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IELTS > Crime, Tension&Stress in Society > Flashcards

Crime, Tension&Stress in Society Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Judge

A

A person appointed to make legal decisions in a court of law

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2
Q

Defendant

A

A person who is accused of doing sth illegal

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3
Q

Offender

A

A person who commits an offense against the law

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4
Q

defence/prosecution lawyer

A

The family hired a prominent defense lawyer.

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5
Q 
~ Trial lawyer 
~a civil lawyer
~corporate Lawyer
~government lawyer 
~bankruptcy lawyer
~divorce lawyer
~tax lawyer
A

He is a trial lawyer specializing in industrial injuries cases

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6
Q

consult/hire/appoint a lawyer

A

I will consult a lawyer for my immigration case

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7
Q

a lawyer defends/represents/sues sb/sth

A

A lawyer representing the firms said they would ask the court to disqualify the government’s witness.

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8
Q

Barrister

A

Argue a case in both higher and lower courts

Why the barrister should have betrayed his client is not clear.

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9
Q

Solicitor

A

Represent people in lower courts.

a firm of solicitors
You should lodge a copy of the letter with your solicitor.
Her will was drawn up by a solicitor and witnessed by two colleagues.

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10
Q

Lodge

A

To formally make a complaint to an official:
~To lodge a complaint/protest
~My lawyers advised me to lodge a formal complaint.

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11
Q

Law-abiding

A

S.O who obeys the law

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12
Q

Committed a serious crime

A

He was formally charged with the crime

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13
Q

To appear in court

A

The trial

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14
Q

To plead

A

To make an urgent request

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15
Q

To acquit

A

He was innocent and asked the court to acquit him

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16
Q

Parole

A

Probationعفو مشروط
~A life sentence without parole
~He was paroled after serving ten years.

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17
Q

To sentence s.o

A

The judge sentenced him to two years in prison

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18
Q

Overwhelming

A

very great or strong
~The evidence against him was so overwhelming
~An overwhelming majority voted in favor of the proposal.

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19
Q

Verdict/ حکم

A
  1. A decision by a jury as to whether someone is guilty after having heard the facts given at a trial:
    ~The jury reached/returned a verdict of not guilty after six hours of deliberation.
    ​~ The jury returned a guilty verdict.
  2. A verdict is also any judgment or opinion given after considering the facts of a situation:
    ~City planners think it’s a good idea to ban traffic from downtown streets, but the public’s verdict is that it’s a stupid idea.
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20
Q

Rehabilitate

A

Reform
The aim is to rehabilitate the prisoners so that they can lead productive lives when they are released.
That builder rehabilitates older housing which he then sells for a profit.

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21
Q

Misdeed

A

Misbehaviour, crime

After his release, he continued with his misdeed

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22
Q

Retribution

A

Punishment
~Severe retribution
~Cosiety’s retribution

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23
Q

custodial sentence

A

حکم زندانI

Instead of passing a custodial sentence, he fined him a lot of money and ordered him to do community service.

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24
Q

Lenient

A

not as severe or strong in punishment or judgment as would be expected:
Some felt that five years in prison was lenient, considering the suffering he had caused.

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25
leniency
The defense lawyer asked for leniency for her young client.
26
leniently
He said senior officials caught in ethical lapses were treated more leniently than junior employees.
27
Reinstatement
the act of bringing back something that was previously removed or stopped: The reinstatement of trading restrictions was condemned in the financial press.
28
Corporal punishment
Physical punishment Corporal punishment of any kind is rare. Corporal punishment, except for the gravest offences, is abolished.
29
Heinous crimes | Mutilation
جنایات فجیع قطع عضو Fines, corporal punishment, and in the case of heinous crimes, mutilation and death are their penalties.
30
Capital punishment
Capital punishment has been abolished in some countries, likewise torture, confiscation, corporal punishment.
31
Confiscation
مصادره To officially take private property away from someone, usually by legal authority: Customs agents confiscated her bags. Our investigation resulted in the confiscation of $227,000 in pirated material.
32
Abolish
To put an end to something, such as an organization, rule, or custom: Massachusetts voters abolished rent control. The government is planning to abolish subsidies to farmers.
33
Deterrent
Something that deters people from doing something: a nuclear deterrent ~Tougher prison sentences may act/serve as a deterrent to other would-be offenders. ~I should think the smell of her breath must act as a deterrent to any man.
34
Law-abiding citizens
Innocent citizens
35
Spell in prison
A period of time in prison | The threat of another spell in prison can be a suitable deterrent
36
To be released
Let loose on the street
37
To establish a more severe system of punishment
sakhtar
38
Repellent
زننده | The idea of beating or executing s.o is repellent
39
Deprived areas
Governmnts should spend taxpayer's money into supporting deprived areas which are the breeding grounds for crime.
40
To be called out
The policeofficer has been called out to deal with an incident
41
Restrain
1. To prevent I could hardly restrain my laughter. 2. To limit the growth or force of something Politicians are reluctant to restrain spending.
42
De-escalate
become less intense
43
incidence of crime
بروز جرم و جنایت an increased incidence of cancer near nuclear power stations There’s been an increased incidence of cancer in the area.
44
Reluctant
not willing to do something and therefore slow to do it: | I was having such a good time I was reluctant to leave.
45
Social misfit
A person who is not able to live or work happily with others
46
Violent thugs
اراذل و اوباش خشونت آمیز
47
Meagre
very small or not enough, negligible a meagre salary The prisoners existed on a meagre diet.
48
Wicked society
Corrupt society
49
Memoirs
a written record of a person’s knowledge of events or of a person's own experiences: She wrote a memoir about her years as a war correspondent. He’s writing his memoirs (= the story of his life).
50
Hardened criminal
having developed a way of dealing with bad experiences so that they no longer upset you : The judge called him a hardened criminal (= one who will not stop his criminal activity).
51
Cosseted
to give a lot of attention to making someone comfortable and to protecting them from anything unpleasant: Children sometimes need to be cosseted.
52
Cold-blooded
Cold-blooded prisoner
53
Ponder (about)
to consider something carefully for a long time: [ T ] She ponders the reaction she’ll receive. [ I ] The back porch is a quiet place where I can ponder.
54
To mowed down
to kill in large numbers
55
Villian
Adame sharoor
56
The wave of genocide/ ethnic-cleansing
Extremists have been held responsible for a wave of genocide in Poland
57
Dissidents
Refugees | Dissidents who have escaped Yemen asked for asylum in the us
58
Discrimination/ prejudice/ intimidation
Members of opposition have accused the government of racial discrimination.
59
Pestered
to behave in an annoying manner towards someone by doing or asking for something repeatedly: ~At the frontier, there were people pestering tourists for cigarettes, food, or alcohol. ~John has been pestering her to go out with him all month.
60
Demonstration
1. an event in which a group of people march or stand together to show that they disagree with or support something or someone: Students staged a protest demonstration in the school gym. 2. a way of expressing a feeling or quality: a demonstration of friendship 3. the act of showing someone how to do something or how something works: [ C ] Let me give you a demonstration of how the camera works.
61
Abolition He fought for the abolition of the death penalty in Britain. the abolition of slavery
the official ending of matches activity or custom ​ US history Abolition also means the official end to slavery in the US, which took place in 1863.
62
Abolition of capital punishment
it is contrary to basic human principles outlined in the UN
63
Squatter
a person who lives in an empty building or area of land without the permission of the owner Police evicted squatters
64
Diminish racial prejudice
In Some countries racial prejudice is acute(shadid)
65
Brute force
Very cruel | They had to use brute force to knock down the door.
66
Looting
the activity of stealing from shops during a violent event: | There were reports of widespread looting
67
Pillage/ غارت
To steal something from a place or a person by using violence, esp. during war: [ T ] Rioters pillaged and set fire to downtown buildings.
68
Despair
Disappointment Don’t despair – things will improve. He began to despair of ever finding a job.
69
Sheer
``` 1. Complete/ Extreme The sheer size of the engine makes it difficult to transport. Sheer horror 2. Steep a sheer mountain side a sheer drop of 100 metres 3. Thin sheer nylon tights She wore a dress of the sheerest silk. ```
70
Tedious
boring and tiring, esp. because long or often repeated: tedious work/tasks Learning a new computer program can be a tedious process.
71
Despise
to feel a strong dislike for someone or something that you think is bad or worthless: He adored his daughter, but despised his son.
72
Slum
a very poor and crowded area of a city: | She works with children in a rough New Jersey slum.
73
Well-directed effort
In a well-directed effort, it would not be impossible to fulfill the ideals of a stable program.
74
Genuine
Real
75
Contemplate
To look thoughtfully at | Before we can beging to contemplate peaceful co-existence between races, we must appreciate each other's problems.
76
Painstakingly
Carefully
77
Knowledge is the necessary prerequisite to wisdom
NIIIIce
78
Sap
To gradually weaken someone’s strength: | Depression can sap the energy and self-esteem from an individual.
79
Taking its toll
Causing suffering, harm or damage
80
Redundancies
Jobs which will stop existing
81
The world of work is rarely stress-free
There is fresh evidence of the impact that the tough economic climate is having on employees
82
Stress-related absence
A rise in employee absence caused by stress
83
Poor economic situation affecting the workplace
Job-for-life
84
Stress-related issues at work
The economic problems are mainly to blame
85
One cause of long-term workplace absence
Are concerns over job security

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