CRIME AND DEVIANCE TOPIC 8: GLOBALISATION, GREEN CRIME, HUMAN RIGHTS AND STATE CRIME Flashcards
(72 cards)
what is globalisation?
-The widening, deepening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of life from cultural to the criminal, the financial to the spiritual.
types of crimes:
- Money laundry: making dirty money clean through shell businesses (capital is London)
- Drug growth and use
- Sexploitation, grooming, etc
- Cyber terrorism (global terrorism through internet)
- Human trafficking
what are some causes of globalisation?
- global mass media
- new technology
- easier movement of businesses
- cheap air travel
-deregulation of financial and other markets
according to HELD, what causes the spread of transnational organised crime?
-globalisation created new opportunities for crime through offences and means
-> increasing connectedness across national borders has led to new offences, such as cyber crime
according to CASTELLS, what is the value of the global criminal economy?
-argues that there is a global crime economy which is worth £1 trillion per annum.
Global crimes:
-These all contribute to the global crime economy:
->human trafficking for women and children, often liked to prostitution or slavery. 1/2 million people trafficked to Western Europe annually.
->the drugs trade £300-400 billion annually at street prices.
->smuggling of illegal immigrants e.g the Chinese Triads make and estimated 2.5 billion annually.
->Sex tourism: westerners travel to Third World countries for sex, sometimes involving minors.
Which countries make up the demand side of the global economy?
The rich west have a high scale of transnational crime.
Use an example to highlight how the supply side of global crime is linked to the globalisation process.
Third world drug producing countries such as Columbia is where crime is an attractive opportunity that offers little investment in technology and commands high prices.
use an example to explain what is meant by ‘risk consciousness’.
-there is a greater awareness/ fear of the negative consequences of globalisation e.g. in western countries they associate crime with immigration
what is the role of the media in creating fears?
-to create a moral panic as global risk consciousness is heightened by the media
what has been the result of risk consciousness of immigration in the UK and Europe?
-resulted in changes of law in order to deal w/ perceived risks
-border controls have been tightened+prosecutions toughened
-immigrants can be held indefinitely in detention centres
according to TAYLOR
(NEO-MARXIST) how has globalisation led to greater inequality on a global scale?
-creates crime at both ends of the socioeconomic spectrum
-the rich exploit, the poor commit crime for survival
how does globalisation changes patterns of work?
-TNCs can now switch manufacturing to low-wage countries to gain higher profits & creates poor working conditions abroad
=producing job insecurity, unemployment & poverty in western countries e.g. UK
->deregulation means governments have little control over their own economies and state spending on welfare has declined
what is the impact of marketisation on lifestyles?
-globalised society has encourages people to value consumerism and individualism so social cohesion is undermined
how do marxists argue that globalisation has caused rising crime for the poor ?
- the poor= greater insecurity encourages people to turn to crime (lucrative drugs trade)
how do marxists argue that globalisation has caused rising crime for the elite groups?
- for the elite, globalisation creates large-scale criminal opportunities for insider trading and tax evasion
how does globalisation create opportunities for the elite?
- powerful people use cyber networks to commit financial crimes (cyber crime)
-global business networks abuse deregulation of paying low wages and neglecting health & safety standards
what are criticism of the marxist approach (TAYLOR) on globalisation and crime?
- not all poor people turn to a life of crime
-Taylor’s theory doesn’t take into account individual meanings behind actions.
how do Rothe and Friedrichs argue that the international monetary fund (IMF) commits ‘crimes of globalisation’
- by imposing pro-capitalist ‘structural adjustment programmes’ on poor countries
- requiring them to cut public spending
- causing unemployment
according to CAIN, how do IMF and World Bank cause widespread social harms?
-by western corporations expanding into countries= creates countries for crime by cutting of welfare
according to HOBBS & DUNNINGHAM, how is crime organised in regards to globalisation?
- economic changes have brought about new crime opportunities which involve networking with ppl globally
according to HOBBS & DUNNINGHAM, what is a glocal system?
- global criminal economies begin to trade in local areas
- new types of gang structures have emerged to facilitate new global markets, particularly w/ international drug deals
- involves individuals acting as a ‘hub’; a loose-knit network forms
according to GLENNY, what is the McMafia?
-criminal organisation in Eastern Europe e.g. Russia= an illustrative example of the social, cultural and political changes since the fall of communism.
= many ex-KGB have morphed into criminal gangs with global connections.
how did the collapse of communism enable the russian ‘oligarchs’ to emerge?
-disorder due to deregulation of financial markets
-low price of resources like coal, steel and mineral in russia were bought up by corrupt officials
= sold them on western markets, making billions in profits.
= protection from disorder= the russian gov. turned to new mafia
- they were vital for the entry of the new Russian capitalist class= oligarchs into the world economy
