Crime prevention & control Flashcards
(5 cards)
Right Realism - Wilson & Kelling (1982)
E - Wilson & Kelling developed Broken Window thesis suggesting that addressing minor signs of disorder prevents major crime.
E - Visual disorder creates an environment where crime flourishes so maintaining so maintaining social order is essential for crime prevention. Ensuring in fractions are punished individuals discouraged from engaging in more criminal behavior.
E - Chaiken et al (1974) argues this leads to displacement, meaning crime is relocated rather than reduced.
Functionalists - Durkheim (1895)
E - Durkheim suggests punishment serves as a mean of boundary maintenance reinforcing collective conscience e.g. mass incarceration.
E - Punishment both retributive function and a deterrent function. Society reinforces acceptable behavior and reinforces social cohesion.
E - Garland (2001) argues mass incarceration has become a form of social cohesion rather than a deterrent regretting ethnic minorities.
Left Realism - Lea & Young (1984)
E - Lea and Young suggest crime arises from relative deep and marginalisation - Perry Pre School Project in US provided high quality early edu to kids from disadvantaged backgrounds.
E - Crime stems from economic and social marginalisation. Individuals seek illegitimate means of achieving success - crime can be reduced through social inclusion.
E - Murray (1990) social crime prevention strategies create dependency on welfare state rather than addressing individual responsibility.
Surveillance & self regulation - Foucault (1977)
E - Foucault argues disciplinary power ha replaced physical punishment, leading to self surveillance through institutions such as schools regulating own behaviour if beloved being watched.
E - Modern societies control crime through subtle forms of discipline not just through direct policing - evident in the increase of digital surveillance, individuals internalise norms and regulate own behaviour.
E - Goffman (1961) not all individuals conform to surveillance and resistance occurs.
Contemporary approaches - Freely & Simon (1994)
E - Freely & Simon argue actuarial justice predicts policing, where data analytics and algorithms assess likelihood of criminal activity PREVENT strategy.
E - Actuarial justice focuses on managing populations rather than rehabilitating individuals, identifying ‘high risk’ groups law enforcement can target resources more efficiency and prevent.
E - Young (1999) argue this approach leads to criminalisation of entire social groups reinforcing discrimination against ethnic minorities and WC communities.
