criminal

Question 1

What are the two major types of court in the British Criminal Justice system?

Answer 1

Magistrates Court and Crown Court

Question 2

What types of offences does the Magistrates Court usually hear?

Answer 2

Summary offences such as:
* motoring offences
* minor criminal damage
* some drug offences

Question 3

What type of offences does the Crown Court deal with?

Answer 3

Serious offences known as solemn procedure such as:
* murder
* rape
* armed robbery

Question 4

Where are juries used in the British Criminal Justice system?

Answer 4

Only in the Crown Court

Question 5

What type of system is the British Justice System known as?

Answer 5

An adversarial system

Question 6

What is the primary aim of the adversarial system?

Answer 6

To win the case

Question 7

Who carries the burden of proof in the British Criminal Justice system?

Answer 7

The prosecution

Question 8

What is the presumption regarding the defendant in the British Criminal Justice system?

Answer 8

The defendant is presumed innocent

Question 9

What must the defence convince the jury of to achieve a successful outcome?

Answer 9

That there is ‘reasonable doubt’ as to the defendant’s guilt

Question 10

What is the importance of psychological research in jury decision making?

Answer 10

It can warn about bias that may be present

Question 11

How can psychological research help in trials?

Answer 11

By identifying factors that influence jury decisions

Question 12

What is the foundation of the British legal system regarding trials?

Answer 12

The right to be tried in front of peers

Question 13

How has the modern English trial jury evolved?

Answer 13

From medieval juries that informed themselves about crimes

Question 14

How many people typically sit on a jury in England?

Answer 14

Twelve

Question 15

What verdicts can a modern English jury deliver?

Answer 15

Guilty or not guilty

Question 16

What is a unique aspect of the jury system in Scotland?

Answer 16

It includes a ‘not proven’ verdict and consists of 15 members

Question 17

True or False: Some countries do not have trial by jury at all.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Fill in the blank: The decisions made by juries have far-reaching effects on the lives of many individuals such as the defendant, the witness, the victim, and their _______.

Answer 18

families

Question 19

How are jurors selected?

Answer 19

At random from federal rolls

Question 20

Who is eligible to serve on a jury?

Answer 20

Individuals aged 18 to 75

Question 21

Who is not eligible to serve on a jury?

Answer 21

Individuals with a criminal record, under 18, on bail, or sentenced in the past 5 years

Question 22

Why is social research on juries considered socially sensitive?

Answer 22

Findings may negatively impact individuals or groups in the criminal justice system

Question 23

Cultural issues and generalisability
What is a unique feature of the Scottish jury system?

Answer 23

‘Not proven’ verdict available

Question 24

Cultural issues and generalisability
What role do grand juries play in the USA?

Answer 24

Investigate whether enough evidence exists to bring someone to trial

Question 25

What is the composition of a criminal trial jury in England & Wales?

Answer 25

12 ordinary members of the public

Question 26

What can both the prosecution and defense do regarding jurors?

Answer 26

Reject jurors if they believe there could be bias

Question 27

What happens after the jury has listened to all the evidence?

Answer 27

The judge instructs them on procedures and possible verdicts

Question 28

What is the required communication protocol for jurors during deliberation?

Answer 28

No communication with anyone outside the private room

Question 29

What types of technology are removed from jurors during deliberation?

Answer 29

Telephones and laptops

Question 30

What is the standard verdict requirement for an English jury?

Answer 30

Unanimous verdict; majority verdict of 10/12 permissible in certain circumstances

Question 31

What challenges do jurors face during a trial?

Answer 31

Processing a great deal of information and reaching a unanimous decision with strangers

Question 32

How can jury decisions affect individuals?

Answer 32

They can have profound implications, including life or death in some countries

Question 33

The British legal system assumes that jurors are _____.

Answer 33

[impartial and capable of making fair decisions]

Question 34

What influences jurors' decisions of guilt or innocence?

Answer 34

The evidence offered by both sides in the trial ## Footnote Jurors are expected to make decisions based on presented evidence, but various factors influence their final decision.

Question 35

What is the main research question in the field of jury decision making?

Answer 35

What are the main factors that influence the jury decision making process? ## Footnote This question guides research into understanding the influences on jurors.

Question 36

What are the two phases of the trial covered in research on jury decision making?

Answer 36

Pre-trial factors and factors during the trial ## Footnote Research focuses on influences before and during the trial.

Question 37

What is a major problem for researchers studying jury decision making?

Answer 37

Juries are sworn to secrecy about their deliberations ## Footnote This secrecy makes it challenging to conduct realistic research on juries.

Question 38

What methods do researchers rely on due to the secrecy of juries?

Answer 38

Mock trials and simulations ## Footnote These methods help investigate factors influencing jury decisions.

Question 39

What is meant by the term 'Pre-Trial Publicity'?

Answer 39

Information presented to the public before the trial begins ## Footnote This can include news articles, reports, and other media coverage.

Question 40

How can Pre-Trial Publicity affect the jury decision making process?

Answer 40

It can shape jurors' perceptions and biases before the trial ## Footnote This may lead to preconceived notions about the case.

Question 41

List some characteristics of the defendant that can influence jury decisions.

Answer 41

* Attractiveness * Race * Accent * Gender ## Footnote These characteristics can affect how jurors perceive the defendant.

Question 42

True or False: Jurors are allowed to discuss their deliberations during and after the trial.

Answer 42

False ## Footnote Jurors are legally prohibited from discussing their deliberations.

Question 43

What is a key issue in designing research on jury decision making?

Answer 43

The secrecy of jury deliberations ## Footnote This issue complicates the ability to gather accurate data.

Question 44

Evaluate Pre-trial publicity as a factor that may affect jury decision making.

Answer 44

Pre-trial publicity can create biases and influence jurors' opinions ## Footnote Such influences can lead to unfair trial conditions.

Question 45

What can influence jurors before a trial takes place?

Answer 45

Pre-trial publicity ## Footnote This includes information that jurors may encounter before being elected to the jury.

Question 46

What are some sources of pre-trial publicity?

Answer 46

Internet, television, social media ## Footnote These sources provide public access to information about a case.

Question 47

What effect can pre-trial publicity have on jurors?

Answer 47

Jurors may have already formed an opinion of the suspects or defendant ## Footnote This can compromise the impartiality of the jury.

Question 48

What type of cases may be well documented before trial?

Answer 48

Criminal cases ## Footnote Such documentation can influence public perception and juror opinions.

Question 49

True or False: Jurors are completely unaware of a case before being selected.

Answer 49

False ## Footnote Jurors can be aware of a case due to pre-trial publicity.

Question 50

Fill in the blank: Pre-trial publicity can involve two types of _______.

Answer 50

[types of information] ## Footnote The nature of these types is not specified in the text.

Question 51

Pre publicity can involve two types of information

Answer 51

Factual information Emotional information

Question 52

Pre trial publicity Factual information

Answer 52

Likley to include incriminating information about the defendant or case, such as what happened during the crime