criminal investigation Flashcards

Question

Currency evidence

Answer 1

* Money, coins, stock, bond certificates * Identify total amount * have a second person verify and witness count by name and signature * seal in a plastic bag

Answer 2

* electronic evidence found on computers, flash drives, memory cards, smart phones * Must have a search warrant to search the cell phones contents

Answer 3

* paper-- checks, bills, purchases, receipts, financial records, handwritten letters, signatures, and statements * use paper envelopes to package dry documents * label/write on the envelope before placing them in the evidence envelope. * Wet documents should be air-dried before storing

Answer 4

* Statements made by victims, witnesses, and suspects * may be direct or circumstantial evidence * Statements made directly to the police * spontaneous utterances overheard by witnesses * written statements * interviews and interrogation recordings

Answer 5

* "second hand" knowledge repeated about what another person said about what they saw, heard or felt.

Answer 6

* **Systematic search** * **Lane searches** * **Grid Search** * **Zone search** * **Place search** * **Strip search** * **Body cavity search**

Answer 7

* determined by circumstances and officer preference * Top-down: start people searches at the head and end at the feet. Dwelling searches on the uppermost floor and work down * Front-back: Search the front side of a person from head to feet, then search backside from head to feet. * Left-right: search the rear passenger seat area of a vehicle first, then search the right side. Search left side clothing pockets first, then right side * Outside-inside: Search outside of a container first, then inside. Search outside jacket pockets first, then inside pockets

Answer 8

* Cover large areas quickly for missing people or evidence that would be easy to see given the crime scene circumstances * Divide search area into equal parallel lanes that go in the same direction * Maximum lane width is 6 feet * assigns one officer to each lane * Search lane from end to end in both directions

Answer 9

* Used to cover areas more thoroughly for evidence that is harder to find. A 6 inch knife in a wooded area. * divide search area into equal parallel lanes that cross over each other at 90 degrees * assign one officer to each lane * search lane from end to end in both directions * See page 139 in the student officer book in Criminal Investigations for a picture

Answer 10

* Cover crime scenes that can be divided into obvious sections. EX: each room within a house can be an area

Answer 11

* determined by circumstances and evidence sought * can range from a 4'x 6' closet or a 100 acre wooded area * determined by crime scene conditions and evidence sought

Answer 12

* whenever a persons last layer of clothing is moved but not necessarily completely removed * must have PC

Answer 13

* **"Visual=" inspection of the genital and anal areas of the body** * **"Manual=" some degree of touching and probing (Need a search warrant)**

Answer 14

* **Acquisition** * the persons perception of an event * **Retention** * the time that passes between the original event and the recollection of specific pieces of information * **Retrieval** * recalls stored information or memory * 2 types; recall and recognition

Answer 15

* one-on-one identification procedure between suspects and witnesses. * Usually live, in person, and generally occurs near the scene of the crime * 3 factors to consider: * -nature of the crime involved and corresponding concerns for public safety. * -need for efficient police investigation immediate aftermath of a crime * -importance of prompt confirmation of the accuracy of investigatory information

Answer 16

* remain neutral * do not share info with a potential suspect * must be done in promptly after the event * do not show victim/witness the suspect in a manner that is consistent with an arrest (In a cruiser, cell, or in handcuffs)

Answer 17

* still images of the suspect and or several other people with similar physical features * must have a minimum of 6 photos * If you have multiple suspects, must do separate photo arrays * suspect cannot be presented first * Present photos one at a time * If the eyewitness wants to see a specific photo a second time, show eyewitness all photos again in the same order * do not present the photos more than twice

Answer 18

* real-time, first-hand presentations of multiple people to a single eyewitness. * used to determine if a victim or witness can positively identify a suspect

Answer 19

* one or more officers go door to door in specific areas near the crime scene and conduct field interviews * gather relevant testimonial evidence about a crime

Answer 20

* people who we know in the community * teachers, store clerks, mail carriers, community leaders, business owners

Answer 21

* A video surveillance system that monitors activity in secured areas. * located at banks, homes, airports, schools, gas stations, downtown areas

Answer 22

* can provide evidence about physical location of an electronic device, person, or vehicle * GPS devices, mobile phones, phone apps (facebook, twitter, instagram)

Answer 23

* conducted without any attempt to conceal the officers presences * Watching traffic at a red light intersection

Answer 24

* keep a place or a person in sight with officer concealment a secondary objective

Answer 25

* Target remains unaware they are being watched or followed by police.

Answer 26

* hide their relationships with officers and share information secretly * Must possess access, motivation, and control

Answer 27

* 6 trial courts in mass * district and superior courts handle most criminal cases * other courts include; housing, land, probate, family

Answer 28

* hears most of the criminal, motor vehicle, and civil cases * extends to all misdemeanors, certain felonies, and violations of ordinances and bylaws * begins with a "complaint" filed in the clerks office * handles abuse, restraining and prevention orders * Civil jurisdictions * - can hold cases that does not exceed anything over $25,000 * -small claims matters involving $7,000 in recovery

Answer 29

* most serious offenses (murder, rape etc.) * trial comes to this court after a grand jury hearing (23 people) * If grand jury determines there is PC then the indictment will follow * usually first charged with a complaint in district court

Answer 30

* Has jurisdiction over delinquency, children requiring assistance, care and protection petitions, termination of parental rights

Answer 31

* family related matters and probate matters (divorce, paternity, child support, custody, adoption, parental rights)

Answer 32

* 23 people * Secret hearing * Hearsay is admissible * Does not determine guilt/ innocence only PC

Answer 33

* Abuse is the occurrence of one or more of the following acts between family or household members * Attempting to cause or causing physical harm * Placing another in fear or imminent serious physical harm or * Causing another to engage involuntarily in sexual relations by force threat or duress

Answer 34

* The conduct should occur between members of the same family or household. Two people are family or household members if they: * Are or were married to one another * Are or were residing together in the same household * Are or were related by blood or marriage * Have a child in common regardless of marriage or living arrangement * Are or were in a substantive dating relationship. The following criteria are used to determine a substantive dating relationship * Relationship length * Type of relationship * Frequency of interaction between parties * Time since the relationship ended. * For MGL 209A abuse to prevent laws attached the conduct must occur between members of the same family or household. Two people are family or household members if they: * “A relationship does not need to be “exclusive "or “committed” to be a substantive dating relationship. Relationships that are primarily conducted electronically can qualify as substantial dating relationships. Real time electronic exchanges with face-to-face interactions increase the level of intimacy in the relationship.

Answer 35

* Domestic violence is a continuum of behaviors designed to gain power and control over another person. * The four types of abuse are **PHYSICAL**, **SEXUAL**, **PSYCHOLOGICAL**, **FINANCIAL** * More than one type of abuse can be present you just have to identify them.

Answer 36

* Physical abuse is used to intimidate and control victims. It includes assault, battery and threats of violence. Physical abuse usually occurs simultaneously with other forms of abuse. For example, 95% of physical abusers also use psychological abuse. * 76% of physical abuse victims are women. Physical abuse is committed more frequently against women 18-34 years old. Most physical abusers are non-spouses and nearly half of the domestic violence homicides are committed by dating partners.

Answer 37

* Sexual assault and rape are used to intimidate, demean and demonstrate power over victims. Victims who experience BOTH physical and sexual abuse are more likely to be injured or killed than victims who experience one form of abuse. * Intimate partner sexual abuse is more likely to cause physical injury than stranger or acquaintance assault. Over half of women raped by intimate partner were sexually assaulted multiple times by the same partner. Marital rape is the most underreported form of sexual assault. Marital status does not preclude a spouse from being charged criminally for raping or forcing victim to perform sexual acts against her wishes.

Answer 38

* Psychological abuse includes intimidation, verbal abuse, threats, or coercive tactics that ultimately traumatize and control victims. * Psychological abuse can be used to diminish victim confidence, promote social isolation and create victim dependence. * Psychological abuse frequently occurs prior to or concurrently with physical or sexual abuse. * Research shows that psychological abuse alone can cause long-term damage to victims' mental health. Victims of psychological abuse often experience depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, suicidal ideation, low self-esteem and difficulty trusting others. * An equal percentage of women and men (48%) experienced at least one form of psychological abuse by an intimate partner. Psychological abuse includes the following: * Stalking * Name calling * Public humiliation * Destroying property * Isolating victim from family/friends * Undermining victim confidence or self-worth * Making threats (EG report victim to police, commit suicide if victim leaves) * Using children as leverage * Prohibiting victims from using common technologies used to communicate. * FINANCIAL ABUSE * Financial abuse is another common tactic used to gain control. Financial abuse can occur throughout a relationship and is more likely to intensify when victims leave the relationship, or if the abuser believes the victim may leave. Financial abuse includes the following: * Limiting victim access to money or giving them an allowance * Excluding victims from financial decisions and access to accounts * Withholding information from victims about household finances and assets * Withholding funds for victims or children to obtain basic needs. Includes abusers who refuse or evade paying child support. * Victim concerns over ability to provide for their children financially causes them to stay with abusers. * Forbidding victims to work or seek advancement.. Includes stalking and harassing at the workplace to facilitate job loss. * Abusers who run up large amounts of debt on joint accounts then refuse to pay bills which impact victims credit * Stealing victim identity property or inheritance * Forcing victim to relinquish public assistance benefits (Welfare)

Answer 39

* The cycle of violence refers to 3 common phases found in abusive relationships. Duration and frequency for each phase varies by relationship. * Phase 1 is **tension building**- increasing levels of tension between abuser and victim can last hours, months or years. Victims walk on eggshells and make every attempt to placate abuser to avoid violence * Phase 2 is **incident acute** physical, sexual or psychological abuse occurs. This includes but is not limited to stalking destruction of property, battery, rape, and homicide. The incident phase may last for hours or occur over several days and is the most dangerous time for victims. Police are generally called during the incident phase. Police presence can temporarily stop the violence but it may continue or escalate after the officer's leave. * Phase 3 is **honeymoon**- the honeymoon phase can include denials by both abuser and victim, minimization, blaming, apologies and promises that it won't happen again. Both victims and abusers may be reluctant to talk with police during the honeymoon phase. * The honeymoon phase can be used to further manipulate victims. First victims generally want to believe the abuser will change this time. * Second the honeymoon phase may be the only time where victims are treated well. The honeymoon phase is also used to pressure victims to move on, undermining any legitimate reason for ending the relationship. * Over time a honeymoon phase can shorten and disappear altogether. In prolonged abusive relationships the honeymoon phase may just signify an absence of abuse.

Answer 40

* The dominant aggressor is _NOT_ the person who hits first. They are the person with demonstrated patter of control over another. Evidence used to identify dominant aggressor includes the following: * Ongoing force and intimidation * Persons history of violence to include prior arrests and protective orders issued * Height weight and age differences between abuser and victim * Threats or statements that are intended to intimidate or cause fear * Proportional nature of injuries to both people * Injuries on abuser made by victim in self-defense; includes bite mark impressions on arms and hands, scratches on face and injuries to genital area

Answer 41

* R espond & make it safe * E mergency care for injured * S eparate people * P rotect crime scene * E vidence collection * C orroborate evidence with M.G.L * T ake action & testify in court

Answer 42

* the very first person the victim tells about the sexual assault. * Family members, friends, social workers, dispatchers, EMS, police and many others can qualify as a first complaint.

Answer 43

* is an exception to the hearsay rule. Only applies in cases involving sexual assault.

Answer 44

* 1) If first complain witness is unavailable, incompetent, or too young. * 2) first complaint witness has bias or motive to minimize or distort vics statement. * 3) Victim expresses feelings but does not specifically state she or he has been sexually assaulted.

Answer 45

* Natural: Sexual Intercourse is inserting the penis, no matter how slight, into the vulva, labia or vagina. * Unnatural: Sex that includes oral and anal intercourse. Including fellatio and culliningus and other intrustions of a body or object into genital or anal opening. RAPE 265 22B Felony * Engaged in natural or unnatural sex with victim * By compelling victim to submit by force or against will or by threat of harm. Aggravated Rape 265 22A FELONY * Same first 2 elements of rape. But adding… * Caused SERIOUS bodily injury * Was part of a joint enterprise * Occurred during the commission of Assault with DW, unarmed/armed robbery, kidnapping, armed/unarmed B&E, B&E w/ intent to commit felony.

Answer 46

265 22A FELONY * Identical to rape except victim is under 16 years old. * Aggravated if occurred during attempted or actual burglary, kidnapping, robbery, assault with/ by DW or posing a child in a state of nudity sexual conduct. * Aggravated if victim was gagged or bound * Aggravated if victim was given alcohol or controlled substance by suspect using any means & with victim’s consent. Aggravated if crime was committed in a way that exposed victim to sexually transmitted disease that the suspect knew or should have known about.

Answer 47

265 23 FELONY * Suspect unlawfully engaged in a natural or unnatural sex with a victim who was under 16. * Aggravated if… * More than a 5 year age gap and victim is under 12 * More than a 10 year age gap and the victim is between 12-16 YO.

Answer 48

265 24 FELONY * Suspect commits and assault on victim with a specific intent to rape victim. * Drugging person for sexual intercouse 272 3 FELONY * Suspect applied, administered, or caused to be taken any drug, matter, or thing AND * With intent to overpower the victim so the suspect or another person could have natural or unnatural sex with victim. * (has to be given in a way that illustrates a forceful act of deception or trickery)

Answer 49

272 17 FELONY * Suspect participated in any natural or unnatural sex. * With any person related by blood or adoption. * Indecent A&B on person 14 or older 265 13H FELONY

Answer 50

272 53A FELONY * Paid, offered, or agreed, to pay another person with intent to engage in sexual conduct with a child under 18. * Was paid, agreed to pay, or agreed that a 3^rd person in return for aiding a person who intened to engage in sexual conduct with a person under 18. * SEX DOES NOT HAVE TO OCCUR!

Answer 51

* Provide crime victims referral and other social service info * Victim Witness assistance program * Crime Victim rights.. * -Rape Crisis Center * -Victims Rights Law Center * Ensure victim confidentiality * Thorough report * Victims should not write their own statement

Answer 52

* Relationship between vic and sus. Include type, length, dates, if and when separated. * Suspected alcohol/drug influence * Description of injuries type, location, and medical treatment * Description of crime scene, all evidence, location of evidence * Specific details describing victim trauma, emotions, state of mind. * Victim, first complaint and suspect statements * Presence of active or expired protective orders. * Names, ages, of all children living in household. Include children statements * * False reporting: For police to conclude a false allegation, evidence other than only the victim’s recantation should exist!

Answer 53

* the forced transportation and involuntary exploitation of a person with a goal of profiting from such action * does not require a border crossing

Answer 54

* when a person (smuggler) is paid to help a person cross an international border illegally * smuggling becomes trafficking when the smuggler sells the person to another or forces the person to work off their debt

Answer 55

* the recruitment, harboring, transportation, or obtaining of a person for the purposes of a commercial sex act that is induced by force, fraud, or coercion * EX: prostitution, exotic dancing, massage parlor shops

Answer 56

* The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage or slavery.

Answer 57

* the recruitment, transport, transfer, harboring or recipe of living or deceased persons or their organs by means of threat or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud or deception

Answer 58

* **identifying victims** * strategically targets victims more vulnerable to recruitment tactics and methods of control and less likely to ask the police for help * EX: * --homeless (need food, shelter, and clothing) * --Illegal immigrants (limited employment options, language barriers) * --addicts and persons with disabilities * --children

Answer 59

* **Phase 2: recruit victims** * methods used are purposeful, premeditated and target specific victims for their vulnerabilities or needs * The most critical for long term control. Where the victim establishes his relationship hierarchy with victims * fulfills: * basic needs * emotional needs * false promises

Answer 60

* **Phase 3: control victims** * Traffickers will eventually stop providing victims with basic or emotional needs * Keep victims in a perpetual state of fear * tactics used: * violence, threats, confinement, verbal abuse, isolation, drug addiction, grooming

Answer 61

* process that trains healthy adolescent girls into believing that having comercial sex with strangers to benefit an abusive trafficker is normal * includes; * relocating, beating, sex, burning, torture, branding

Answer 62

* Commercial sex services are offered and performed in locations such as massage parlors, hotel rooms, apartments * usually change locations frequently

Answer 63

* to recruit and entice victims, advertise services, and schedule meetings * Traffickers may create their own website or use common platforms

Answer 64

* usually don't have a valid form of ID * uses different names or aliases * few or no personal possessions * wearing clothing not appropriate for weather * usually accompanied by pimp

Answer 65

* knowingly, subject, or attempted to subject, recruit, entice, harbor, transport, provide or obtain by any means; * another person to engage in commercial sexual activity, a sexual explicit performance, or the production of unlawful pornography; or * or causes a person to engage in commercial sexual activity, a sexual explicit performance, or the production of unlawful pornography; or * benefit financially by receiving anything of value

Answer 66

* subject, or attempted to subject another person to forced services; or recruits entices, harbors, transports or provides another person; * intending or knowing that such person will be subjected to forced services; or * benefits financially by receiving anything of value

Answer 67

* Whoever fraudulently and deceitfully entices , abducts or takes away; * a person from their home; * for the purpose of prostitution; or the purpose of unlawful sexual intercourse

Answer 68

knowingly induce, or assist in inducing a person under 18 years old to become a prostitute

Answer 69

* entice (lure, persuade, tempt) a child under 16 or someone believed to be under 16 * to enter, exit, or remain within any vehicle, dwelling, building, or outdoor space * with the intent for the suspect or another person to commit any offense with the use or attempted use of force as an element; * --Indecent A&B * --Rape * --etc

Answer 70

* use electronic communication * to knowingly entice a child under 18 to engage in prostitution, human trafficking,

Answer 71

* suspect knew person was a prostitute * derived complete or partial support from prostitute's earnings; or money loaned in advance or charged against prostitute; * by any manager of a place prostitution is practiced or allowed

Answer 72

* suspect owns, manages or assist in management or control of premises; * induced or actively persuade another person on the premises to have sex for a fee or other financial benefit; and * person induced was on the premises with intent to have unlawful sexual intercourse

Answer 73

* engaged, offered, or agreed to engage in sexual conduct with another person for a fee; or * paid, offered or agreed to pay another person to engage in sexual conduct or agree to engage in sex with another person

Answer 74

* Suspect knows or has sufficient reason to believe a child is under 18

Answer 75

* any person under 18 years old

Answer 76

* The child's father, mother, stepfather, stepmother, stepbrother, stepsister or any blood relative, including half-blood (except cousins who are more distantly related than first cousins); any adoptive relative of equal relationship to the foregoing; or a spouse of any such persons.

Answer 77

* parent, relative, guardian, other household member or other person entrusted with the responsibility for the child's health and welfare temporarily or permanently. EX: teachers, babysitters, coaches

Answer 78

* 6-16 * Must attend school to the age of 18 but can drop out of school at 16

Answer 79

12-18 years old

Answer 80

* Ages 14-18 * applies to JV's who have committed a felony offense and have at least one of the following: * -DYS commitment * -committed certain firearm offenses * -committed an offense which involves the infliction or threat of serious bodily harm

Answer 81

* anyone between 12 and 18 is arraigned in JV court * If JV commits an offense prior to turning 18 but is not apprehended until older than or equal to 18, then the case goes to JV court.

Answer 82

* Between 12 and 18 and will not be charged with possession or in presences of drugs or alcohol

Answer 83

* 14-18 years old * must be brought to a jv facility and not an adult prison * JV's cannot be held in a secure detention for long than 6 hours * JV's who are 12 and 13 cannot be held in secure detention and cannot be admitted bail

Answer 84

* Any child under the age of 12 cannot give consent to anyone without a parent or guardian because they lack the maturity to provide consent

Answer 85

* a report with DCF that details suspected child abuse or neglect

Answer 86

* A person, who in his or her professional capacity, has reasonable cause to believe a child is suffering physical ore emotional injury resulting from abuse or neglect * Must file a 51A report within 48 hours

Answer 87

* non-accidental conduct committed by a caretaker that causes or creates a substantial risk of serious physical or emotional injury or constitutes a sexual offense

Answer 88

* A caretakers failure , either deliberately or through negligence, to maintain the child's heart and well being, or one who creates a substantial risk of serious bodily injury or sexual abuse

Answer 89

* parent, guardian, or another person with legal duty * fails to provide room and board or physically abandons * a child under 10 years old * voluntarily abandonment of a newborn infant is the baby needs to be 7 DAYS old or younger. must bring to an appropriate place (hospital, police station, a manned fire station)

Answer 90

* Wantonly or recklessly create a substantial risk of serious bodily injury or sexual abuse to a child under 18 years old; or * a person with legal duty to act on behalf of a child under 18, wantonly or recklessly failed to take reasonable action to prevent substantial risk of serious bodily injury or sexual abuse to the child

Answer 91

* intentionally commits A&B * that caused bodily injury or serious bodily injury * to a child under 14

Answer 92

* cause, induce, abet, or encourage * a person between 12 and 18 * to violate any city ordnance, town by-law or commits any offense against a law of the commonwealth

Answer 93

* sale or delivery of any alcoholic beverage to any person under 21 for his own use or the use of a parent or other person * procuring (obtain) an alcoholic beverage for a person under 21 in an establishment licensed to sell alcohol; or * furnishing (providing/supplying) an alcoholic beverage to a person under 21

Answer 94

repeatedly runs away from the home of the child's parent, legal guardian or custodian

Answer 95

repeatedly fails to obey the lawful and reasonable commands of a parent, legal guardian or custodian, thereby interfering with their ability to adequately care for and protect the child

Answer 96

repeatedly fails to obey lawful and reasonable regulations of the child's school

Answer 97

fails to attend school for more than 8 days in a quarter

Answer 98

* under 18 subjected to sexual exploitation

Answer 99

* child between 12 and 18 who commits any offense except: * a civil infraction * a violation of any municipal ordinance or town bylaw; * a "first offense misdemeanor" for which punishment is a fine, imprisonment in a jail or house of correction for no more than 6 months

Answer 100

* must be considered a "special relationship." * The adult must be someone who is sufficiently interested in the JV's welfare. * Must be atleast 18 * cannot be under the influence of a controlled substance

Answer 101

* JV commits any misdemeanor (just one) * but must be found guilty of it

Answer 102

* intentionally smell or inhale the fumes of any substance having the property of releasing toxic vapors * with the intent to cause intoxication, euphoria, excitement

Answer 103

* any person under 18 will not be prosecuted for possession or attempt to purchase * police can still charge between 18 and 20 * it is illegal for anyone under 21 to purchase or attempt to purchase alcohol by: * --misrepresenting his or her age * --alter or falsify ID * --make arrangements for another person to purchase alcohol

Answer 104

* possess, sell, purchase, or manufacture with intent to sell; and * knowing it will be used to plant propagate, cultivate, grow harvest, manufacture or introduce into the human body a controlled substance

Answer 105

* knowingly carry in his or her possession or under control in a vehicle; * a dangerous weapon

Answer 106

* carrying a loaded or unloaded firearm or airgun * onto school grounds

Answer 107

* enter or remain in a house, building, boat, or enclosed land of another * without permission; and * after having been forbidden to enter or remain there by person in lawful control of the premises, whether directly (verbal), posted, or court order

Answer 108

* unlawfully take and carry away * property or money of another person; and * with intent to permanently deprive that person of that property

Answer 109

* unlawful taking, carrying away or transferring of any retail merchandise displayed, held, stored or offered for sale by a merchant * with intent to permanently deprive the merchant of its possession, use, sale, or benefit; and * without paying merchant property's full value * For JV's merchandise must be worth more than $250 or a third shoplifting offense

Answer 110

* willfully and with malice; or wantonly * mark, injure, destroy, or deface; * personal or real property of another person

Answer 111

* B&E into a premise; * at any time of day or night; and * with intent to commit a misdemeanor

Answer 112

* between 18 and 59 * with an intellectual disability * or who is otherwise mentally or physically disabled * and the disability causes the person to be wholly or partially dependent on others to meet his daily living needs

Answer 113

* person 5 years of age or older with a severe chronic disability that is attributed to a mental/ physical impairment resulting from intellectual disability * manifested before the person reaches 22 * is likely to continue indefinitely * results in substantial functional limitations in 3 or more area: * --self care * --receptive and expressive language * --learning * --mobility * --self direction * --capacity for independent living * --economic self sufficiency

Answer 114

* characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual and adaptive behaviors * --before 18 * --lack communication, sensory, motor, and behavioral factors * --limitations often coexist with strengths within an individual

Answer 115

* person responsible for the care of an elder (60 or older) or a person with a disability * may derive from any of the following * --family relative * --fiduciary (trust) duty imposed by the law * --contractual duty undertaken * --voluntary assumption of duty

Answer 116

A person 60 or older

Answer 117

a caretaker's intentional, reckless or negligent action regardless of whether the acts is performed with an intent to harm

Answer 118

* a caretaker's failure, whether intentional or not, to take action to protect a person with a disability or to provide for a person with a disability daily living needs that causes serious emotion or physical injury or both

Answer 119

* use first person and possessive words * "with" "has" or "uses" instead of "is" EX: Tom "has" a mental illness

Answer 120

* failure to provide treatment or services necessary to maintain health and safety and creates harm or substantial likelihood of harm

Answer 121

* the use of medications or treatments, isolation or physical or chemical restraints which harms or creates the likelihood of harm

Answer 122

* A&B * Upon an elderly or disabled person

Answer 123

* A&B * Upon an elderly or disabled person * Suspect is a caretaker

Answer 124

Central nervous system stimulants Central nervous system depressants Hallucinogens Dissociative anesthetics Inhalants Cannabis

Answer 125

increase alertness, attention, energy, and confidence levels.Some CNS stims are used to legally treat obesity, sleep disorders, adhd and other health conditions cocaine, amphetamines (adderral) methamphetamines, ritalin the methods of ingestions are ORAL, SMOKED, INJECTION Common side effects are REDNESS TO NOSE, RUNNY NOSE, DRYMOUTH, GRINDING TEETH, BODY TREMORS, INCREASED ALERTNESS, TALKATIVE, SWEATING AND PARANOIA. SIGNS OF ABUSE AND OVERDOSE INCREASED HEART RATE OR BLOOD PRESSURE, SIGNIFICANT WEIGHT LOSS, HALLUCINATIONS, CONVULSIONS, SEIZURES AND SUDDEN DEATH.

Answer 126

slow down brain and psychomotor activity. Many are used legally treat epilepsy anxiety and mental illness. ex. Rohypnol (A), GNB (A), Diazepam (C), Alparazolam (C) Phenobarbital (D) **ALCOHOL IS MOST WIDELY USED AND ABUSED DEPRESSANT** Methods of ingestion are ORAL, INSUFFLATION AND INJECTION Common CNS depressant side effects The amount ingestions and time since ingestions determines the side effect intensity. Disoriented, drowsiness, drunk like behavior, uncoordinated, relaxed inhibitions and slowed reflexes. SIGNS OF ABUSE AND OVERDOSE CNS depressants can be addictive because they reduce mental stress and anxiety. Tolerance can develop quickly which prompts abusers to increase dosage amounts or mix it with alcohol. High body temp, shallow breathing, cold clammy skin, rapid weak pulse and dilated pupils

Answer 127

are drugs or substances with a chemical structure that creates a stimulant, depressant or hallucinogenic effect on the central nervous system. Mass identifies controlled substances by classes a through e. its divides the drugs into the most addictive or those with limited or no legal use.

Answer 128

can cause profound distortions in a person's perceptions of reality euphoria and increased sensitivity to touch and light. They make users see images, hear sounds and feel sensations that do not exist outside the mind. EXAMPLES There are natural and synthetic hallucinogens. PEYOTE (SPECIES OF CACTUS CONTAINING MESCALINE), MUSHROOMS CONTAINING PSILOCYBIN, LSD, MDMA OR ECSTACY OR KHAT (SYNTHETIC CATHINONES). Methods of ingestions are ORAL, TRANSDERMAL, SMOKED, INJECTED AND INSUFFLATION. COMMON hallucinogen side effects Hallucinogens intensify moods of the user at the time of ingestions. The amount taken can determine side effect intensity the following are indicators: hallucinations, paranoia, nausea, body tremors, sweating, dehydration and headache. Sings of ABUSE AND OVERDOSE are FLASHBACKS, MEMORY LOSS, VIOLENT BEHAVIOR LONG TERM HALLUCINATIONS, SEIZURES AND SUICIDES.

Answer 129

A family of drugs one or more synthetic chemicals similar to cathinone, a natural stimulant found in khat plant. Examples are synthetic chemicals used include mephedrone and methylome. common short term symptoms include euphoria increased sex drive, nose bleeds, vomiting, panic attacks and violence. Abuse and overdose signs include depression, breakdown of skeletal muscle tissue, kidney failure and death.

Answer 130

DISSOCIATIVE ANESTHETICS cut off or distort the brains perception from the rest of the body. Examples are PCP, ANALOGS, KETAMINE AND DXM (FOUND IN OTC COUGH MEDICINES). METHODS OF INGESTION ARE ORAL, TRANSDERMAL, SMOKED, INJECTED, EYE DROPS AND INSUFFLATION. Common Dissociative anesthetic side effects Dosage amount method of ingestion and time since ingestion determines side effect intensity. Indicators of side effects are warm to touch, sweating, blank staring, slurred speech, hallucinations, confusion, sensory distortions, disoriented and violent. Signs of overdose are deep coma up to12 hours, seizures, convulsions, shallow breathing and psychosis Narcotic analgesics relieve chronic pain induce euphoria alter moods and produce sedation. They are known for addicting properties and severe withdrawal symptoms. Examples are HEROIN, VICODIN, MORPHINE, OXYCONTIN. Methods of ingestion are ORAL, INHALED, INJECTED. COMMON SIDE EFFECTS

Answer 131

can provide a rush of relief and euphoria followed by twilight states of sleep and wakefulness. Side effects are NAUSEA, DRY MOUTH, DROOPY EYE LIDS, DROWSINESS, SLOW RASPY SPEECH, SENSATION OF HAVING HEAVY ARMS AND LEGS, “THE NOD” (e.g. EYE FLUTTERING AND HEAD BOBBING). Signs of narcotic analgesic abuse Narcotic analgesics are psychologically and physically addictive. Signs of abuse or overdose are SHALLOW BREATHING, BLUE LIPS AND FINGERNAILS, CLAMMY SKIN, SEIZURES, CONVULSIONS AND COMA.

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Inhalants are solvents aerosols and gases found in household products sold Over the counter. National surveys indicate that nearly 21.7 million Americans aged 12 and older have used inhalants at least one. 13.1 percent of 8^th graders have used inhalants per NIDA’s Monitoring the future survey. EXAMPLES There are 3 sub categories of inhalants. They are volatile solvents, aerosols and anesthetic gases. Volatile Solvents are gasoline, glue, paint, paint thinners. Fingernail polish remover, cleaning fluids, liquid correction fluid. Aerosols are hairspray, deodorants, vegetable frying pan lubricants, insecticides and glass chillers. Anesthetic gases are ether, nitrous oxide, amyl, butyl and isobutyl nitrite. Methods of ingestion are sprayed into an empty soda can then inhaled through opening, sprayed into a balloon then inhaled, soaked into a piece of clothing or rag then inhaled by placing over mouth or nose. **Common inhalant side effects.** Typical inhalant users will appear to be intoxicated by alcohol. Common side effects are confusion, disoriented, slow speech, nausea, flushed red face, bloodshot watery eyes, intense headaches, lack of muscle control. Signs of inhalant abuse are seizures, nerve damage, brain damage, inhalant substance smell on user clothing or body, large amounts of residue on their hands mouth and face and coma; sudden death from asphyxiation or suffocation.

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Cannabis is derived primarily from a variety of plant species. Cannabis contains tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Cannabis is one of the most widely used recreational drugs. Examples are marijuana, hashish, hash oil, synthetics Methods of ingestion are smoked and eaten. Cannabis can cause enhanced sensory perception and euphoria followed by distinct periods of drowsiness. Common side effects are bloodshot eyes, body or eyelid tremors, increased appetite, relaxed inhibitions, disorientation, balance problems and slow reaction time. Signs of cannabis abuse are chronic fatigue, paranoia, insomnia and psychosis. Synthetic cannabinoid is a wide variety of herbal mixtures containing man made cannabinoid chemicals similar to and stronger than THC. Common or short-term symptoms include increased heart rate, vomiting, agitation, confusion, hallucinations and paranoia. Long term effects are unknown but signs of abuse are headaches, depression and anxiety. Street names include K2 and Spice.

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Most clandestine labs in the US are used to manufacture methamphetamines (CNS Stimulant) because they are easy to produce. Equipment and ingredients needed are inexpensive and readily available. Most clandestine labs make drugs for personal use and limited street level distribution. for most labs found by police are BUCKETS, BLENDERS, KITCHEN UTENSILS, PORTABLE PROPANE TANKS, PLASTIC SODA BOTTLES, COFFEE GRINDERS AND FILTERS, GLASS MASON/CANNING JARS, CROCK POTS, PRESSURE COOKERS, ELECTRIC FRYING PANS AND HOT PLATE

Answer 135

There are several cooking methods and recipes listed on the internet. Most ingredients can be purchased over the counter at a hardware store, auto parts or pharmacy store. Many ingredients are hazards by themselves but when mixed during the cooking process ingredients can become highly flammable, poisonous and corrosive. Examples are **Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine**- the essential ingredient and precursor found in over the counter cold and flu medicines. Tablets are crushed using blenders or coffee grinders before mixing with other ingredients. **Red phosphorous-** extracted from matches and road flares. Flammable and can ignite if exposed to shock, friction or heat. Contact with water or moist air can produce flammable or toxic gas/vapor. **Iodine crystals-** toxic if inhaled and poisonous if ingested. Becomes explosive when mixed with lithium, sodium, ammonia and red phosphorous. Hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide are used as substitutes for iodine crystals. **Hydrochloric acid-** toxic inhaled and can Impair respiratory tract. Direct contact with skin can cause burns. Avoid eye contact. Used as substitute for iodine crystals. **Sodium hydroxide- dissolves** skin and human tissue on contact. Severe eye hazard. Solid form in contact with water may generate sufficient heat to ignite combustibles. **Solvents-** acetone, toluene, ether, brake cleaner, paint thinner, denatured alcohol and gasoline. Solvents are added after the cooking process. They eventually become residual waste and a continuous hazard. Explosive peroxides can form after prolonged storage. Solvent mixtures also produce highly flammable vapors that can expand beyond the actual lab. Ignition can occur from distant friction and heat sources. Vapors can also become toxic enough to cause respiratory distress and death. Coffee filters are used to separate used solvents from manufactured methamphetamine hydrochloride.

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Shake and bake and one pot methods are easy to conceal (e.g. backpack, glovebox). It is not uncommon for plastic bottles to melt during the cook or explode if pressure is not released. Bottle contents are corrosive, flammable and poisonous. Gases and vapors produced are also hazardous. The bottle can fail if pressure is not released, resulting in a chemical/vapor released and explosion. When the bottles pressure is released, and source of ignition can cause a subsequent explosion especially in an enclosed space.

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typically occurs when the person is under the influence of high levels of drugs that alter dopamine processing (e.g. methamphetamines, cocaine etc.). Common signs and symptoms of excited delirium are PARANOIA, PROFUSE SWEATING, ABNORMAL STRENGTH, HIGH TOLERANCE TO PAIN, HIGH BODY TEMP, UNPROVOKED ACTS OF VIOLENCE, NUDITY (IE PERON REMOVES ALL CLOTHES) and ERRATIC BEHAVIOR (EG RUNNING OUT INTO TRAFFIC). **Excited delirium is a life-threatening medical emergency.** Approximately two thirds of excited delirium drug users die at the scene or during transport by paramedics or police.in most cases death occurs following cardiac arrest. When excited delirium is suspected, call for EMS immediately. Attempt to calm and secure the person as quickly as possible for rapid transport by EMS to the hospital. EMS may administer medication to help sedate person and prevent sudden death.

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* any criminal act coupled with overt actions motivated by bigotry and bias including a threatened, attempted or completed overt act motivated by at least in part by racial, religious, handicap, gender, or sexuality * Commits a crime because of who they are or their unchangeable characteristics

Answer 139

* The criminal act must have been motivated, in whole or in part by the suspect's bias * just because a person is biased against a person's characteristics does not mean a hate crime has been committed * If a statement is made but does not meet the level of a crime then it is a bias indicator * the following can help prove bias: * --the offender and victim were of a different race, religion, sexual orientation, etc. * --the victim is a member of a specific group that is overwhelmingly outnumbered by other groups in the area * --Victim or suspect was engaged in activities promoting his or her group * --Specific verbal or written statements or drawings of symbols

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**_Thrill seekers_**- most common type, no affiliation with any group **_Defensive_**- no prior history of criminal behavior or overt bias and no active affiliation with any organized hate group **_retaliatory_**- active members or self affiliated with an organized hate group usually "getting even" for a previous act of hate committed against members of their group **_Mission_**- rarest type generally suffer from mental illness that causes hallucinations"getting even" for conspiracy theories

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* generally target entire classes of people based on shared member beliefs about race, religion, sexuality etc. * participate in public marches, hold rallies * can be organized at the local, state, and national level

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organization of _3 or more persons_ with a common name, identifying sign or symbol whose members individually or collectively engage in criminal activity

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1. Local Street gangs 2. Outlaw motorcycle gangs 3. Prison gangs **S**pot the problem **E**thical Considerations **R**esearch the problem **D**evelop and execute a plan **E**valuate results

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_All motor vehicles manufactured since 1981 must have a 17 character VIN_ drivers side windshield dash (public or PVIN) all passenger cars sold after 1970 have a PVIN engine & transmission (as determine by manufacturer) up to 14 locations on most passenger vehicles 17 component parts for high theft motor vehicles confidential locations only for law enforcement

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\*an Effective initial response by police increases the chances that missing persons are found quickly & unharmed **Amber Alert** - child abductions must be under 18, \*Juveniles must be entered into NCIC **within 2 hours** of receiving missing person (National Center for Missing & Exploited Children **Silver Alert -** disseminate information quickly about missing persons with Alzheimer's , dementia, or other cognitive impairment

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* Livor mortis* - discoloration of skin from pooling of blood the heart can no longer circulate blood * Rigor Mortis*- caused by chemicals changes in the muscles which cause arms and legs of body to stiffen for unattended deaths, interview family members, friends, co-workers, or neighbors in the order of contact with deceased person, **beginning with most recent**