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SOCIOLOGY: Crime and deviance > Crime and Deviance: Functionalist, Strain and subcultural theories > Flashcards

Crime and Deviance: Functionalist, Strain and subcultural theories Flashcards

1
Q

Value consensus

A

Common set of beliefs in society

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2
Q

Culture

A

Customs/ideas of particular groups

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3
Q

Socialisation

A

Socialising into norms

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4
Q

Social control

A

Control behaviour through rewards/sanctions

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5
Q

Why is crime found in all societies?

A

Inequal socialisation and diversity of lifestyle, subcultures

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6
Q

Why are modern societies experiencing crime?

A

Anomie - Lack in social standards, rules losing influence, wider division of labour

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7
Q

Two positive crime functions

A

Boundary maintenance, Adaptation and change

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8
Q

Define Boundary maintenance

A

Crime produces reactions, social solidarity through stigmatising criminals

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9
Q

Define Adaptation and change

A

Deviance from new ideas that challenge laws, stopping these halts society

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10
Q

Davis Prostitution function

A

Prostitution releases male frustration without harming family

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11
Q

Polsky Pornography function

A

Pornography channels away from Adultery that harms family

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12
Q

A.K. Cohen Institution function

A

Shows when institutions are underperforming i.e Truancy

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13
Q

Erikson police sustaining and teenage oats function

A

Police sustain crime rather than getting rid, ‘sowing their wild oats’ to cope with adolescence

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14
Q

Why is Functionalism useful for Crime and Deviance?

A

Deviance is integral and has hidden functions

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15
Q

3 criticisms of Functionalism (Amount, micro-approach and Isolation)

A

Durkheim provides no amount of how much crime is needed
Ignores the micro-approach of individuals
May cause isolation i.e. Women being attacked

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16
Q

How do people engage in deviance?

A

Unable to achieve socially approved legitimate goals

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17
Q

Structural factors

A

Societies unequal opportunity structure

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18
Q

Cultural factors

A

Emphasis on success and weaker emphasis on legitimate means

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18
Q

What two factors cause strain for individuals according to Merton?

A

The goals a culture needs to succeed
What the structure allows legitimately

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19
Q

How do Americans pursue goals?

A

Legitimate means: self-discipline etc.

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20
Q

What factors prevent pursuing goals?

A

Poverty, discrimination and schooling

21
Q

Strain to anomie

A

Lack of money success = frustration = illegitimate success

22
Q

Why is there pressure to deviate in America?

A

Emphasis to win the game rather than playing by rules

23
Q

Conformity

A

Accepting approved goals legitimately, MC

24
Q

Innovation

A

Accept money success illegitimately, Lower-MC

25
Q

Ritualism

A

Giving up but following rules for own sake

26
Q

Retreatism

A

Rejection goals and legitimacy i.e. Psychotics

27
Q

Rebellion

A

Rejecting goals, replacing with revolutionary change i.e. Hippies and Radicalism

28
Q

Two crime patterns Merton defines

A

American crime is utilitarian property based
Lower class crime is higher due to illegitimate means

29
Q

5 criticisms of Merton (Over-representing, Ruling class, Money consensus, Utilitarian, Groups)

A

Over-represents WC crime
Ignores ruling class creating laws that forces deviance
Assumes everyone shares money consensus
Focuses on only utilitarian crimes
Ignores group deliquency

30
Q

Subculture

A

Cultural group with specific values

31
Q

What do subcultures offer to members?

A

Alt opportunity structure to those denied legitimate success

32
Q

How are subcultures functional to members?

A

A solution to societies problems

33
Q

Cohen: WC crime phenomenon

A

Results from inability to achieve mainstream success legitimately

34
Q

Cohens criticisms of Merton

A

Ignores deviance by groups
Focuses on utilitarian crime only

35
Q

Why do WC boys experience anomie?

A

Middle class school, suffer cultural deprivation which leads to frustration and rejection MC values

36
Q

Values of subcultures and comparison to societies values

A

Hostile and contempt, inverted to societies values

37
Q

How does subculture offer alternative status hierarchies?

A

Creation of own illegitimate opportunity which they can gain status through

38
Q

Criticism of Cohen (Initial ideas)

A

Assumes all WC boys share initial ideas with MC boys
Not all see themselves as failures.

39
Q

Criminal subcultures

A

‘Apprentice’ in a crime career, forms in crime subcultures were youths learn from adult crime hierarchy

40
Q

Conflict subcultures

A

High population turnover leads to social disorganisation and prevents crime networks. Illegitimate gangs using violence to release tension created

41
Q

Retreatist subcultures

A

Double failures fail illegitimately and legitimately turn to illegal drug use to retreat from the system

42
Q

Cultural transmission theory

A

Criminal tradition is transmitted gen to gen

43
Q

Differential association theory

A

Deviance is behaviour learned through social interaction

44
Q

Social disorganisation theory

A

Product of social disorganisation, population turnover and migration leads to instability and disruption. They fail to control people

45
Q

Evaluation of Cloward and Ohlin (Wealthy, power, drug trade mixture, reactive, independent, behaviour in subcultures)

A

They ignore crimes by the wealthy

They ignore power structures created by law enforcers

Drug trade is a mix of disorganised crime and conflict in which subcultures cannot mix

Assumes everyone has the mainstream goal

Independent subculture -
Does not value success and doesnt view themselves as failures

Delinquents drift in/out of subcultures and are not strong committed.

46
Q

What 3 goals may young people pursue?

A

Popularity
Autonomy
Treated like adults or real men

47
Q

Why may middle class youths be delinquent?

A

Fail to achieve popularity, autonomy or adult respect

48
Q

Messner and Rosenfelds anomie theory (Winner takes it all, economic goals value, free-market capitalism and welfare spend)

A

The winner takes it all mindset exerts pressure to be criminal by encouraging an anomic cultural environment in which people are encouraged ‘anything goes.’

Economic goals are valued the most and impacts institutions such as schools

Free-market capitalism and lack of welfare spend means crime will always exist in places such as the USA.

49
Q

Downes and Hansen evidence towards Messner and Rosenfeld about welfare spend?

A

Societies that have more welfare spend have less imprisonment

50
Q

Savelsburg: Rise in crime during post-communist society

A

Capitalist goals of having money success in 1990’s replaced communist values

SOCIOLOGY: Crime and deviance (9 decks)

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