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british experience of warfare > crimean war > Flashcards

crimean war Flashcards

1
Q

what happened in june 1853

A

british and french fleets forced to cooperate and wited at besika bay

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2
Q

what happened in july 1853

A

tsar nicolas i sent troops into moldavia and wallachia

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3
Q

what happened in october 1853

A

ottomans declared war on russia

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4
Q

what happened in november 1853

A

russian black sea fleet attacked ottomans at sinope

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5
Q

what happened in february 1854

A

britain and france asked tsar to withdraw, but were ignored

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6
Q

what happened in march 1854

A

27 march - france declared war, britain followed on 28th

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7
Q

what were the british afraid of?

A

russian expansion scared british, seizing constantinople meant the russian black sea fleet could sail through the straits and threaten british power in the east med

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8
Q

why did france get involved in the crimean war?

A

napoleon iii wanted to destroy treaty of vienna 1815 and challenge russia

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9
Q

how did the british gov feel about russia’s expansion into the ottoman empire?

A
  • aberdeen - pacifist and anti ottoman, didn’t want to intervene
  • palmerston - bellicose and anti russian, most people agreed with him
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10
Q

what were austria’s 4 points?

A
  • july 1854 - russia left moldavia and wallachia, austria proposed the four points
  • russia to renounce special rights in moldavia, wallachia and serbia
  • navigation of the danube free for all commerce
  • revision of the 1841 straits convention to end russian domination of the black sea
  • christian subjects of oe to be placed under european protection
  • rejected by russia in september
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11
Q

what did the allies do in september 1854?

A
  • sent troops to varna, arrived to find russians withdrawing
  • duke of newcastle urged raglan to strike a blow despite this and attack port of sebastopol
  • raglan agreed
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12
Q

what was the state of the british army in september 1854?

A
  • 26k men
  • 5 infantry + 1 cavalry division
  • hadn’t fought since 1854
  • expected a quick victory
  • armed with the minie rifle
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13
Q

how had wellington influenced the army?

A
  • was commander in chief for periods, but still exercised massive authority
  • opposed to reform, believed it just cut military spending
  • army budget went from £43m in 1815 to £9.5m in the 40s
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14
Q

what was raglan like?

A
  • served in the peninsular wars
  • amputated right arm
  • diplomatic, loyal, dutiful
  • had not seen active service since 1815
  • had never commanded an army
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15
Q

what was divisional command like?

A
  • only one of the commanders was under 60
  • duke of cambridge - 37 and had never seen action before
  • burgoyne - 72
  • only 2 had led anything larger than a battalion
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16
Q

what were the officers like?

A
  • growing professionalism in some sections
  • many officers had never seen active service
  • commission system still active
  • 1854 - army was led by officers from landed gentry as opposed to professional classes in 1815
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17
Q

what was military administration like?

A
  • too complex, too many sections dealing with the same issues
  • produced procrastination, rivalries and inertia
  • some ministers discussed reform but were too afraid of wellington
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18
Q

what was army service like?

A
  • rarely had more than 115k men
  • soldiers served 21 years in the infantry/24 in cavalry
  • difficulty attracting recruits
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19
Q

what were conditions like?

A
  • overcrowded and unhygienic
  • pay was 1s a day, with a deduction of 6d a day for food
  • families of married soldiers expected to live in the same barracks as the soldiers
  • severe discipline - maximum number of lashes reduced to 50 in 1846
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20
Q

what was the french army like?

A
  • 120k men
  • younger divisional commanders
  • common promotion + more professional officers
  • organised + well supplied
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21
Q

what was the russian army like?

A
  • 1m men
  • conscripted men suffered worse conditions than britain
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22
Q

what was the ottoman army like?

A
  • 700k men in theory, probably half in reality
  • poorly led, poorly equipped, poorly trained, poorly supplied
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23
Q

what was the british navy like?

A
  • had reduced in size, but still strongest navy in the world
  • 130 frigates/gunboats
  • kept up with new developments eg screw propeller
  • 1853 - hms duke of wellington launched. twice the size of victory, 131 guns + 10 knots
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24
Q

when did troops start arriving in the crimea?

A
  • 14 september 1854 - landed at calamita bay
  • st arnaud wanted to march immediately but raglan insisted on rounding up supplies first
  • allies had 63k men, russians had 33k men
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25
Q

what happened during the battle of alma?

A
  • british infantry moved forwards on 20 september, waited for 90 mins while french attacked
  • raglan advanced when the french needed support
  • light division captured the great redoubt, grenadier guards recaptured it when the light brigade fell back
  • russians withdrew, lucan wanted to pursue them but raglan disagreed
  • russians lost 5.7k men, british 1.5k, french 1k
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26
Q

what happened during the siege of sebastopol?

A
  • 23 september - allies advanced and raglan wanted to attack immediately
  • burgoyne said the russians posed a threat, st arnard agreed and wanted to attack from the south. raglan deferred to the french
  • 26 - british entered balaclava, raglan chose to stay there which strained the army while canrobert led the french west
  • canrobert said artillery bombardment was necessary before attacking sebastopol, which gave russians time to improve defences
  • 17 october - 126 siege guns in position vs 341 russian guns
  • naval bombardment + land cannonade led to damage to warships + 500 allied casualties
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27
Q

what happened at the battle of balaclava?

A
  • 25 october - 25k infantry, 6k cavalry and 78 guns led russian advance to balaclava
  • cavalry charged 93rd highway regiment
  • 550 men could not deal with the russians themselves, heavy brigade led by scarlette charged the russians and defeated them in minutes
  • only 10 men lost
28
Q

what was the light brigade?

A
  • 664 men
  • led by earl of cardigan, lucans brother in law
29
Q

what were the consequences of the charge of the light brigade?

A
  • lucan criticised raglan and was recalled to britain in march 1855
  • cardigan blamed lucan and left the crimea himself, returned home a hero and became inspector general of the cavalry
30
Q

what was the result of the battle of balaclava?

A
  • ensured the russians were held back
  • british were stuck in a narrow area between balaclava and sebastopol
  • menshikov had 120k men, raglan had 25k and french had 40k
31
Q

what caused the charge of the light brigade

A
  • raglan sent lucan a message saying he wanted the cavalary to follow the russians trying to carry away guns from the causeway heights
  • nolan delivered the message, lucan said the attack was useless and nolan said the attack should be immediate
  • nolan pointed down the valley when lucan asked where to attack
  • lucan couldn’t see the guns on the far side of the causeway heights and attacked the mass of guns in the valley 2km away instead
  • lucan ordered cardigan to attack
32
Q

what happened during the charge of the light brigade?

A
  • cardigan told brigade to advance in 3 lines, against 20 battalions of russian infantry
  • nolan realised they were going the wrong way, but was killed before he could tell cardigan
  • light brigade attacked on 3 sides, cardigan turned around and went back and his men followed
  • 110 killed, 130 wounded, 58 taken prisoner out of 664 men
33
Q

what happened at the battle of inkerman?

A
  • russians attacked inkerman bridge 5 november, hidden by rain and fog
  • small british units fought large groups of russians, but french came as reinforcements and russians retreated
  • 11k russian casualties
  • 600 british killed, 130 french
34
Q

what was the winter of 1854/5 like

A
  • icicles formed in moustaches at night
  • shortage of tents/lack of firewood
  • 14 november - storm led to loss of over 20 supply ships, eg the progress
  • tents blown to shreds
35
Q

what was the issue in balaclava harbour?

A
  • overcrowded due to admiral boxers inefficiency
36
Q

why was transport an issue?

A
  • transport from balaclava to siege lines was difficult
  • russians controlled worontsov road, abandoned it 6 december
  • january - peto brought in to lay a track from balaclava to the heights above the port
37
Q

what was the medical situation?

A
  • cholera, scurvy, gangrene, typhus, typhoid, dysentery
  • little money for medical care, tents and medicine were scarce
  • overcrowded hospital at balaclava, scutari just as bad
  • raglan did not do much to inform the gov of these worries and was reluctant to show himself to the troops or talk to them
38
Q

what was the result of the crimean winter?

A
  • end of january 1855 - only 11k british troops
  • aberdeen blamed and replaced by palmerston in februaryw
39
Q

what was the diplomatic situation?

A
  • dcember 1854 - austria signed treaty with britain and france
  • january 1855 - piedmont aligned with b/f
  • march 1855 - nicholas i died and alexander was not as committed to the war
40
Q

what happened at sebastopol in winter 1855?

A
  • late spring - 175k allied troops in crimea as 20k ottomans, 15k piedmontese, 10k foreign mercenaries arrived
  • sebastopol wasn’t encircled and defences remained strong
  • russian issues - no railway lines south of moscow, took 3 months of travel, corrupt system led to supply issues, failed to concentrate on the crimea
  • 9 april 1855 - second bombardment of sebastopol
  • russians maintained defences and canrobert told raglan to stop
41
Q

what followed the second bombardment of sebastopol?

A
  • may 1855 - canrobert replaced by pelissier
  • 7 june - french captured mamelon fortress, british took the quarries
  • 18 june - british forces attacked the redan, french attacked malakhov fortifications
  • raglan lost 1.5k men, pelissier 3.5k
  • 28 june - raglan died of dysentery, replaced by simpson who resigned after 4 months
42
Q

how was sebastopol captured?

A
  • 16 august 1855 - attack from 60k russians across river chernya defeated by french and piedmontese
  • 8 september - french captured malakhov fortifications, 7.5k casualties
  • failed british attack on the redan - 2.5k casualties
  • russians abandoned sebatopol
43
Q

what happened in the baltic?

A
  • 1854 - napier given command of baltic fleet and blockaded coast until end of october 1854
  • tied down 30k russian soldiers and captured fortress of bomarsund
  • 1855 - replaced by dundas, who blocked russian ports and destroyed forts and svastholm and fredriksham
  • 1856 - allies had 250 ships in the baltic
44
Q

how did the war end?

A
  • campaign petered out after fall of sebatopol
  • winter 1855/6 - british well supplied, but thousands of french died of disease
  • napoleon iii wanted an end to the war, but palmerston wanted it to continue
  • december 1855 - austria threated russia with war if didn’t negotiation on the four points, tsar agreed to peace talks
  • february 1856 - armistice signed
  • march 1856 - treaty of paris, confirmed the four points
45
Q

what were the military implications of the war?

A
  • heavier casualties than any other european war fought from 1815-1914
  • 22k british dead, 95k french, 150k ottoman, 500k russian
  • most died of disease, less than 1/5 died in battle
46
Q

how did the press impact the war?

A
  • newspaper coverage + electric telegraph meant public could quickly read about reality of warfare
  • cost of newspapers fell, but most britons couldn’t read them
  • catered towards literate middle and upper classes
47
Q

how did reporters influence the war?

A
  • russell reported for the times, literate population greatly enjoyed his reports
  • didn’t criticised raglan but wrote about problems + asked awkward questions
  • chenery - times correspondent in constantinople, first to report on conditions in scutari
48
Q

how did roger fenton influence the war?

A
  • first official war photographer
  • sent to crimea in feb 1855 by prince albert
  • took 350 pictures of posed men or the landscape
49
Q

why did the press attack raglan?

A
  • 1854 - struggles of army delane to attack raglan in the times
  • attacked their aristocratic/privileged leadership, led to public outcry
  • raglan did not respond or make an effort to get rid of war correspondents
  • gov did not impose press censorship either
50
Q

how did palmerston come to power?

A
  • 29 january 1855 - roebucks motion to set up committee to inquire into conduct of war was carried 305 to 148
  • aberdeen resigned the following day and palmerston replaced him
  • the public liked him - progressive foreign policy and supported moderate reform
51
Q

what was palmerston’s leadership like?

A
  • unstable position in parliament, lasted as his opposition was not united
  • main peelites in his gov resigned within a month as he refused to veto roebuck’s inquiry, but also disliked palmerston
  • panmure replaced newcastle as secretary of state for war, sent simpson to report on raglan’s staff
  • sanitary commission to improve conditions at scutari and in the crimea
  • special transport department established
  • inefficient administrators sacked
  • bureaucratic structure simplified
52
Q

what administrative reform was made?

A
  • 1855 - administrative reform association
  • urged business like procedures be applied to gov and administration
  • claimed competitive exams would let middle class take over running of state
  • contrasted aristocratic administrative bungling with triumphs of commerce
  • 1855 civil service reforms not significant, didn’t have much to do with the war
  • 1853 northcote trevelyan report only partially implemented
53
Q

how was the war financed?

A
  • gladstone - balanced budget + reduced taxes, but military costs led to increased taxation
  • income tax rates doubled, additional revenue from increases in stamp duty/duties on spirits, sugar and malt
  • forced to offer government bonds for sale
  • 1855 - cornewall lewis replaced gladstone, relied on government borrowing
54
Q

did the war have a big economic impact?

A
  • 1850 - britain became the first urban industrialised economy
  • 2% of global population, but 50% of trade in coal, cotton and iron
  • overall not a huge impact on economy
55
Q

which other women served in crimea?

A
  • russian women cared for russian soldiers
  • french nuns served as nurses
  • irish nuns led by mother francis bridgeman helped the british army in the crimea
  • mary stanley took a group of nurses to work at the hospital in koulali
56
Q

what did nightingale do?

A
  • did not lower death rates, they continued to rise and the death count at scutari was the highest of all the region
  • 4k soldiers died
  • worked to improve hygiene after sanitary commission led to lower death rates
57
Q

what did the royal commission on the health of the army do?

A
  • appointed in 1857
  • nightingale promoted health of the army + improvement of sanitary conditions
  • notes on hospitals - book she wrote which addressed hospital construction and management
  • set up nightingale training school at st thomas hospital in london in 1860, first trained nurses worked at the liverpool workhouse infirmary in 1865
  • established royal commission into health of soldiers in india - improved mortality rates
58
Q

what did mary seacole do?

A
  • was rejected from being sent to the crimea, borrowed money and went to the ottoman empire, rejected by nightingale and sailed to balaclava
  • built a hotel out of salvaged materials to provide canteen business + nursed sick soldiers
  • russell spoke of her well
  • 1856 - returned to britain bankrupt, testimonial fund set up for her
59
Q

what was the mcneill tulloch report?

A
  • january 1856 - report following mcneill and tullochs visit to the crimea in february 1855 to inquire into working of the commissariat
60
Q

why was little military reform carried out?

A
  • parliament was preoccupied with the economy
  • duke of cambridge was sceptical of change, thought it would damage the soldiers morale
  • britons assumed they would never be involved in another major continental war
61
Q

what military reform occurred 1856-68

A
  • nightingales campaign to improve health
  • programme of barrack construction 1859/60
  • staff college set up at camberley
  • provided with better weapons
62
Q

what reforms did cardwell introduce 1868/74

A
  • reorganised war office
  • short term enlistment (6/7 years) introduced to help recruitment
  • purchase system abolished in 1871
  • localisation act of 1872 - designed for more recruits and have home based battalions and militia battalions
63
Q

how effective were cardwell’s reforms?

A
  • no planning department established an no chief of staff appointed
  • army lost more men than it gained after short term enlistment introduced
  • abolition of purchase system didn’t alter social composition of the army
  • localisation didn’t transform army - need for men to serve overseas put strain on home battalions
64
Q

how did the war change attitudes towards soldiers?

A
  • victoria cross introduced to honour the common troops in 1856
  • 1861 - guards memorial in london to honour ordinary soldiers
  • mismanagement of army led to stimulated assertiveness in middle classes
  • conservative and liberal governments introduced reforms to promote middle class ideals - opening of civil service to talent + merit based promotion in the army
65
Q

in what ways did attitudes towards soldiers not change?

A
  • generals remained heroes of most wars
  • few people put soldiers on a pedestal after 1856, families considered it a disgrace if relatives enlisted
  • landed classes exerted a huge power after the 1850s over parliament and the army
  • the fact that the crimean war ended in victory led to belief that further reform wasn’t needed
  • army was starved of money
  • cardwell’s reforms had more to do with the franco-prussian war than crimea

british experience of warfare (4 decks)

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