Crime and Punishment Glossary Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
18th and 19th Century
A
The period covering the 1700s and the 1800s
2
Q
Abolition
A
The ending, banning or getting rid of something
3
Q
Agree
A
To have the same opinion as someone or something
4
Q
Anglo-Saxon
A
The people of England before the Norman times; the Anglo-Saxons ruled England until 1066
5
Q
Anti-social behaviour
A
Causing a nuisance or distress to people outside your home
6
Q
Benefit of the clergy
A
A rule that said that the clergy (priests) would not be put on trial in the ordinary courts, but in church courts instead, which were often more leniant.
7
Q
Bloody Code
A
The name given to laws introduced in the 1700s that massively increased the types of crime punishable by death
8
Q
Bow Street Runners
A
The first semi-official police force, introduced by the Field brothers
9
Q
Capital punishment
A
The death penalty, or execution
10
Q
Car crime
A
Crimes related to cars and driving, eg speeding, car theft etc
11
Q
Century
A
A period of 100 years
12
Q
Change
A
Something that is different from before
13
Q
Change over time
A
Something that becomes different as time passes
14
Q
Chronology
A
Time or time order, arranging things in the order they happened.
15
Q
CID
A
The Criminal Investigation Department: a branch of the police first set up 1878 that involves plainclothes detectives investigating crimes.
16
Q
Clergy
A
A name for priests
17
Q
Compare
A
To look at two different things - sources, features, events - and see what is similar (or different) about them.
18
Q
Compensation
A
When you receive money for something you have lost or has been damaged (eg property, an injury, death of a family member)
19
Q
Confession
A
When someone admits to committing a crime (this can sometimes be after torture or threats)
20
Q
Conscientious Objectors
A
People who refused to fight in wars, eg World War One, because they believed in peace.
21
Q
Continuity
A
Where things stay the same, or very similar, over time.
22
Q
Contrast
A
To look for the differences between two or more things.
23
Q
Conviction
A
When a defendant in a trial is found guilty, they are convicted or given a conviction.
24
Q
Corporal punishment
A
Physcial types of punishment, eg whipping
25
Counter-terrorism
Prevention terrorism and terrorist groups
26
County Court
A court that deals with less serious offences, not crimes
27
Crime prevention
Stopping crime before it happens
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Crimes against authority
A crime involving going against the king or the nobles or other forms of authority
29
Crimes against property
A crime involving someone's property, eg stealing an object or burning down a house
30
Crimes against the person
A crime involving violence against someone, eg assault or murder
31
Custodial sentences
A sentence of prison
32
Demobbed from the army
When soldiers return from war and leave the army.
33
Derek Bentley
Sentenced to death for murdering a policeman even though he did not pull the trigger of the murder weapon
34
Deterrent
Something that makes you not want to do something, eg not want to commit a crime
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Difference
Not the same as something else
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Disagree
To have a different opinion from someone else
37
DNA
The genetic code in human cells; individual people can be identified using DNA left in tiny human cells left at crime scenes
38
Driving offences
An offence committed as a driver of a car, eg not having insurance or speeding
39
Drug crime
A crime involving illegal drugs (using them or buying/selling them)
40
Early Modern
The period 1500-1700
41
Elizabeth Fry
A campaigner for improving the very bad prison conditions in the first half of the 1800s
42
Era
A distinct period of time
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Execution
An official, legal killing of someone for committing a serious crime
44
Extent of change
How much change happened
45
Factor for change
A reason for, or one cause of, change
46
Fielding brothers
Magistrates (brothers Henry and John) who set up the Bow Street Runners
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Fine
Money paid as a punishment for a crime
48
Forest laws
Laws introduced by the Normans to reserve large areas for the king to go hunting; ordinary people could not collect wood or hunt animals in the forest
49
Forgery
Copying something and pretending it is the real thing, eg forging coins to make fake money
50
Fraud
A type of crime where someone deceives another person to take advantage (usually financial) of them
51
Gangs
A group of people, often a criminal group
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Gentlemen of the road
A nickname given to describe highwaymen
53
Government
The group of people who have the authority to rule over a country
54
Gunpowder Plot
A plot (secret plan) to blow up Parliament and King James I in 1605; the plotters were Catholics unhappy with how their religion was treated.
55
Guy Fawkes
A key member of the Gunpowder Plot, he placed the gunpowder underneath Parliament and was arrested, tortured and executed.
56
Heresy
A religious crime, where you do not believe in the official form or religion
57
Highway robbery
A crime where highwaymen would stop carriages on their journey between towns, to demand money or valuables from the travellers
58
Hue and cry
The system were the inhabitants of a village in the Middle Ages would call out for help to catch a criminal
59
Hung, drawn and quartered
A rare punishment usually given to a traitor, where they were sentenced to death by hanging, then cut down alive and cut into pieces.
60
Identify theft
A crime where someone takes on someone else's identity and pretends to be them to steal money
61
Importance
Being important
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Individuals
Individual people, a single person
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Influence of the Church
The power that the Church had in government and over society, especially in the Middle Ages
64
John Howard
A prison reformer in the late 1700s who campaigned for better treatment of prisoners, and argued for giving prisoners time alone to reflect
65
Jury
A group of 12 people (men only until 1919) who heard serious court cases and decided if someone was guilty or not guilty of a crime
66
Justice
The idea of creating fairness, and punishing people who commit crimes and breaking the rules of society
67
King Henry II
King of England from 1154 to 1189.
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King Henry VIII
The second Tudor monarch, King of England 1509-1547.
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King James I
King of England from 1603-1625
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King William I
Known as William the Conqueror, who successfully invaded England in 1066, defeating King Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings, and King of England 1066-1087.
71
Law enforcement
Making sure the law is followed, by using police and
72
Let him have it!
The phrase supposedly spoken by Derek Bentley just before Christopher Craig shot a policeman, and which led to his sentence to death for murder.
73
Martyr
A person who willingly suffers death rather than deny their religion.
74
Matthew Hopkins
Known as the 'Witchfinder General' he was responsible for the execution of up to 300 women he called witches
75
Media
How we communicate and reach other people. For example, newspapers, radio, internet etc.
76
Medieval period
The period c1000-c1500
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Metropolitan police founded
The starting of the first official police force in England, the Metropolitan Police in 1829, to police London
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Milestone
An important and significant event, often representing a great moment of change
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Modern Era
The period from 1900 to the present day
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Monarchy
The system of having a monarch in charge
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Mugging
Attacking and robbing someone in a public place
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Murder in the Cathedral
The killing of Archbishop Thomas Becket in 1170
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Neighbourhood watch
A system where neighbours in a local area keep an eye out for suspicious behaviour to report to the police, and also to deter crime
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Night watchmen
A group of men who would patrol a town at night to keep it safe and peaceful
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Non-custodial sentences
A sentence given by a judge that does not involve prison
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Norman
Someone from Normandy, the Normans ruled England from 1066
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Open prisons
A type of prison used in the 20th century where prisoners had a lot of freedom, used for low-risk criminals
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Orphans
Children who no longer had parents and were looked after by other people, often in orphanages
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Parish constable
A local person from the community who was responsible for keeping law and order in the parish, or village
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Penal reform
Making changes to improve the penal (prison) system
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Pentonville Prison
A prison in London built in 1816 known as the first modern prison in Britain, which kept prisoners using the separate system
92
Petty crime
Smaller, less important or less serious types of crime, like stealing a very small amount
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Pickpocket
Someone who steals someone's purse or wallet without the victim noticing
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Pillory
A form of public punishment where a criminal would put their head and hands through a wooden frame
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Poaching
Hunting animals on someone else's land without permission
96
Police force
An official and professional group of people responsible for enforcing law and order
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Police beat
A police officer would have a 'beat' which was the route that they patrolled
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Police dogs (bloodhounds)
Bloodhounds are used by police for their sense of smell, which can help police hunt criminals hours or even days after the crime
99
Population growth
The increase in population, the increasing number of people living in the country
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Present day
The increase in population, the increasing number of people living in the country
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Prevention
Stopping something from happening before it happens
102
Prison
A place where people are held securely, either before trial or as a punishment
103
Public execution
An execution held in front of a large crowd
104
Queen Mary I (Tudor)
Queen of England 1553-1558, who changed England back to a Catholic country and made being Protestant a crime
105
Race crime
A crime committed against someone due to their race or skin colour
106
Reform
To make something better, improve it
107
Rehabilitation
Making a criminal become a better person and bringing them back into society as a good citizen
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Retribution
To get revenge for something by using a punishment to cause suffering
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Robbery
Stealing something from someone or from a property using force, or the threat of force
110
Role of the Church
The influence of the Church and priests over people's lives, morals and how crimes were defined and punished
111
Sanctuary
Going to a church and claiming sanctuary meant that you could not be arrested for 40 days
112
Science and new technology
In the Industrial Age and Modern Period this became more important in new techniques for solving crime
113
Scotland Yard
The headquarters of the Metropolitan Police in London
114
Separate system
The policy of keeping prisoners separate from anybody else for most of, or all of, the day
115
Sheriff
The person responsible for law and order in a county or shire
116
Significance
Importance
117
Similarity
Something that is nearly the same, or the same in a particular way, as something else
118
Sir Robert Peel
The Home Secretary who founded the Metropolitan Police in 1829
119
Smuggling
Bringing goods into the country illegally (either banned items, or to avoid paying tax)
120
Social attitudes
The opinion of the public about certain things
121
Specialisation of Police
The formation of the police into divisions with particular jobs or expertise, eg detectives, scenes-of-crimes officers, etc
122
Stealing
To take a possession from someone else without their permission
123
Stocks
A form of public punishment where a criminal would put their feet through a wooden frame
124
Supersition
A belief in the supernatural, based on belief in things like magic or luck rather than science
125
Taser
A late 20th century police weapon designed to shock a threatening suspect so that they can be overpowered and arrested
126
Theft
The action or crime of stealing
127
Thief-takers
A private person who would hunt down a criminal in return for a reward
128
Thomas Beckett
The Archbishop of Canterbury who was murdered in 1170 by knights of King Henry II
129
Time period
A group of years defined in a certain way, like a century (100 years) or the Modern Era (1900 onwards)
130
Tithings
A group of 10 men above the age of 12 who were responsible for policing themselves in the Medieval Period
131
Tolpuddle Martyrs
A group of poor workers who were punished for organising a union to fight for better pay, sentenced to transportation to Australia
132
Torture
A way of extracting information from someone, or getting them to confess to a crime, by causing suffering, eg using thumbscrews, the rack
133
Town watchman
A group of men who would patrol a time or guard the town gates, usually at night, to keep it safe
134
Trial by jury
A trial decided by a jury of 12 ordinary people, who hear the evidence and decide if the defendant is guilty or not guilty of a crime
135
Transportation
Being sent to a colony outside of Britain as a punishment, for example sent to a prison camp in Australia
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Treason
The crime of going against the king, or betraying your country; seen in the Medieval era as the worst type of crime
137
Trial by combat
A trial where guilt is determined by who wins a fight, such as a sword fight
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Trial by ordeal
A trial where guilt is determined by going through an ordeal, eg holding a hot iron - if it started to heal after a week, you were not guilty; if it didn't, you were guilty
139
Turning point
An event or moment in history that led to certain important changes
140
Two-way radio
A radio used by police so that officers on the street can communicate with headquarters and with each other
141
Vagabond
Term describing a person without a home or a job in the Medieval and Early Modern period
142
Wergild
A fine paid to compensate someone (or their family) for causing injury or death
143
Whipping
A punishment involving getting attacked by a whip, that could cause bleeding and permanent scarring
144
Whistle
Used by police officers in the nineteenth century to attract attention or call for help
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Witchcraft
A kind of magic (supposedly practiced by women)
146
Witchfinder General
Mathew Hopkins
147
Young offenders
Someone who commits a crime or offence under the age of 18
148
Cockshafer
the prison treadmill a pointless activity to keep the prisoners busy.
