Criminal Law Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
General Principles
(Criminal Law)
A
- Actus Reus
- Mens Rea
- Parties to Crime
- Responsibility
2
Q
Actus Reus
(General Principles)
A
- voluntary, affirmative act, OR
- omission (failure to act), causing a criminally proscribed result
3
Q
Voluntary Act
(Actus Reus)
A
- Physical and voluntary
- Unconscious/asleep/under hypnosis—not voluntary
4
Q
Failure to act when duty exists
(Actus Reus)
A
- Imposed by statute (e.g., the obligation to file a tax return)
- Contract (e.g., a lifeguard saving a drowning person)
- Special relationship (e.g., a parent’s duty to her child or the duty to one’s spouse)
- Detrimental undertaking (e.g., leaving a victim in worse condition after treatment)
- Causation (e.g., failing to aid after causing a victim’s peril)
5
Q
Mens Rea
(General Principles)
A
a guilty mind or legally proscribed mental state (no mens rea for strict liability crimes)
6
Q
Specific Intent (SI) Crimes
(Mens Rea)
A
Defendant (D) has a subjective desire, specific objective, or knowledge to accomplish prohibited result (FIAT):
1. First-degree murder
2. Inchoate offenses
3. Assault with intent to commit battery
4. Theft offenses
7
Q
Malice Crimes
(Mens Rea)
A
- Reckless disregard of a high risk of harm
- Requires only a criminal act without excuse, justification, or mitigation
- Intent can be inferred from the accomplishment of the act
(e.g., CL murder, arson)
8
Q
General Intent Crimes
(Mens Rea)
A
Require the intent to perform an unlawful act
(e.g., battery, rape, kidnapping, and false imprisonment)
9
Q
Intent
(General Intent Crimes)
A
- purposely,
- knowingly,
- recklessly, OR
- negligently
10
Q
Transferred Intent
(General Intent Crimes)
A
- When D acts with intent to cause harm to one person or object and that act directly results in harm to another person or object
- Applies only to “bad aim” cases (not mistaken identity)
- Usually confined to homicide, battery, and arson
- Not for attempted crimes (only completed crimes)
- MPC—transferred intent not specifically recognized, but liability is recognized when purposely, knowingly, recklessly, or negligently causing a particular result is an element of an offense
11
Q
Model Penal Code
(Mens Rea)
A
- Purposely—D’s conscious objective is to engage in the conduct or to cause a certain result
- Knowingly/willfully—D is aware or knows that the result is practically certain to occur based on his conduct
- Recklessly—D acts with a conscious disregard of a substantial and unjustifiable risk 4. Negligently—D should be aware of a substantial and unjustifiable risk that a material element of a crime exists or will result from his conduct (i.e., a gross deviation from the standard of care)
12
Q
Strict Liability Claims
(Mens Rea)
A
- No mens rea; proof of the actus reus is sufficient for conviction
- Generally disfavored; there must be clear legislative intent to dispense with the mens rea
(e.g., statutory rape, bigamy, regulation of food and drugs)
13
Q
Vicarious Liability
(Mens Rea)
A
- No actus reus by D; imposes criminal liability on D for the actus reus of a third party
- Generally limited to regulatory crimes; punishment generally limited to fines
14
Q
Corporations
(Vicarious Liability)
A
may be vicariously liable when the act is performed by a high-ranking corporate agent who likely represents corporate policy
15
Q
Causation
(Mens Rea)
A
D’s mens rea (if required) must cause the actus reus, and the act must cause the particular result made unlawful by statute
16
Q
Mistake as Defense
(Mens Rea)
A
Mistake of fact:
1. May negate criminal intent (if an “honest mistake”)
2. A defense to specific-intent crimes, even if unreasonable
3. A defense to general-intent or malice crimes, only if reasonable
Mistake of law—only valid if:
1. D relied on court decision/ administrative order or official interpretation,
2. Statutory definition of malum prohibitum (illegal by statute) crime not available before conduct, OR
3. An honestly held mistake of law negates required intent or mental state
17
Q
Parties to Crime
(General Principles)
A
- Principal
- Accomplice Liability
- Accessory after the fact
18
Q
Principal
(Parties to Crime)
A
person whose acts or omissions are the actus reus of the crime; must be actually or constructively present at the scene of the crime
19
Q
Accomplice Liability
(Parties to Crime)
A
- Accomplice, Principal in the second degree, Accessory before the fact
- Responsible for the crime and all other crimes that are the natural and probable consequences of the accomplice’s conduct
20
Q
Accomplice
(Accomplice Liability)
A
person who, with the requisite mens rea, aids or abets a principal prior to or during the commission of the crime
21
Q
Principal in the second degree
(Accomplice Liability)
A
accomplice who is physically or constructively present during the commission of the crime
22
Q
Accessory before the fact
(Accomplice Liability)
A
accomplice who is neither physically nor constructively present during the commission of the crime, but who possesses the requisite intent
23
Q
Withdrawal
(Accomplice Liability)
A
To withdraw, accomplice must:
1. Repudiate prior aid,
2. Do all that is possible to countermand prior assistance, AND
3. Do so before the chain of events is in motion and unstoppable
24
Q
Accessory after the Fact
(Parties to Crime)
A
- Aids or assists a felon to avoid apprehension or conviction after commission of the felony
- Must know that a felony was committed
- Only liable for a separate crime (e.g., “obstruction of justice” or “harboring a fugitive”)
25
Responsibility
(General Principles)
1. Insanity
2. Intoxication
26
Insanity Tests
(Responsibility)
1. M'Naghten
2. Irresistible impulse
3. Durham
4. MPC
27
M'Naghten Test
(Insanity)
D did not know either:
1. the nature and quality of the act, OR
2. the wrongfulness of the act, because of a defect of reason due to mental disease (“right from wrong” test)
28
Irresistible Impulse Test
(Insanity)
D lacked capacity for self-control and free choice due to mental disease or defect (inability to conform conduct to the law)
29
Durham Test
(Insanity)
unlawful act was the product of D’s mental disease or defect (“but for” test)
30
MPC Test
(Insanity)
at the time of the conduct, D lacked substantial capacity to appreciate the wrongfulness of the act or to conform his conduct to law, as a result of mental disease or defect
(combines M’Naghten and irresistible impulse)
31
Voluntary Intoxication
(Responsibility)
1. Intentional taking of a substance known to be intoxicating
2. Need not intend actual intoxication
3. A defense to SI crimes if it prevents the formation of the required intent
4. MPC— a defense to crimes with a mental state that is “purposely” or “knowingly” and the intoxication prevents the formation of that mental state
32
Involuntary Intoxication
(Responsibility)
1. Taken without knowledge of the intoxicating nature, or under duress
2. A defense when intoxication negates an element of a general intent, specific intent, or malice crime; may be a defense to a strict liability crime by negating the voluntary act
33
Homicide
(Criminal Law)
the killing of a living human being by another
34
Murder
(Homicide)
the killing of a living human being by another
35
Malice
(Murder)
can be shown by any one of the following:
1. Intent to kill
2. Intent to do serious bodily injury
3. Reckless indifference to human life
4. Intent to commit a felony
36
Intent to Kill
(Malice)
conduct that is the legal cause of death + intent to kill
37
Intent to do serious bodily injury
(Malice)
intent to do serious bodily injury + unintentional killing
38
Reckless indifference to human life
(Malice)
results from reckless indifference to an unjustifiably high risk to human life + unintentional killing (“depraved heart”)
39
Intent to commit a felony
(Malice)
proximately caused by and during the commission or attempted commission of an inherently dangerous felony + unintentional killing (felony murder)
40
Felony Murder Rule (FMR)
(Murder)
1. Unintended and foreseeable killing proximately caused by and during the commission or attempted commission of an inherently dangerous felony (most common: BARRK— burglary, arson, robbery, rape, and kidnapping)
2. The prosecution must establish the underlying felony and that D committed that felony
3. Agency theory (majority position)—D is not liable for a bystander’s death caused by a felony victim or police officer
4. Proximate cause theory (minority position)—a bystander’s death falls under FMR because the death is a direct consequence of the felony
5. D is not liable for a co-felon’s death by a victim or police officer
6. Does not encompass death occurring after flight from the scene of the crime
41
Statutory Murder
(Homicide)
1. First Degree Murder
2. Second Degree Murder
42
First Degree Murder
(Statutory Homicide)
1. Deliberate and premeditated murder; OR
2. After forming the intent to kill, D had time for reflection
3. Specific-intent crime (specific-intent defenses available to D)
4. Felony murder
43
Second-Degree Murder
(Statutory Murder)
1. committed with the necessary malicious intent (commonlaw murder), OR
2. the default category if not first-degree murder
(malice crime)
44
Voluntary Manslaughter
(Homicide)
homicide committed with malice aforethought, but also with mitigating circumstances such as
1. Heat of passion
2. Imperfect Defense
45
Heat of Passion
(Voluntary Manslaughter)
1. Murder committed in response to a situation that could inflame a reasonable person (e.g., serious battery, threat of deadly force, but usually not mere words)
2. NOT a defense, but it reduces murder to voluntary manslaughter
3. If there was sufficient time between the provocation and the killing for a reasonable person to cool down, then murder is not mitigated to manslaughter
4. Transferred provocation applies if D misidentified her provoker or accidentally kills the wrong person
46
Imperfect Defense
(Voluntary Manslaughter)
Many states reduce murder to voluntary manslaughter if D started the altercation or unreasonably believed in the necessity of using deadly force
47
Involuntary Manslaughter
(Homicide)
unintentional homicide committed with criminal negligence OR during an unlawful act
48
Criminal Negligence
(Involuntary Manslaughter)
grossly negligent action (or inaction when there is a duty to act) that puts another person at a significant risk of serious injury or death
49
Unlawful act
(Involuntary Manslaughter)
killing committed during the commission of:
1. A malum in se misdemeanor (e.g., assault, battery), OR
2. A felony that is not treated as first-degree felony murder or second-degree murder
50
Other Crimes
(Criminal Law)
1. Crimes Against Property
2. Crimes against the Person
51
Crimes Against Property
(Other Crimes)
1. Larceny
2. Larceny by Trick
3. Forgery
4. Embezzlement
5. False Pretenses
6. Robbery
7. Extortion
8. Burglary
9. Arson
10. Possesion offenses
11. Receipt of stolen property
52
Larceny
(Crimes Against Property)
1. Trespassory;
2. Taking and;
3. Carrying away;
4. Of the personal property;
5. Of another;
6. With the specific intent to permanently deprive the owner of the property.
53
Larceny by Trick
(Crimes Against Property)
1. Larceny;
2. Accomplished by fraud or deceit;
3. That results in the conversion of the property of another.
54
Forgery
(Crimes Against Property)
1. Making;
2. Of a false writing;
3. With apparent legal significance; AND
4. With the intent to defraud.
55
Embezzlement
(Crimes Against Property)
1. Fraudulent;
2. Conversion;
3. Of the property;
4. Of another;
5. By a person who is in lawful possession of the property.
56
False Pretenses
(Crimes Against Property)
1. Obtaining title to the property;
2. Of another person;
3. Through the reliance of that person;
4. On a known false representation of a material past or present fact; AND
5. The representation is made with the intent to defraud.
57
Robbery
(Crimes Against Property)
1. Larceny;
2. From the person or presence of the victim;
3. By force or intimidation.
58
Extortion
(Crimes Against Property)
1. The taking of money or property from another by threat.
2. Making the threat (not obtaining the property) is the essence of the crime (majority view)
3. The threat need not be of immediate harm or of a physical nature
4. The property need not be on the victim or in his presence
59
Burglary (CL)
(Crimes Against Property)
1. Breaking and;
2. Entering;
3. Of the dwelling;
4. Of another;
5. At night;
6. With the specific intent to commit a felony therein.
60
Arson (CL)
(Crimes Against Property)
1. Malicious;
2. Burning;
3. Of the dwelling;
4. Of another.
- MPC includes any intentional fire/explosion intended to destroy a building or occupied structure, or destroying/ damaging property to collect insurance
61
Possession Offenses
(Crimes Against Property)
1. D exercises dominion and control over a prohibited object or substance
2. D is not required to be aware that possession of the object is illegal
3. Duration of possession: must be for a period long enough to have provided D with an opportunity to cease such dominion and control
62
Reciept of stolen property
(Crimes Against Property)
1. Receiving control of stolen property;
2. Knowledge that the property is stolen; AND
3. Intent to permanently deprive the owner of the property.
63
Crimes Against the Person
(Other Crimes)
1. Battery
2. Assault
3. Mayhem
4. Kidnapping
5. False Imprisonment
6. Rape
64
Battery
(Crimes Against the Person)
1. Unlawful;
2. Application of force;
3. To another person;
4. That causes bodily harm to that person or constitutes an offensive touching.
65
Assault
(Crimes Against the Person)
1. An attempt to commit a battery; OR
2. Intentionally placing another in apprehension of imminent bodily harm.
66
Mayhem
(Crimes Against the Person)
common-law felony battery that causes the dismemberment or permanent disfigurement of a person
67
Kidnapping
(Crimes Against the Person)
1. Unlawful;
2. Confinement of a person;
3. Against that person’s will;
4. Coupled with either:
4.1 the movement; OR
4.2 the hiding of that person.
68
False Imprisonment
(Crimes Against the Person)
1. Unlawful;
2. Confinement of a person;
3. Without consent.
69
Rape
(Crimes Against the Person)
1. Unlawful;
2. Sexual intercourse;
3. With a female;
4. Against her will by force or threat of immediate force.
(Most modern statutes are gender-neutral and have replaced the force requirement with lack of consent.); the required intent is negated if D reasonably believes that the victim’s lack of resistance indicates consent
70
Inchoate crimes
(Criminal Law)
Specific intent crimes that are "not fully formed"
1. Solicitation
2. Conspiracy
3. Attempt
71
Merger
(Inchoate Crimes)
D may be tried, but not punished, for:
1. solicitation and the completed crime;
2. attempt and the completed crime;
3. under the MPC, more than one inchoate offense (but conspiracy and attempt do not merge under the CL)
72
Solicitation
(Inchoate Crimes)
1. Enticing, encouraging, requesting, or commanding another person;
2. To commit a crime;
3. With the intent that the other person commits the crime.
4. Renunciation (MPC)—voluntary renunciation may be a defense if D thwarts the commission of the solicited crime
73
Conspiracy
(Inchoate Crimes)
1. An agreement;
2. Between two or more persons (bilateral conspiracy);
3. To accomplish an unlawful purpose;
4. With the intent to accomplish that purpose; AND
5. Overt act (not CL).
74
Unilateral Conspiracy
(Conspiracy)
may be formed when only one party actually agrees (modern trend and MPC; not recognized under common law)
75
Overt Act Requirement
(Conspiracy)
Common law: no overt act required
Majority/federal law/MPC:
1. Require a lawful or unlawful overt act in furtherance of the conspiracy, BUT
2. MPC does not require an overt act if the conspiratorial crime is a first- or second- degree felony
76
Scope
(Conspiracy)
conspirator is liable for conspiracy and the co-conspirators’ substantive crimes committed in furtherance of the conspiracy (Pinkerton Rule)
77
Withdrawal
(Conspiracy)
Liability for conspiracy:
1. Federal/majority rule: withdrawal is possible after the agreement and before the commission of an overt act, BUT D must give notice to co-conspirators or give timely notice to police
2. MPC/minority rule: subsequent withdrawal is possible ONLY if D acts voluntarily to “thwart the success” of the conspiracy
Liability for substantive crimes: for this purpose, D may withdraw by:
1. giving notice to his co-conspirators OR
2. timely advising legal authorities of the existence of the conspiracy even though such an action does not thwart the conspiracy
78
Attempt
(Inchoate Defenses)
1. A substantial step toward commission of crime (beyond mere preparation); coupled with
2. The specific intent to commit the crime.
3. Factual impossibility—not a defense (legal impossibility is a defense)
4. Abandonment—not a defense after completion of actus reus (substantial step or dangerous proximity)
5. If the crime is completed, the attempt merges into the completed crime (D may be charged with both, but may be convicted of only one)
79
Mistake of Fact
(General Defenses)
1. A viable defense, if the mistake is a reasonable one
1.a Consider D’s physical
characteristics, experiences,
and knowledge
2. An unreasonable mistake is only a defense to specific-intent crimes
80
Specific Defenses
(Defenses)
1. Self-Defense
2. Defense of Others
3. Defense of Property
4. Arrest
5. Duress
6. Necessity
7. Consent
8. Entrapment
81
Self-Defense
(Specific Defenses)
one who is not the aggressor is justified in using reasonable force against another person to prevent immediate unlawful harm to himself
82
Reasonable Force
(Self-Defense)
may be used to prevent immediate unlawful harm
83
Deadly Force
(Self Defense)
may be used in self-defense only if reasonably necessary to:
1. Prevent death or serious injury, OR
2. Prevent the commission of a serious felony involving a risk to human life
84
Nondeadly Force
(Self Defense)
may be used to repel nondeadly force
85
Retreat
(Self Defense)
1. No self-defense duty to retreat before using nondeadly force, deadly force in home, or (majority view) deadly force elsewhere
2. Minority view—retreat is required if it can be safely accomplished
86
Imperfect Self-Defense
(Self Defense)
reduces murder to voluntary manslaughter (when a killing in self-defense is not justified)
87
Aggressor's right to use self-defense
(Self Defense)
initial aggressor may gain the right to act in self-defense if:
1. The aggressor’s nondeadly force was met with deadly force, OR
2. The aggressor, in good faith, withdrew from the altercation and communicated that fact to the victim
88
Defense of Others
(Specific Defenses)
right to defend others exists under the same circumstances in which self-defense would be acceptable
89
Defense of Property
(Specific Defenses)
1. Reasonable steps, including nondeadly force, may be used to protect property
2. D must reasonably believe that the real property is in immediate danger of unlawful trespass or that personal property is in immediate danger of being carried away
3. Force cannot be unreasonably disproportionate to the perceived harm
4. Generally, deadly force is not OK in defending property—only OK to prevent forcible entry into a dwelling if the occupant reasonably believes that the intruder intends to commit a felony inside
5. Deadly mechanical devices cannot be used to protect property
90
Arrest
(Specific Defenses)
1. Police can use reasonable force to make a lawful arrest
2. Police can use deadly force only if the suspect is a threat to the officer or third parties
3. Resisting unlawful arrest: D may use nondeadly force to resist an unlawful arrest (never deadly force)
91
Duress
(Specific Defenses)
1. A third party’s unlawful threat that causes D to reasonably believe that the only way to avoid death or serious bodily injury to himself or another is to violate the law, and that causes D to do so, allows D to claim the duress defense
2. Not a defense to intentional murder
92
Necessity
(Specific Defenses)
1. Forces of nature (not human actions) caused D to commit what would otherwise be a crime
2. Not a defense if D set the natural forces in motion (e.g., set a fire) or if there is a reasonably apparent noncriminal alternative
93
Consent
(Specific Defenses)
Not a defense unless it:
1. Negates a required element of the crime, OR
2. Precludes the harm sought to be avoided by the crime *
Consent must be:
1. Voluntarily and freely given;
2. Involve no fraud; AND
3. Be given by one who is competent to consent.
94
Entrapment
(Specific Defenses)
1. Crime is induced by a government official or agent; AND
2. D was not predisposed to commit the crime.
