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psychology one > CRIMINAL > Flashcards

CRIMINAL Flashcards

1
Q

what are the different types of crime and explain a point about each

A

violent - a threat of or physical harm is caused to a person
drug related - selling, buying or being in possession of
acquisitive - the offender gains something from the victim for example money from a house (theft)
sexual - any crimes which sexual behaviour is implied
anti-social - behaviour by a person which causes stress to a person outside the offenders household

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2
Q

what is criminal behaviour

A

any act that goes against the law

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3
Q

what is a social norm

A

the acceptable standards of behaviour in a society or the way in which most people behave

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4
Q

what does it mean when there is a deviation from a social norm

A

where a behaviour isn’t performed in the way society expects them to

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5
Q

what is the role of culture in social norms

A

a collective set or norms that determines a way of life for many people. as cultures change over time so do social norms

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6
Q

how is crime measured

A

official statistics, self reported

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7
Q

why is self reported crime not reliable

A

not all crimes are necessarily reported and therefor not an accurate measure of amount of people

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8
Q

how are prisons used to reduce anti social behaviour

A

taking away freedom as well as rights and privileges

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9
Q

how are fines used to reduce anti social behaviour

A

money is an incentive to committing crimes such as theft so a loss of money should have the opposite effect

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10
Q

how is community services used to reduce anti social behaviour

A

offenders are giving up their time to give back to society and they don’t want to be seen doing these actions therefor their behaviour decreases

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11
Q

what does deterrent mean

A

something that discourages someone to do something. an example of this would be the punishment on the other side of a crime

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12
Q

what is restorative justice

A

a method of rehabilitation when the offender of the crime meets with the victim to take responsibility over their actions. they are recommended to apologise, return any money or items and complete community service bringing them back into community

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13
Q

what is a positive role model

A

a method of rehabilitation where offenders observe behaviour of a pro-social model so they can learn how to behave.

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14
Q

what is the theory of nature

A

behaviour is influenced by internal factors such as genetics - what we are born with

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15
Q

what is the theory of nurture

A

behaviour is influenced by external factors such as life experiences - what we learn from the environment and society surrounding us

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16
Q

what is the social learning theory

A

all behaviour is learnt through observation and that children are particularly influenced by what they see

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17
Q

who developed the social learning theory

A

albert bandura

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18
Q

what can the social learning theory explain

A

many behaviours such as aggression and criminality

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19
Q

what is an example of a real life situation where the social learning theory can apply

A

two ten year old boys murdered a young boy. it was alleged that the boys were watching violent films and therefore imitated the behaviour they observed in the film.

20
Q

what are role models

A

a person looked to by others as an example to be imitated.

21
Q

what is vicarious reinforcement and an example of it

A

when a certain behaviour increases as a result of observing others being rewarded for the same behaviour
a role model could commit a crime and receive a higher status level

22
Q

what is vicarious punishment and an example of it

A

when a certain behaviour is decreased after observing others being punished for the same behaviour
a role model could commit a crime and be sent to jail as a consequence

23
Q

what does the term direct reinforcement mean

A

if one is successful in committing a criminal behaviour they will be directly reinforced and feel able to commit this crime again

24
Q

what does the term internalisation mean

A

the behaviour no longer needs to be reinforced for it to occur people will repeat the behaviour no matter the consequences.

25
Q

what are some limitations of the social learning theory

A
  • ignores the role of nature (brain dysfunction and genetics)
  • doesn’t explain how criminal behaviour started
26
Q

what study can support the social learning theory

A

Cooper and Mackie’s study

27
Q

what did Cooper and Mackie’s study find out

A

they found that playing and observing aggressive video games increases the likelihood that they will play with aggressive toys mainly on girls

28
Q

how can the study of Cooper and Mackie be criticised

A

ignores the role of nature and focusing too much on nurture - not every person who observes criminal behaviour will be a criminal themselves

people who support the SLT would state that offspring of criminals become criminals themselves therefore ignoring the biological view and how it could be because of their shared genes or brain dysfunctions

the study can not be generalised

lacks ecological validity

29
Q

what was the aim of the study

A

to see if aggressive video games would lead to aggressive behaviour

30
Q

what was the sample size of the study

A

80 students from USA 9-11

31
Q

what was the research method and design

A

lab experiment, independent measures

32
Q

what does Eysenck’s criminal personality theory state

A

criminal behaviour relates to the functioning of the central nervous system

33
Q

what are the three personality types that are associated with criminal behaviour

A

extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism

34
Q

what are the traits of someone with high extraversion scores

A

sociable, sensation seeking

35
Q

how does having an extraversion personality lead to criminal behaviour

A

have low level of arousal ( a state of being psychologically awake) and require stimulation from the environment. engaging in criminal behaviour may be a way of gaining this stimulation

36
Q

what are the traits of someone with high neuroticism scores

A

anxious, react strongly to aversive stimuli, easily distressed

37
Q

how does having a neuroticism personality lead to criminal behaviour

A

levels of neuroticism are affected by the overall stability of the central nervous system. when this becomes over stimulated it effects the limbic system therefor resulting in violent behaviour

38
Q

what are the traits of someone with high psychoticism scores

A

lack of empathy, egocentrism (being overly interested in oneself)

39
Q

how does having a psychoticism personality lead to criminal behaviour

A

suggested that it may be caused by an overactive dopamine system leading to more aggressive behaviour

40
Q

what are some limitations with this theory

A
  • ignores individual differences
  • reductionist
    -too simple to be realistic of the
    nature of human personality
  • outdated model
41
Q

who tested Eysenck’s theory

A

Heaven

42
Q

what was the aim of Heavens study

A

to test the correlation between Eysenck’s personality traits and delinquency

43
Q

what does delinquency mean

A

minor crime especially that committed by young people

44
Q

what was the research method

A

questionnaire and longitudinal study

45
Q

what was the sample size of the study

A

280, Australian, 13-15

46
Q

what did Heaven find out

A
  • psychoticism is linked to delinquency
  • personality traits can only explain parts of criminal behaviour
47
Q

what are some limitations to Heavens study

A
  • self report bias
    • individuals may respond in a way they believe the researcher wants them to (subject bias)
  • culturally biased

psychology one (3 decks)

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