crime final

Question 1

Q: What is probation?

Answer 1

A sentence that allows a convicted offender to serve their sentence in the community under certain conditions, such as reporting to a probation officer, staying within a jurisdiction, and refraining from criminal behavior.

Question 2

Q: What are the mandatory conditions of probation?

Answer 2

• Remaining within a specific jurisdiction
• Reporting to a probation officer
• Keeping the peace
• Notifying authorities about changes of residence or employment
• Refraining from contact with criminal associates

Question 3

What are the optional conditions of probation?

Answer 3

Drug counseling
Avoiding contact with children
Community service
Reporting to probation officer

Question 4

What is a conditional sentence of imprisonment?

Answer 4

A sentence of imprisonment (less than 2 years) served in the community under both mandatory and optional conditions, such as house arrest, curfews, or treatment programs.

Question 5

What are the mandatory conditions of a conditional sentence?

Answer 5

Law-abiding behavior
Appearing in court when ordered
Staying within designated boundaries unless granted permission to leave
Informing the court or supervisor of changes in address or occupation

Question 6

What are some optional conditions for a conditional sentence?

Answer 6

Attending a treatment program
Providing support and care for dependents
Curfews
Medical and psychiatric treatment
Home confinement

Question 7

What is the concept of “net-widening” in conditional sentences?

Answer 7

“Net-widening” in conditional sentences refers to making the conditions for applying a rule or punishment broader, so more people or situations are affected than originally intended.

Question 8

What are intermediate sanctions?

Answer 8

Sanctions that increase control over offenders within the community, such as intensive supervision probation, home confinement, electronic monitoring, and restitution orders.

Question 9

What is intensive supervision probation (ISP)?

Answer 9

A form of probation with stricter, more frequent surveillance and control by probation officers, including random checks and graduated penalties for violations.

Question 10

What are the benefits of intermediate sanctions?

Answer 10

Lower costs, more control over offenders, and a fairer punishment option. It also aims to reduce prison overcrowding and discourage further offending.

Question 11

What are the criticisms of intermediate sanctions?

Answer 11

They may lead to increased incarceration and more punitive measures. Critics argue that they focus on punishment rather than addressing the root causes of crime.

Question 12

What is the penal harm movement?

Answer 12

A movement that believes the root causes of crime cannot be changed and that crime reduction can only be achieved through increased punishment, community control, and prison use.

Question 13

What are the four types of conditional release programs?

Answer 13

Full parole
Day parole
Statutory release
Temporary absences

Question 14

What is full parole?

Answer 14

A release that allows offenders to serve a portion of their sentence in the community after serving one-third of their sentence or at least 7 years, under supervision similar to probation.

Question 15

What is day parole?

Answer 15

A short-term conditional release (up to four months) that allows an offender to serve part of their sentence in the community, typically granted six months before full parole eligibility.

Question 16

What is statutory release?

Answer 16

Release granted to federal offenders after serving two-thirds of their sentence, even if they haven’t been granted parole, with supervision similar to parole.

Question 17

What is the purpose of temporary absences?

Answer 17

Temporary absences allow offenders to leave the institution for reasons like medical, compassionate, or family/community contact. They can be escorted or unescorted.

Question 18

Are conditional release programs effective in reducing recidivism?

Answer 18

Effectiveness is debated. Recidivism is often measured by technical violations and new offenses, with mixed results on the success of reducing repeat offenses.

Question 19

What factors do judges consider when determining eligibility for probation?

Answer 19

Judges consider the severity of the crime, the offender’s criminal history, and whether the offender is deemed a threat to society.

Question 20

What is the impact of Martinson’s 1974 report “Nothing Works”?

Answer 20

It claimed that rehabilitative programs had little impact on reducing recidivism, leading to skepticism about prison reform, although later clarifications suggested some programs do work.

Question 21

What is the maximum length of probation for adults in Canada?

Answer 21

The maximum length of probation for adults is typically 3 years.

Question 22

How does probation differ from conditional sentences?

Answer 22

Probation is a community-based sentence where offenders serve their sentence under supervision without incarceration, while conditional sentences involve serving a portion of a prison sentence in the community under both mandatory and optional conditions.

Question 23

What is the significance of the Martinson Report (1974)?

Answer 23

The report claimed that most rehabilitative efforts in prison had little impact on reducing recidivism, leading to a decline in support for rehabilitation-focused programs. It significantly influenced corrections policy.

Question 24

How did Martinson’s 1974 findings change in 1979?

Answer 24

In 1979, Martinson revised his position, acknowledging that some treatment programs could indeed reduce recidivism and that not all rehabilitative efforts were ineffective.

Question 25

What is "technical violation" in the context of conditional release programs?

Answer 25

A technical violation refers to an offender's failure to comply with the conditions of their parole or probation, such as missing scheduled meetings or violating curfew, even if no new crime was committed.

Question 26

What is the purpose of electronic monitoring in intermediate sanctions?

Answer 26

Electronic monitoring ensures that offenders adhere to home confinement conditions by tracking their location, helping to detect violations like breaking curfew or leaving the designated area.

Question 27

What is the role of the Canadian Sentencing Commission in community release?

Answer 27

In 1987, the Canadian Sentencing Commission recommended eliminating parole, though this suggestion was not implemented. This highlighted debates over parole and community-based sanctions.

Question 28

What is "recidivism" and why is it important in evaluating conditional release programs?

Answer 28

Recidivism refers to an offender's relapse into criminal behavior. It is a key measure in evaluating the success of conditional release programs, as lower recidivism rates indicate better program effectiveness.

Question 29

What is "restorative justice," and how does it relate to intermediate sanctions?

Answer 29

Restorative justice focuses on repairing harm caused by crime and involves offenders in making amends. It can be a part of intermediate sanctions, such as community service or restitution orders, where offenders take responsibility for their actions.

Question 30

What is the impact of conditional sentences on prison overcrowding?

Answer 30

Conditional sentences aim to reduce prison overcrowding by allowing offenders to serve their sentences in the community, although studies suggest they may not significantly reduce the overall number of incarcerations.

Question 31

When was the correctional system established in Canada, and what was its first facility?

Answer 31

The correctional system in Canada was established in the early 1800s. The first facility was Kingston Penitentiary in Ontario.

Question 32

What were the key changes in European prisons during the 17th and 18th centuries?

Answer 32

Three key changes: 1. Punishment shifted from physical to mental. 2. It became illegal to imprison someone without conviction. 3. The Enlightenment period influenced reform.

Question 33

Who were Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham, and what were their contributions to prison reform?

Answer 33

Cesare Beccaria was critical of Italy's criminal justice system and advocated for swift, just punishments. Jeremy Bentham proposed the "hedonistic calculus," believing people act to maximize pleasure and avoid pain, and designed the Panopticon (a model for prisons) based on surveillance.

Question 34

What is the Pennsylvania System of imprisonment?

Answer 34

The Pennsylvania System involved isolating inmates in small cells, encouraging reflection, reading the Bible, and repentance. It emphasized solitary confinement.

Question 35

What is the Auburn System, and how does it differ from the Pennsylvania System?

Answer 35

The Auburn System, based in New York, allowed inmates to work side by side during the day without talking and congregate during meals, but they were locked in their cells at night. This system was more focused on hard work than solitary reflection.

Question 36

What were some key developments in Canadian corrections during the 20th century?

Answer 36

Key developments included the introduction of parole, training for correctional officials, inmate classification, the "policy of normalization," and education/vocational programs, despite continued harsh conditions.

Question 37

What is the “medical model of corrections,” and how was it implemented in Canada?

Answer 37

The medical model aimed to "cure" inmates using psychiatric solutions. It emerged in 1935 but faced challenges, as harsh conditions persisted, and numerous riots occurred between 1932 and 1937.

Question 38

What is the significance of the "Creating Choices" report for women’s prisons in Canada?

Answer 38

The 1990 "Creating Choices" report advocated for empowering female inmates, offering them meaningful choices, dignity, supportive environments, and shared responsibilities, following harsh conditions in earlier facilities.

Question 39

What are Healing Lodges, and how do they relate to Indigenous corrections in Canada?

Answer 39

Healing Lodges incorporate Indigenous traditions and beliefs, offering services and programs based on holistic principles. The 1991 Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples led to their establishment, such as the Okimaw Ohci Healing Lodge in Saskatchewan.

Question 40

What are the three main correctional models in Canada?

Answer 40

Custodial Model: Focuses on incapacitation and deterrence. Rehabilitation Model: Emphasizes individualized treatment and well-being. Reintegration Model: Focuses on preparing inmates for reintegration into society by addressing their risks and needs.

Question 41

What is the role of correctional institutions in Canadian society?

Answer 41

What is the role of correctional institutions in Canadian society?

Question 42

What are the three levels of security in Canadian correctional facilities?

Answer 42

Maximum Security: High risk of escape and harm to the community. Medium Security: Risk of escape but less likely to cause harm. Minimum Security: Low risk of escape and minimal threat to community.

Question 43

What characteristics define a maximum-security prison in Canada?

Answer 43

Features include high fences or walls, guard towers, intrusion detection systems, and strict movement protocols. Inmates typically have limited access to programs.

Question 44

How do medium-security prisons differ from maximum-security prisons?

Answer 44

Medium-security prisons have chain-link fences and barbed wire, provide more freedom of movement, and offer educational and treatment programs.

Question 45

What are the characteristics of minimum-security prisons in Canada?

Answer 45

These prisons have no fences or walls, relaxed security, minimal guards, and inmates can mingle freely. There are no prison clothes, and the environment is less restrictive.

Question 46

What are "first generation" correctional facilities, and what are their characteristics?

Answer 46

These facilities feature long, linear cell blocks with "intermittent supervision," where officers walk the halls, resulting in minimal contact and surveillance.

Question 47

What defines "second generation" correctional facilities?

Answer 47

Second generation facilities, built in the 1960s, feature constant supervision through control booths and "indirect supervision" where staff observe inmates from a distance.

Question 48

What are "new-generation" correctional facilities, and how did they differ from older models?

Answer 48

New-generation facilities, developed in the 1960s-1970s, emphasize contact between staff and inmates. They have podular designs, with 12-24 cells arranged around common areas, reducing violence and escapes.

Question 49

What are Goffman's (1961) characteristics of total institutions?

Answer 49

Inmates in total institutions live under strict supervision, share spaces with others, follow tightly scheduled routines, and the system is organized around correctional or treatment goals.

Question 50

What is "prisonization," and how does it affect inmates?

Answer 50

Prisonization refers to the process by which inmates adopt the norms, values, and behaviors of the inmate subculture, which can create difficulties when reintegrating into society.

Question 51

According to Sykes (1958), what are the "pains of imprisonment"?

Answer 51

The "pains" include loss of liberty, deprivation of goods and services, loss of heterosexual relationships, deprivation of autonomy, and insecurity.

Question 52

What is the "prison code," according to Sykes (1958)?

Answer 52

The prison code includes norms like: Don't betray other inmates. Don’t show emotions. Don’t exploit other inmates. Be tough and maintain dignity. Don't support the authorities over fellow inmates.

Question 53

What is the "importation model" of inmate society?

Answer 53

The importation model suggests that inmate society is shaped by the external attributes inmates bring with them, such as their backgrounds and experiences, rather than being created solely by the prison environment.

Question 54

How common is prison violence in Canada, and what is the trend?

Answer 54

Major assaults are increasing, but the exact number of incidents is unknown. From 1995 to 1998, there were 144 major assaults in Canadian prisons.

Question 55

What is the leading cause of unnatural death in Canadian prisons?

Answer 55

Suicide is the leading cause, accounting for about 20% of all deaths in custody per year from 1998-2008. The suicide rate for incarcerated individuals is 70 per 100,000, compared to the national average of 10.2 per 100,000.

Question 56

What is the role of the Office of the Correctional Investigator?

Answer 56

Established in 1973, it investigates offender rights, fair treatment, and prison conditions, particularly in response to prison riots at Kingston and Millhaven. It has the power to investigate a broad range of issues.

Question 57

Q: What is the foundation of the reintegration approach in Canada?

Answer 57

A: The reintegration approach is based on rehabilitation, aiming to prepare inmates for reintegration into society by addressing predictors of recidivism and maximizing the use of alternative sanctions.

Question 58

Q: What are the two key assumptions of the reintegration approach in Canada?

Answer 58

Only the most serious offenders should be incarcerated in the federal system. The use of alternative sanctions should be maximized.

Question 59

Q: What are the key predictors of recidivism in offenders?

Answer 59

Antisocial/procriminal attitudes, values, beliefs, and emotional states. Procriminal associates and isolation from anti-criminal individuals. Antisocial personality traits such as low self-control, impulsiveness, and risk-taking

Question 60

Q: What is the focus of the theory of risk assessment?

Answer 60

A: The theory focuses on how individual and social/situational factors combine to create conditions that facilitate criminal behavior, including values, cognitions, and personality contexts.

Question 61

Q: What are the three key principles of risk assessment?

Answer 61

Risk Need Responsivity

Question 62

Q: What does "risk" in risk assessment refer to?

Answer 62

A: Risk refers to the need for treatment and supervision to be proportional to the offender's risk level. Higher-risk offenders require more intensive programming.

Question 63

Q: What is the difference between static and dynamic factors in risk assessment?

Answer 63

Static factors are fixed and cannot change, like prior criminal records. Dynamic factors are changeable, such as education, occupational skills, and interpersonal relationships.

Question 64

Q: What are criminogenic needs in the context of reintegration?

Answer 64

A: Criminogenic needs are factors that contribute to criminal behavior and should be targeted in programming to promote change. These include antisocial attitudes, peer associations, and lack of self-control.

Question 65

Q: What does the principle of "responsivity" in risk assessment refer to?

Answer 65

A: Responsivity refers to selecting appropriate targets for change and matching the style of service to the offender's personality, motivation, and demographic characteristics.

Question 66

Q: What is "conditional release" in the context of Canadian corrections?

Answer 66

A: Conditional release allows inmates to be released from prison before completing their full sentence, often with supervision, and is considered more cost-effective and less disruptive to family relationships than incarceration.

Question 67

Q: Why is community supervision preferred over incarceration in Canada?

Answer 67

A: Community supervision is less expensive, helps maintain societal connections, and generally leads to lower recidivism rates, as it provides support and reduces the negative effects of prison.

Question 68

Q: What factors are considered in conditional release decisions in Canada?

Answer 68

Behavioral history Immediate situation Mental and emotional outlook Pro-criminal social supports Personal factors (e.g., self-regulation, impulsivity)

Question 69

Q: What is the difference between "rehabilitation" and "prisoner reentry"?

Answer 69

Rehabilitation focuses on changing criminal behavior while incarcerated. Prisoner reentry involves preparing ex-offenders to safely return to society and live as law-abiding citizens

Question 70

Q: What is desistance in the context of community reintegration?

Answer 70

A: Desistance refers to the process by which individuals stop engaging in criminal behavior, often facilitated by strong social bonds, stable employment, and healthy personal relationships.