Crime And Deviance

Question 1

Explain Durkheim’s theories of crime and deviance

Answer 1

-lack of clear norms can lead to anomie
-boundary maintenance
-social solidarity
-collective conscious
-Adaption and change

Question 2

Explain Merton’s theories of crime and deviance

Answer 2

Strain theory - striving for the American dream
Conformity, Innovation, Ritualism, Retreatism, Rebellion

Question 3

Explain Albert Cohen’s theories of crime and deviance

Answer 3

Status frustration can push w-class youths to deviant subcultures

Question 4

Explain Hirschi’s theories of crime and deviance

Answer 4

Bonds of attachment - people don’t commit crime due to beliefs, involvement, commitment, attachment

Question 5

Explore Cloward and Ohlin’s theories of crime and deviance

Answer 5

Illegitimate opportunity structures influence the type of subculture joined/ created. Criminal/ Conformity/ Retreatist subcultures

Question 6

Explain Miller’s theories of crime and deviance

Answer 6

Focal concerns of the working class. (Fate, autonomy, smartness, toughness, excitement, trouble)

Question 7

Explain Bongor’s theories of crime and deviance

Answer 7

Capitalism is criminogenic

Question 8

Explain Gordon’s theories of crime and deviance

Answer 8

Capitalism amplifies inequalities and then blames the w-class for their crimes

Question 9

Explain Box’s theories of crime and deviance

Answer 9

Criminal law is a set of ideological constructs ( designed to criminalise those who arent linked to power)
Deviant Career

Question 10

Explain Althusser’s theories of crime and deviance

Answer 10

Ideological & Repressive State Apparatus. Ideological control is about: Distraction, Justification/ legitimisation, Division

Question 10

Explain Chambliss’ theories of crime and deviance

Answer 10

Laws protect the rich but white collar/ corporate crime costs more in money & lives.

Question 11

Explain Becker’s theories of crime and deviance

Answer 11

deviance= social label which may develop into a “master status

Question 12

Explain Lemert’s theories of crime and deviance

Answer 12

Primary and secondary deviance

Question 13

Explain Cicourel’s theories of crime and deviance

Answer 13

Negotiation of justice

Question 14

Explain Wilkins’s theories of crime and deviance

Answer 14

The media and “deviancy amplification spiral” (moral panics)

Question 15

Explain Matza’s theories of crime and deviance

Answer 15

Delinquency drift. People drift in and out of delinquency due to subterranean values.

Question 16

Explain Right Realism theories of crime and deviance

Answer 16

Biological differences/intelligence (Wilson & Herrnstein)
Socialisation and the underclass (Murray/New Right)
Broken windows theory (Wilson & Kelling)
Rational choice (Wilson/Ron Clarke-criminality as active choice)

Question 16

Explain Lea and Young’s theories of crime and deviance

Answer 16

Relative deprivation
Marginalisation
Subculture (link to Cohen and Cloward & Ohlin)

Question 17

Explain Henry & Hilovanovic’s theories of crime and deviance

Answer 17

Crime is an outdated notion. Rename to social harm

Question 18

Explain Katz ‘s theories of crime and deviance

Answer 18

Seduction of crime.

Question 19

Explain Lyng’s theories of crime and deviance

Answer 19

many young people see crime as edgework – a risky, fearful activity that provokes excitement due to its dangerous, edgy nature.

Question 20

Explain Presdee’s theories of crime and deviance

Answer 20

Carnival of crime. Revolt against the mundane. Rules are made to be transgressed

Question 21

Explain Young’s theories of crime and deviance

Answer 21

The media and Bulimic society encouraging a desire for goods and experience

Question 22

Explain Foucault’s theories of crime and deviance

Answer 22

Surveillance in modern society

Question 23

Explain Heidonsohn's theories of crime and deviance

Answer 23

Malestream criminology, Double deviance, Social Control

Question 24

Explain Carlen's theories of crime and deviance

Answer 24

W/c women commit crime due to the lack of class and gender deal

Question 25

Explain Adler's theories of crime and deviance

Answer 25

Liberation Thesis - women commit more crimes due to liberation from patriarchy

Question 26

Explain Cohen & Young's theories of crime and deviance

Answer 26

'News is not discovered but manufactured'

Question 27

Explain Surette's theories of crime and deviance

Answer 27

fictional representations of crime are often the opposite of real life

Question 28

Explain Wilkins' theories of crime and deviance

Answer 28

deviancy amplification and moral panics

Question 29

Explain the Troubled Families Programme

Answer 29

- This policy aimed to 'turn around' problem families. Councils would receive funding to use to support families in appropriate ways

Question 30

Explain the strengths and limitations of the Troubled Families Programme

Answer 30

+ Inspired by Left Realist research + Help to 'turn around' + Saves money in the long run - Concerns over the accuracy of data - Expensive -Councils could fake results

Question 31

Explain the Restorative Justice Fund

Answer 31

The government announced £29 million to introduce more restorative justice measures

Question 32

Explain the strengths and limitations of the Restorative Justice Funding

Answer 32

+ Reduces reoffending rates + Benefits for victims - Worries over 'soft approach to crime'

Question 33

Explain the Anti-Social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act (ABCPA)

Answer 33

-more police powers introduced to tackle anti-social behaviour - more power to landlords and victims

Question 34

Explain the strengths and limitations of the ABCPA

Answer 34

+ tackling petty crimes to deter from major crimes -concerns about increased marginalisation

Question 35

Explain the New York Transit Authority 'Clean Car Program'

Answer 35

Graffiti on subway trains was required to be cleaned up within 2 hours or taken out of commission

Question 36

Explain the strengths and limitations of the clean car program

Answer 36

+ Inspired by Right Realist approaches + Eventually reduced graffiti on the subway - Concerns over displacement

Question 36

Explain the NY Authority Bus Terminal toilet design

Answer 36

Bus terminals were redesigned to reduce opportunities for crime / deviance

Question 37

Explain the strengths and limitations of the NYBT toilet design

Answer 37

+ Inspired by Right Realist approaches +Situational crime prevention - Concerns over displacement

Question 38

Explain Police Recorded Statistics

Answer 38

Gathered using standardised recording procedures from police forces in England and Wales and the British Transport police

Question 39

Explain the strengths and limitations of PRS

Answer 39

+ Large Sample + Tracks Demographic trends - Dark Figure of Crime - Fear of reporting crime

Question 40

Explain Victim Surveys

Answer 40

Asking people whether they have been the victim of a crime

Question 41

Explain the strengths and limitations of Victim Surveys

Answer 41

+ Reveals Dark Figure of Crime + Large Sample - Relies on accuracy of victim memory - Low response rates

Question 42

Explain Self Report Studies

Answer 42

- Asking people to report on their own acts of crime or deviance

Question 43

explain the strengths and limitations of Self Report Studies

Answer 43

+ uncovers more of the dark figure of crime