crime - victimology

Question 1

what are the two schools of thought

Answer 1

positivist criminology & critical victimology

Question 2

positivist criminology - whats the first part

Answer 2

miers - identify factors that produce pacterns in victimisation & what make ppl more prone to be victims

Question 3

positivist criminology - whats the second part

Answer 3

focuses on interpersonal crimes of violence

Question 4

positivist criminology - whats the third part

Answer 4

identify victims whove contributred to their own victimisation

Question 5

positivist criminology - whats victim proneness

Answer 5

certain characterists of ppl make them more likely to be a victim e.g less intelligent
hans von hentig - factors that make someone a victim r female, elderly or mental abnormal

Question 6

positivist criminology - whats victim precipitation

Answer 6

victim contribute to them being a victim
wolfgang - study of 588 homicides found 28% involved victim triggering events that led to their death

Question 7

what are criticisms of positivist criminology

Answer 7

precipitation is victim blaming
ignores structural factors influencing victimisation like poverty
ignores crimes of a victim not knowing theyre a victim e.g corporate/environmental crimes

Question 8

critical victimology - what are strucutal factors

Answer 8

poverty & patriarchy places women and w/c at great risk of victimisation

Question 9

critical victimology - whats the states power

Answer 9

power to deny or apply the label or victim - being a victim is a social construct same as crime or criminal. cjs applies label of victim to some but not others e.g if police dont press charges on a man accused of dv, woman wouldnt be classed as victim

Question 10

critical victimology - whats an example of labelling the victim

Answer 10

tombs & whyte - when employers violate the law n it leads to death the victim is called accident prone not a victim. powerful can de-label or avoid label

Question 11

whats an evaluation of critical victimology

Answer 11

ignores if the victim brought it on themselves
but highlights how the label of a victim is given by the powerful n benefits them

Question 12

whats class patterns of victimisation

Answer 12

poor are likely to be victims as theres huge concentration in poor areas w high unemployment

Question 13

whats age patterns of victimisation

Answer 13

young more likely to be assaulted, face sexual harrassment & abuse at home
old may be subject to abuse in nursing home but this is less visible

Question 14

whats gender patterns of victimisation

Answer 14

men more likely to be victims of violent attacks, women of sexual and domestic abuse, stalking or harrassment

Question 15

whats repeat victimisation

Answer 15

only 4% of the population are victims of 44% of crimes. bsc - around 60% of population hadnt been victims of any crime in a year

Question 16

whats the impact of victimisation on class

Answer 16

crimes can have bad effects, insecurity, increased security-consciousness & issues w social functioning

Question 17

whats the impact of victimisation on ethnicity

Answer 17

hate crimes dont just affect individuals, can affect whole communities (secondary victimisation) e.g sarah everard, stephan lawrence & brianna ghey

Question 18

whats the impact of victimisation on gender

Answer 18

in addition to crimes itself, ppl may suffer further victimisation e.g women having rape cases mistreated or are seen themselves to be on trial

Question 19

whats the impact of victimisation on repeat victimisation

Answer 19

fear of victimisation - crime creates fear of crime, e.g women being afraid to go out at night when men are more likely to be attacked

Question 20

whats the patterns of victimisation on ethnicity

Answer 20

minority more at risk of racially motivated offences