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Crime theorists Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Durkheim (functions of crime)

A

Crime is healthy for 3 reasons
–> Boundary maintenance = people know right from wrong
–> Safety valves –> Crimes such as prostitution let of steam
–> Warning device that signifies the need for change in society

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2
Q

Merton (Causes of crime)

A

Strain theory

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3
Q

Cohen (subculture theory)

A

Argues that w/c boys within the middle class setting of school suffer status frustration and therefore turn to alternative status hierarchy’s where deviant behaviour results in status.

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4
Q

Clowhard and Ohlin (subcultures)

A

Three reactions to failure in education
–> Criminal subcultures where a community of criminals thrive and there are role models.
–> Conflict subculture where high rate of social turnover leads to gang violence
–> Retreatist subcultures where ‘double failures’ who fail at school and crime turn to drink and rugs.

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5
Q

Box (laws)

A

The laws are written by the bourgeois and therefore reflect their interests this is known as ideological law making.

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6
Q

Chambliss

A

Selective law enforcement –> The crimes of the proleteriat are disproportionately prosecuted to the crimes of the bourgeois in order to control them.

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7
Q

Pearce

A

The caring face of capitalism –> Certain laws perpetuate false class consciousness by suggesting positives to the system such as health and safety laws or a minimum wage. These laws are rarely enforced

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8
Q

Who argues that moral entrepreneurs influence our reaction to certain acts thus influencing the labelling process?

A

Becker

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9
Q

Cicourel

A

Members of the criminal justice system are influenced by typification and stereotypes and are more likely to pursue justice if the offender fits their view of the typical criminal.

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10
Q

Lemert (types of deviance)

A

Primary and secondary deviance –> Whilst both actions are illegal only secondary deviance involves the labelling and shaming of the offender leading to them internalising the label

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11
Q

Lemert (Causes of crime)

A

Deviancy amplification Spiral
If a moral entrepreneur changes how we view a crime from a form of primary deviance to secondary it can lead to self fulfilling prophecies and further crime.

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12
Q

Braithwaite (labelling)

A

Argues that labelling offenders can be used for good through reintegrative shaming. The person is presented as a good person who has done something bad and not a bad person as a whole.

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13
Q

Murray & Herrnstein

A

Biological differences

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14
Q

Murray

A

Cultural deprivation and the underclass

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15
Q

Clarke

A

Rational choice theory –> Crime occurs when the potential rewards outweigh the risks

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16
Q

Young

A

Relative Deprivation

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17
Q

Leftist realist cause of crime

A

Marginalisation

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18
Q

Lea and Young

A

Leftist realists –. Subcultures of criminality form as people fail to reach society’s goals.

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19
Q

Katz

A

Postmodernists –. Thrill seeking –> replaces absent masculinity due to the decline of male jobs.

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20
Q

Macpherson

A

Lord Macphersons report found institutional racism had been crucial in the mishandling of Stephen Lawrence’s murder case.

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21
Q

Holdaway

A

Canteen culture –> culture of racism in police force

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22
Q

Lea and Young (ethnicity and crime)

A

Relative deprivation –> Ethnic minority’s twice as likely to be in deep poverty than white people –> economic exclusion

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23
Q

Moynihan

A

Cultural deprivation –> specifically the cycle of spf in black communities leads to education being failed

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24
Q

Hall

A

The bourgeoise use racism as a tool to divide and conquer the proletariat. He uses the example of the moral panic surrounding black muggers in the 70’s today you could argue the same about immigration

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25
Pollack
Chivalric Thesis --> gender role socialisation means that male members of the criminal justice system are chivalric towards women and more leninant
26
Heidensohn (justice)
Radical feminist --> Found women were treated very poorly in terms of domestic abuse and sexual assault --> This also stems from gender roles as women acting in a promiscuous manner is not fitting to gender roles.
27
Heidensohn (gender and crime)
Argues that women are less likely to commit crime because of patriarchal control.
28
Adler
Liberation thesis --> As women get more free in society they have greater opportunity to commit crime.
29
Parsons (gender and crime)
Women are less likely to commit crimes as they are socialised into the expressive roles of the family and therefore less violent.
30
Messerschmidt
Men are constantly working to improve their masculinity in the eyes of other men and a decline in masculine jobs means characteristics such as strength and aggression can be shown through crime. Moreover, the subservience of women is no longer the norms through economic roles.
31
Castells
There is now a globalised crime economy worth 1 trillion per year
32
Ian Taylor
Argues that global corporations and capitalism has led to increased inequality and crime. Especially the actions of transnational corporations in 3rd world countries. Deregulation of financial markets and marketisation policies have opened the door to corporate crimes such as insider trading.
33
Hobbs and Dunningham (web)
Argue that globalisation and the internet has given criminals a wider base of criminal contacts to improve or increase criminal activities.
34
Wall
Four types of cyber crime cyber violence cyber trespass cyber pornography cyber deception and theft
35
Cohen and Young (news)
The news is a social construct and therefore not a true representation of crime it is a distortion. For example violent and sexual crimes are over represented as well as police success.
36
What does the acronym TANDIC stand for ? (Media and Crime)
Transmission Arousal Desensitisation Imitation Consumerism
37
Adorno (HSM)
Hypodermic Syringe Model
38
Cohen (media)
The media can create moral panics that leads to the criminalisation of certain groups for example a mild fight between some Mods and Rockers was reported as the Day of Terror.
39
Fesbach (Media)
The catharsis effect aids desensitisation as people feel a sense of catharsis through watching violent crime.
40
South
Two types of green crime Primary and Secondary
41
What and when was the 'Rainbow Warrior incident'?
In 1985 the French government attacked the Green Peace ship the Rainbow warrior as it blocked them from testing nuclear weapons. It was sunk by the French secret services and one person died.
42
White
White argues that the law is anthropocentric and focusses on protecting the criminals and not the environment.
43
McLaughlin
The scale of state crime is huge as the government holds so much power.
44
Adorno (state crime)
Authoritarian personality theory People follow orders from those above them, which explains why regular citizens may commit such horrendous acts.
45
Foucault
The panopticon The threat of constant surveillance makes people act as if they are always being watched and thus they police themselves.
46
Felson
Situational prevention --> Design crime out NYC bus stations
47
Chaiken
Counters the idea that crime can be designed out as this merely displaces the crime
48
Wilson and Kelling
Broken window theory --> Crime in NYC in the 90's decreased
49
Schweinhart
Perry pre-school program --. intervention and education at an early stage reduced the chances of criminality. 40 year longitudinal study
50
Durkheim (punishment)
Punishment was expressive in that it healed the wounds of society
51
Althusser (Justice)
The criminal justice system is a form of repressive state apparatus that controls the w/c through force. It's justice is selective in order to protect the interests of the ruling class.
52
Mawlby and Walklate
Argue that victimisation of the proletariat is a form of structural powerlessness.
53
Tombs
Argues that companies manipulate the situation so that workers are at fault for safety hazards and therefore are not victims this is called the hierarchy of victimisation.
54
Hirschi
Social control theory: Bonds of attachment The more detached somebody is from society the more likely they are to disregard it's norms and values. So single, deprived, spf men.
55
Chambliss (State crime)
State organised crime --> A Marxist analysis of US crimes / war crimes.
56
Snider
Governments are often reluctant to pass laws that effect the profitability of large companies.
57
Halsey & White
Capitalist countries prioritize economic growth over protecting the environment.
58
Beck (green crime)
Globalisation has led to a global risk consciousness which includes green crime as man-made environmental disasters growing ever frequent.
59
Gordon
The dog eat dog nature of capitalism makes crime inevitable as people strive to out do their rivals.
60
Kinsey et al
The police rely on public information and there is declining trust in the police. This makes them less efficient . This leads to military style of policing.
61
Hobbs and Dunningham (globalisation)
Studied organised crime in the UK that was ran out of the Costa de Sol but operated in the UK. They called this 'glocal crime' where globalisation increased crime at a local level.
62
Matza
Cultural criminology --> Emotion > reason --> mood of fatalism vs mood of humanism
63
Gilroy
The 'myth of black criminality' Black communities through their experience of imperialism developed a resistance to exploitation and thus threaten the ruling class and are therefore over policed and under funded.
64
Hood
Found that in cases where a similar crime was committed on average a black man's prison sentence was 3 months longer than a white man's.
65
Carlen
Through unstructured interviews with women Carlen found that women turned to crime when rewards from the workplace (the class deal) and the family (the home deal) broke down
66
Brantigham & Brantigham
Crimes are opportunistic and often take place within the cognitive map of the criminal (an area they are familiar with)
67
Smart
Each crime is unique traditional views take a positivist approach thinking they can identify and eradicate crimes based on common causes.
68
Collier
Establishing trends of male crime is impossible as in the post-modern world masculinity is more fragmented it depends on your background, culture and upbringing.
69
Durkheim (sewer slide)
--> egoistic --> insufficient social intergretation. --> Anomic --> Rapid social change interupts norms and routines leading to an increase in suicides --> Altruistic --. Too much social intergretation so dying for a casue --> Fatalistic suicide --> Too much intergration in non-industrial society so the suicide of slaves
70
Taylor (suicide)
4 types Submissive --> certainty your life is over Thanatation --> Uncertain about whether you should live so Russian Roulette Sacrifice --> Others have made your life unbearable Appeal --> Suicidal behaviour may change others uncertainty about you so win back a lover. (please don't act suicidal to win back a lover that's proppa fooked mate)

Sociology (7 decks)

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