Thesis?
As women become liberated from patriarchy, their crims will become as serious and frequent as men's.
234
What is the idea of the Shemale Gangster?
Girls are becoming actively involved in street gangs.
235
Who came up with the idea of the Shemale Gangster?
Tara Young
236
What did Sunita Toor study?
Crime and Conformity among British Asian Girls.
237
What did Toor's study of Asian girls discover?
Low rates of crime within the Asian girls due to strong social control and strong culture of honour and shame.
238
Who studied Masculinities and Crime?
Messerschmidt
239
What was the study of Masculinities and Crime about?
Suggested that men often turn to crime to enhance their masculinity. This is particularly the case when traditional ways to assert dominance are not available (such as a job).
Crime is a Masculine Validating Resource
240
Who suggests that Crime is a Masculine Validating Resource?
Messerschmidt
241
What is Hegemonic Masculinity?
This is the idea of characteristics of a real man.
Such as the characteristics that Miller claims are important in his 'Focal Concern' study.
Boys reinforce these ideas which leads to higher crime levels.
242
Does Hegemonic Masculinity lead to higher crime levels?
Yes
243
What is Net Widening and who is it impacting?
The Justice System is widening the net which means women are being arrested for more serious crimes that previously and in cases of domestic violence often both are arrested.
244
Who also explores the idea of Net Widening but labels it as Defining Deviance Up?
Defining Deviance Up is the idea that Young suggests is causing behaviour to be labelled as criminal, where it would not have been previously.
245
What is the Criminalisation of Females?
This is the idea that police stats have risen for for violent crime but this has not matched data from victim surveys.
246
What is the Moral Panic about Girls and why is it occurring?
This is the idea that a media panic id being created about young women being out of control and binge drinking. This leads to a self fulfilling prophecy like that discovered by Young.
247
What is Self reporting crimes?
This is when an individual anonymously reports the crimes that they have committed.
248
Since what year has the number of mixed race prisoners risen sharply?
2004
249
Who, White/Black (Caribbean) were:
| 3 1/2x likely to be arrested.
Black
250
Who, White/Black (Caribbean) were:
| 5x more likely to be in prison.
Black
251
Who, White/Black (Caribbean) were:
| 3x more likely to be cautioned by police.
Black
252
Who, White/Asian were:
| 2x likely to be stop and searched.
Asian
253
Who, White/Asian were:
| More likely to be arrested for fraud and forgery.
Asian
254
Who, White/Asian were:
| More likely to be stopped on grounds for terrorism.
Asian
255
Philips and Bowling (2002) argue what about ethnic crime?
The criminal justice system is racist.
256
What are 2 alternative ways to find statistics?
1. Victim Survey
| 2. Self report Survey
257
Which ethnic group is more likely to be a victim?
Black/Mixed
258
What was the Macpherson Enquiry?
The Macpherson enquiry was designed to see whether the police were 'Institutionally Racist' which occurred after the handling of the Stephen Lawrence case. It said that they were.
259
What does Waddington (2004) suggest about ethnic crime?
Police do stop a higher number of black individuals compared to whites. He argues that there are more minority youth out at night in inner city areas and the police target these high risk areas. This suggests that the police focus on the poverty rather than the ethnicity.
260
When was the Stop and Search introduced?
1984 in the Police & Criminal Evidence act
261
Who were the first people to accept that black individuals are not just victims of the racist police force but actually are more likely to be involved in street crime?
Lea and Young- Left Realists
262
Why do Lea and Young suggest that Black individuals are likely to be involved in crime?
1. Subculture
2. Relative Deprivation
3. Marginalisation
263
Can you give 3 evaluations of Gilroy?
1. First generation of migrants in 50-60s were law abiding so didn't have methods to pass down to children.
2. Most crime is intra-ethnic
3. Asian crime rates are similar/ lower than whites
264
What was Gilroy's study named?
The Myth of Black Criminality
265
What was the basis of Gilroy's ideas?
1982. He argued that black crime in the 1970s was a form of political resistance against a repressive, racist state.
266
How does Gilroy's study link to Radical Criminology?
It suggests that crime is a conscious choice based on class, and Gilroy suggests the same but focusing on gender.
267
Does Gilroy suggest that there was greater criminality of blacks rather than whites?
No. He suggests there is a folk devil of black people which created the deviancy amplification spiral. He also suggests that 'Cultures of Resistance' have been built against the institutional racism. In addition, street crime can also be an expression of anger against historical discrimination.
268
Can you give one of 3 of the evaluation for Gilroy?
1. First generation immigrants were law abiding so it is unlikely any demonstration tactic were passed down.
2. Intra-ethnic crime is most common.
3. Asian crime rates are similar or lower than whites.
269
Who are the 2 neo-Marxists who look at ethnic differences in crime and deviance?
1. Gilroy
| 2. Hall et al
270
How does Hall et al suggest that 'muggers' and 'moral panic' has impacted individuals?
Moral panic of the 'black mugger' in the media impacted crime rates as black people were further prosecuted by the state due to the deviancy amplification spiral which is the self fulfilling prophecy. This was to divide the WC on racial grounds and weaken opposition to capitalism.
271
When was Hall et al's study based on (time)?
1970s during the economic crisis
272
How did Downes and Rock (2011) counter Hall et al's study?
They suggested that black street crime was not rising, it was just a media frenzy, but also claimed that it was rising due to the self fulfilling prophecy.
273
What percentage of black boys live with a mother figure but not a father figure?
60%
274
How has mass media impacted ethnic crime rates (black)?
The rise of the aggressive rap culture causes criminality due to the influence of violence and subordination of women.
275
Can you give an example of a recent approach which would be great for the 30 mark conclusion based on a ethnicity question?
Neighbourhood and crime.
276
What did Sharp and Budd find that impacts crime in ethnic groups?
(2005) certain groups are more likely to get caught (black) due to the types of crime- street crimes and gang violence.
277
What did Fitzgerald discover about crime in ethnic groups?
(2003) the involvement in neighbourhoods on street crimes. High rates of black people live in the poorer, deprived areas where crime is more common. As crime is more common, these areas are policed more heavily. They suggest it isn't linked to ethnicity.
278
What types of crime does the media tend to overrepresent?
Violence and sexual crime. Marsh suggests that the media is 36x more likely to report violent crime.
279
What types of people does the media likely to portray the criminals to be?
Older and more middle class which Felson calls the age fallacy
280
What does the media do in regards to exaggerating success or failure?
Exaggerates success of the police.
281
What types of crime were popular in the 60s?
murder and petty crimes. this links to the death penalty which was enforced at the time.
282
What types of crime were popular in the 90s?
drugs, abuse, terrorism, mugging and football hooliganism. there was an increased preoccupation which sexual crimes due to Saville.
283
Can you give 3 of the 8 news values?
1. Immediacy
2. Dramatization
3. Personalisation
4. Higher Status
5. Simplification
6. Novelty
7. Risk
8. Violence
284
What is the Backwards Law?
Surette (2010) explored the idea of the backwards law which is the idea that the crimes that the media portray are actually not representative of the society currently.
285
Can you give 2 of the 5 fictional representations of crime?
1. Police get there man which is sometimes fictional.
2. Sex crimes are committed by strangers which is not commonly true
3. Homicide is shown as deliberate which is often not the case
4. Property crime is underrepresented
5. Opposite of official statistics
286
Can you give the 8 examples of how the media can actually be a cause of crime?
1. imitation
2. arousal
3. desensitization
4. transmitting knowledge of criminal techniques
5. fuelling desire of material goods (l. realist and riots)
6. portraying police as incompetent
7. glamourizing offending
8. fearmongering crime
287
Which genre of music has been blamed for the increase of youth crimes and knife violence?
Grime or Drill
288
Which celebrity used the media to insight violence?
Donald Trump at the Capital Hill Riot
289
What past-time has been blamed for in sighting violence within youths?
Video Games
290
How has media increased crime?
Hate crimes on social media are incredibly common due to anonymity of the crime. The media has bowed to this and isn't doing anything to tackle it.
291
Which sociologists discovered that there was a link between media and fear of crime?
Schlesinger and Tumbler
292
What is an evaluation of Schlesinger and Tumbler?
Those who are more likely to fear crime are less likely to go out so do consumer more media
293
Who came up with the Hyper Reality of crime?
Baudrillard.
This is the idea that the media does not reflect the actual crimes and that they have a socially constructed and distorted view of crime. This is then passed through the consumers who believe it.
Flatly evidences this by showing that 95-19 crime has been falling by 3/4 people think it has been rising.
294
How do Left Realists believe that the media increases crime?
They believe that the marketing on TV creates a relative deprivation outlook. Merton suggests that the strain theory also links because people cannot live up to the expectations so commit crimes to reach them.
295
Which theory looks at the idea of Cultural Criminology?
Postmodernists
296
What is Cultural Criminology?
This is the idea that the media turns crime into a commodity that people actually desire to consume. There is a blurring between the image and the reality such as the police car camera, which as well as recording crime, also used to push the success of the police through their 'catching' videos.
297
Can you give an example of a show which is 'hyper reality'?
Made in Chelsea.
| It is designed to look real to the consumer but is actually scripted.
298
Has the media commodified crime?
Yes.
| Car ads also feature joyriding and street riots- such as the Pepsi commercial.
299
Who developed the idea of the moral panic?
Stan Cohen in 1970
300
Where did Cohen get the idea of the moral panic from?
Mods and Rockers
301
What is a symbolic shorthand?
These are characterises such as hair or clothes which are used to be the icons of trouble makers. For example, the leather jackets of mods and rockers.
302
Which other sociologists perspective from ethnicity can be linked to moral panics?
Policing the crisis.
303
How does the media link to football violence?
The media has been accused of amplifying the problem of football hooliganism. For example, the film crew and reporters have provoked fans at certain times- especially abroad. The tabloid newspapers have also been accused of being xenophobic at times.
304
How can the media be seen to fuel a moral panic?
The media set themselves to be the moral crusaders which means that they cause the authorities to embark upon a moral crackdown after swelling public support. For example, the islamophobia caused by the media has resulted in anti-terror legislation.
305
Can you give up to 5 examples of moral panics through the decades?
1. Mods and Rockers (60)
2. Mugging (70)
3. HIV/AIDS (80)
4. Acid Raves (90)
5. Terrorism and Knife Crime (00-10)
306
How do McRobbie and Thornton criticise the moral panic and media idea?
Outdated in an age of new media were it is fragmented and we consume it in different ways. It is tailored to us.
307
Can you give 3 ways in which moral panics and the media are no longer relevant?
1. They have less impact as there is more news
2. Citizen Journalism- people have phones so can make their own news (BLM)
3. They have become more frequent/ more publicised.
308
Can you give 4 examples of cyber crime?
1. Cyber-trespass
2. Cyber deception and theft
3. Cyber pornography
4. Cyber violence
309
Why is cyber crime difficult to police?
Needs a lot of time and expertise, as well as resources.
310
What is cyber enabled crime?
This is crime which is increasingly possible with the internet. For example, fraud and counterfeiting or child sexual abuse and grooming. Cyber bulling and trolling can also occur.
311
How can the police use cyber to police crime?
Police can use technology to police crime due to digital footprints.
312
What are cyber dependant crime?
These are crimes which are only possible with the help of the internet.
313
What has new media impacted?
The ways crimes are committed.
314
Can you give 4 examples of global crime?
People Trafficking,
Animal Trafficking,
Sex Trafficking,
Cyber Crimes
315
Why is global crime becoming increasingly common?
The growth of ICT has caused the shrinking world due to sharing of information.
316
What is the idea of the global risk conscious?
This is the idea that the media creates moral panics which creates new insecurities, and makes people 'risk conscious' and more worried about doing things.
317
Who explores the idea of IMF and World Bank in what they call the Crimes of Globalisation?
Rothe and Friedrich
The World Bank has 188 members but only 5 have 1/3 of the voting rights. These organisations can therefore impose harsh structural adjustment programs.
318
How does the media impact migratory crime?
Individuals compare their lives to those seen on the media outlets. This then causes them to try to move to these countries. Often the entry requirements are hard so they retreat to criminal methods. These gangs illegally transport the immigrants.
319
Which ideology did Ian Taylor draw from?
Marxism
320
How does Ian Taylor use Critical Criminology to describe crime?
Taylor suggests that the global free market is increasingly dominant. This causes the TNCs to switch to lower manufacturing costs- with low wages, the states then reduces its role due to the employment and then deregulated the TNCs. This creates widening inequality so the poor retreat to crime, which creates crime opportunities at an elite level.
In addition, the poverty from the developing world also is fuelling crime such as people trafficking.
321
How do Hobbes and Dunnigham describe the patterns of criminal organisation?
Hobbs and Dunnigham carried out research in a depressed post-industrial town called 'downtown'. They found that organised crime involved individuals with contacts 'hubs' connecting the acts of different groups loosely.
322
What does GLOCAL mean?
They argue this creates ‘glocal’ crime, this is when global criminal economies begin to trade in local areas.(Hobbs and Dunnigham).
323
Can you give an example of a GLOCAL crime?
Drugs and Human Trafficking
324
How does recent crime differ from old style crime?
Mafia crime was highly structured and organised whereas it is not the case anymore.
325
Can you remember anything about the Rwandan Genocide?
IF NOT SEARCH IT UP OR LOOKING IN THE FOLDER!
| if you can, then list it now.
326
True or False?
White suggests that the law protects the offenders more than the environment because humans have an ‘anthropocentric' world view.
True
This means that humans tend to believe that they have the right to dominate the planet and therefore are more important than all other species.
327
What approach is this about? (green crime)
This approach suggests that individuals should see humans as being part of a larger ecosystem and therefore equally important to other species and the environment.
Ecocentric
328
True?
| Beck discusses the emergence of an increasing ‘global risk consciousness’.
True
329
Taylor claims that globalisation has led to an increase in crime.
Is this true??
YES! He believes that the inequality of capitalism is now increasing further due to how corporations use globalisation to their advantage.
330
What are the 4 types of Cyber Crime that Wall found?
1. Cyber Trespass
2. Cyber Violence
3. Cyber Pornography
4. Cyber Deception and Theft
331
How many organs are trafficked from China each year? Apparently
It is estimated that 2000 organs are taken from executed criminals in China each year
332
What are the 3 sociological approaches to crime and media?
Sensitisation- Supported by studies such as Young
Catharsis- Supported by studies such as Fesbach and Sanger
The hypodermic syringe- Supported by studies such as Bandura et al
333
What did South (2014) discover about green crime?
He highlighted the two types of crime: secondary and primary
334
What % of individual creatures will be extinct in the next 10 years?
50%
335
What does Wall identify?
Wall identifies four different types of cyber crime.
336
How do Hobbs and Dunningham explain how technology has changed crime?
Hobbs and Dunningham argue that due to technological developments such as the internet, individuals now have easy access to others around the world that will assist their criminal activity.
337
What does Taylor argue about crime and globalisation?
Taylor claims that globalisation has led to an increase in crime.
He believes that the inequality of capitalism is now increasing further due to how corporations use globalisation to their advantage.
338
What does Castells claim about the global criminal economy?
Castells claims that there is now a ‘global criminal economy’ that is worth over $1 trillion a year.
339
What does Beck's global risk consciousness actually mean?
Beck discusses the emergence of an increasing ‘global risk consciousness’.
Globalisation promotes insecurity as it continues to lead to vast changes around the world.
340
What do Young and Cohen argue about manufactured news?
Cohen and Young claim that the news is manufactured and therefore is not a reliable source when shaping our views of crime.
They claim that the news is a social construct as journalists will carefully select their news stories based on the following criteria, known as news values.
341
How many types of green crime does South suggest there are?
South claims there are two types of green crime: primary and secondary green crime.
342
What does Walter argue about air pollution based deaths?
Walters claims that twice as many people die from air pollution induced illnesses compared to 20 years ago.
343
Why does White suggest that the law protects the offenders rather than the environment?
White suggests that the law protects the offenders more than the environment because humans have an ‘anthropocentric' world view.
344
What do Green and Ward argue about state crime?
Green and Ward define state crime as 'deviant activities perpetuated by, or with the complicity of, state agencies’.
345
What does McLaughlin argue about state crime?
McLaughlin argues that the scale of state crime is huge and this is due to the power that governments hold.
The state makes the law and as a result they can conceal their own actions.
346
What is Adorno's authoritarian personality theory mean?
Adorno discuss the authoritarian personality theory, and claims that individuals follow the orders of their superiors, without question.
This commonly occurs during war, according to Adorno, which may explain why usually law-abiding citizens can become capable of committing awful acts.
347
What does Foucault's theory of ‘panopticon’ mean/suggest?
It is when inmates within a prison are led to believe they are constantly under the threat of surveillance in order to promote self-regulation of their own behaviour
Therefore surveillance becomes a tool of social control and is now used to monitor our behaviour.
348
Who argues that situational crime prevention can ‘design crime out’ of a particular area?
Felson
349
Who argues that situational crime prevention (Felson) doesn't work and that it just displaces the crime?
Chaiken et al. argue that this method doesn’t always reduce crime, instead it moves it somewhere else.
This is known as displacement.
350
What do Left Realists argue regarding the most effective way to reduce crime?
Left realists argue that the most effective way of reducing crime is to improve education and employment opportunities for the most disadvantaged groups in society.
351
What did Durkheim suggest that punishment should be, and why is this?
Durkheim believed that punishment is ‘expressive’ as it heals the wounds of the public while also promoting the value consensus.
352
Who discusses why prisons are being used as the main form of punishment in the USA and in the UK?
Garland believes that prisons are now used by politicians to prove to the electorate that they are tough on crime, and as a result they will gain electoral popularity and win elections.
353
What are Hans Von Hentig's 13 characteristics which make someone more likely to be a victim of crime?
* Young.
* Female.
* Old.
* Immigrants.
* Depressed.
* Mental illness.
* The acquisitive.
* Dull normal.
* Minorities.
* Lonesome.
* Heartbroken.
* Tormentor.
* The blocked/The fighter.
* They also discuss victim precipitation.
354
Who suggested that 13 characteristics are more likely to make someone a victim of crime?
Hans Von Hentig
355
Who used evidence in the USA which suggested how Hans Von Hentig's 13 characteristics were accurate in describing the victim of crime?
Wolfgang looked at murders in the USA.
He found that 26% of 588 homicides in Philadelphia involved victim precipitation.
This means that the victim triggered the events leading to the murder.
356
What do critical victimologists argue when looking at exploitation of proletariat?
Critical victimologists argue that the proletariat are victims of both the exploitation by the bourgeoisie and the state.
357
Who argue that victimisation is a form of ‘structural powerlessness’ and what does this mean?
Mawby and Walklate.
It suggests that the state has power to define who they decide is a victim and as a result the state labels some people as victims, but not others.
E.g. before 1991 it was legal to rape your wife, therefore a wife was not a victim.
358
Who cam up with the ‘hierarchy of victimisation’ and what does it mean?
Marxists, Tombs and Whyte argue employers tend to manipulate ‘safety crimes’ where injured workers are often blamed for their actions instead of the company taking responsibility for their negligence of health and safety procedure.
This is referred to as the ‘hierarchy of victimisation’.
359
True or False:
| Positivist victimology states that there are characteristics which make someone more likely to be a victim.
True (Hans Von Hentig's 13 characteristics)
360
What type of justice do we have nowadays?
Modern societies have moved to using ‘restitutive justice’. Punishment must now restore a sense of equilibrium to society by ensuring that the community is healed from the damage of the offence that was committed.
361
Can you give 3 examples of who has formal social control?
1. Police
2. Judiciary
3. Doctors
362
What are the 4 main approaches to punishment?
1. Incapacitation (remove ability to reoffend)
2. Deterrence (making an example of them)
3. Rehabilitation (reform the offender)
4. Retribution (pay back/revenge)
363
Who thinks that punishment is key to restore equilibrium?
Durkheim
364
What does retributive justice mean?
Traditional society, it is cruel and harsh forms on punishment.
365
What does restitutive justice mean?
Modern society, it is important to restore equilibrium through pay back or compensation.
366
What do functionalists believe are the 3 main purposes of punishment?
1. Maintain consensus
2. Heals wounds
3. Healthy and functional
(also talk about Durkheim's 7 functions of deviance)
367
Why do Marxists believe that punishment retains the social order?
It is part of the repressive state apparatus (Althusser) and it is because WC people populate prisons.
They subordinate the individuals and give them a loss of liberty (cannot vote).
368
What are the 2 types of power/punishment that we had, and now have ?
Foucault:
Sovereign Power- Inflict punishment on the body in a public way.
Disciplinary Power- Seeks to govern individuals through their mind (surveillance)
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What is the panopticon design?
The idea that when you're watched it makes you act differently.
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What does 'sousveillance' mean and who came up with it?
'Bottom up security'. It is the idea that everyone is under surveillance due to individuals having cameras, synoptic surveillance (media) etc.
It was brought up by Mann et al.
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How does Goffman criticise the work of Foucalt?
He argues that it exaggerates the extent of control as some inmates ignore and do not accept the higher authority.
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What is restorative justice?
This is when the victim meets the offender which may offer condolences and a feeling of relief.
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How do the rates of recidivism suggest that prison does not deter?
2/3 of prisoners reoffend.
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How much is the annual cost of keeping a prisoner?
£28,000
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What does Mathews argue about the crime rate?
He suggests that imprisonment has litter effect o te crime rate.
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Solomon argues what about the types of crime individuals are in prison for?
HE argues that 50% of the population are in for minor offences and the prison does more harm than good. For example, it is argued that prisons are 'universities of crime' which teach individuals criminal techniques.
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What is transcarceration?
This is when individuals become locked in a cycle of control, and shift through various control agencies.
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Why does Downes suggest that prisons serve an ideological function?
They actually reduce unemployment figures.
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What is the actuarial justice idea?
It means risk management. It is when the state work out groups wo are more likely to offend or be a threat. It focuses on prevention rather than rehabilitation. For example, black men are 7x more likely to be stopped and searched.
