crime theory

Question 1

macpherson report 1999

Answer 1

black men more likely to be stopped and searched by police - institutional racism

Question 2

situational crime prevention ?

Answer 2

changing physical environment of an area to make crime harder to commit
- eg. cctv/ lighting in streets

Question 3

environmental crime prevention?

Answer 3

• right realist

- Zero Tolerance Policy, petty crime is treated strictly to make serious crime less appealing

Question 4

formal and informal sanctions ?

Answer 4

formal- police/officials

informal - fam/ed/peers

Question 5

structuralists on crime ?

Answer 5

crime is caused by inequalities in wealth and income - to tackle crime this must be tackled too

Question 6

Durkheim

Answer 6

defiance allows social change which is beneficial for a healthy stable society

Question 7

Cohen

Answer 7

deviance acts as a safety valve without threatening social stability - also used as a warning device

Question 8

merton ?

Answer 8

strain theory- crime is a response to failing to achieve societies cultural goals

Question 9

status frustration?

Answer 9

lack of opportunity to succeed in mainstream soc due to relative deprivation leads to dissatisfaction with social position

Question 10

lea and young ?

Answer 10

left realist

- relative deprivation is a factor leading to crime, media contributes to this and subcultures are a result of it

Question 11

Wilson

Answer 11

• right realist

- people commit crime as gains outweigh chances of being caught and punished

Question 12

Broken Window Theory

Answer 12

• right realist

- tolerating 1 broken window makes people think they get get away with more crime

Question 13

Bowling and Phillips ?

Answer 13

police racism results in higher suspicion against black people in general

Question 14

Gilroy

Answer 14

• neo marx

- young blacks aren’t more criminal, they just get labelled this way

Question 15

how many prisoners are male

Answer 15

96%

Question 16

merton (gender)

Answer 16

culture and lifestyle of young boys lead to crime eg. play with toy guns

Question 17

chivalry thesis

Answer 17

Pollak- men are socialised into protecting women so judges are more lenient with them

Question 18

abbott and wallace

Answer 18

women are more restricted at home and have bedroom culture so less crime opportunities

Question 19

liberation thesis

Answer 19

westwood- female identities are changing and they adopt male behaviour so increased female crime

Question 20

marx ideology

Answer 20

set of ruling ideas that keep workers in their place

Question 21

fem ideology

Answer 21

ideology = set of ideas to keep women oppressed

Question 22

liberal ideology

Answer 22

ideology is oppressive - pluralists reject the idea of the monopoly of truth

Question 23

althusser

Answer 23

neo marx - ideological state apparatus is a to of capitalism to justify class inequality

Question 24

Gomm

Answer 24

scientists always look to prove their theories whereas sociologists look for true social picture

Question 25

Traditional view of science

Answer 25

objective and evidence based

Question 26

science as a religion

Answer 26

circularity of beliefs no alternative supporting explanations for bad times

Question 27

Becker

Answer 27

labelling - an act gets labelled as deviant by society

Question 28

Lemert

Answer 28

Most people commit primary deviance - when it gets labelled it becomes more common

Question 29

Marx theory of crime

Answer 29

agree social control is necessary to keep order but capitalism is exploitative and social control benefits the ruling class

Question 30

Chambliss and Mankoff

Answer 30

most laws keep w/c people away from property of the rich

Question 31

Cohen- media

Answer 31

media creates deviance by amplifying it

Question 32

media as a cause of crime

Answer 32

tv shows and games - youths may idealise characters and act like them, frequent exposure can desensitise people

Question 33

state crime ?

Answer 33

committed by the gov | - can be politically motivated eg rigging elections for hidden agenda

Question 34

natural human rights

Answer 34

come from being human- life

Question 35

civil human rights

Answer 35

constructed by humans - education access

Question 36

spiral of denial

Answer 36

- state denies human rights abuses - proof it happened and state claims it’s wrong - proven right and state justifies it

Question 37

transnational organised crime

Answer 37

committed by global criminal organisations eg mafia

Question 38

hobbs and dunningham

Answer 38

“glocal”- local networks with global links eg drug smuggling

Question 39

why is globalisation harder to track

Answer 39

across boarders advanced technology to hide identities secretive nature- harder to research

Question 40

South

Answer 40

splits green crime into 2 - primary = immediate impact - secondary = individual breaks laws in place to protect the earth

Question 41

Beck

Answer 41

We live in global risk society- green crime risks are global eg global warming

Question 42

Lynch

Answer 42

green criminology - actions that harm humans and animals not just ‘breaking the law’

Question 43

held et al

Answer 43

crime has become globalised