CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards

Question

Dixon et al aim

Answer 1

Dixon et al focused on the Brummie accent and how this could influence a juror’s decision.

Answer 2

listened to a 2 minute transcript of an interview between a police officer (in their 40s) and suspect (in their 20s). The suspect pleaded innocent of the crime they were accused of. Students were asked to complete a 7 point scale from guilty to not guilty after listening to the tape.

Answer 3

accent of the suspect (Brummie or standard), the crime they were accused of committing (white collar - cheque fraud or blue collar - armed robbery) and race of the suspect (black or white).

Answer 4

Brummie accent, was described as being black, and was being accused of the blue-collar crime. = significantly higher guilt ratings

Answer 5

Penrod and cutler Pennington and hastie Sigall and Ostrove Simons and Chabris

Answer 6

lab experiment, independent measures Participants (undergrad = experienced jurors) shown one version of a videotaped trial for robbery. One version, eyewitness reported 80% confident, one 100% confident in her identification of suspect 80% confident, found guilty 60% of time, compared to 67% for 100% confident witness

Answer 7

120 college student (50/50 mf), read account of crime where defendant was female, asked to give sentence. IV = crime (burgle, swindling), attractiveness. The jurors were lenient on an attractive burglar but not an attractive swindler (because they used their looks for their crime)

Answer 8

2 ways presenting evidence - witness order is best first/last, story order is chronological Story order is effective but only when used on one side (otherwise its effectiveness is cancelled out). Story for prosecuting = 78% guilty, both = 59%, defence story = 31% guilty

Answer 9

192 p, Harvard undergraduates Simons & Chabris found that on average there was a sustained inattentional blindness of 46% This can be used to discredit eyewitness testimony by saying the witness did not see something that may help defend a suspect Things that increased the unexpected event being seen: video being opaque having an easy task watching a team in a similar (black) colour when the unexpected event is less unusual

Answer 10

Experimental juries were given audio evidence from a case involving a female driver who was injured as a result of a careless male driver. When she reported she had insurance the payout offered by juries was $4000 higher than without. When she reported having insurance but the judge ruled this as inadmissible evidence (evidence they cannot use in their decision) this increased the payout to $13000 higher than if she didn’t report having insurance. Therefore, evidence ruled as banned receives more focus from jurors.

Answer 11

STRENTHS = ethical, quicker, larger samples, controlled procedure WEAKNESSES = know its not real so decision has no consequences (low ecological), often students

Answer 12

Use screens to hide witness/suspect’s appearance (Sigall & Ostrove) Use voice changers/Have a written witness statement (Dixon) Rules for witnesses - don’t report confidence (Penrod & Cutler) Randomise/Have set order of witnesses so lawyers don’t decide (Pennington & Hastie)

Answer 13

manipulate order evidence presented - pennington and hastie story order train witness - report theyre 100% confident, penrod and cutler change appearance, suit, haircut - sigall and ostrove attractive burgulars

Answer 14

Memon and higham - a review of the cognitive interview

Answer 15

Mental reinstatement of context Report everything Recall from a variety of different perspectives Recall in different temporal orders

Answer 16

ask witness to take themselves back to scene, imagine nouse, smell, ect Milne showed that this alone obtains as much info as whole CI interview procedure however not ethical?

Answer 17

everything, regardless of how irrelevant builds picture for police irrelevant points

Answer 18

describe what others saw, ie other witness, victim, suspect May lead to fabricating data, could confuse witness However milne found evidence for it to still produce accurate data

Answer 19

recall events in different orders ie backwards, start half way through Geiselman and Callot (1990) found that it was more effective to recall in forward order once, followed by reverse order, rather than to make two attempts at recall from the beginning.

Answer 20

Reid GUDJONSSON Mann et al Peace Model

Answer 21

Reid 9 steps technique for interrogation, helps lower anxiety levels + reduce barriers of confession 2) theme development - go thru ways of explaining crime, until one is acceptable 5) procurement and retention of suspects attention - good eye contact, use first name 7) present alternative question - ask a question to leas to admitting guilt, one option more socially acceptable

Answer 22

Claims there is 4 factors to consider when investigating if a confession is false; DEFENDANT- young, old, IQ, mental disorder? ARREST- more likely false if arrested suddenly, violently, middle of night MENTAL/PHYSICAL STATE- more likely if stressed, anxious, ill, intoxicated INTERROGATION- more likely if coercive, biased, elading interview tactics

Answer 23

99 police officers shown 54 video clips from real life police interviews, judge if they're lying or not The best lie detectors rely more on story cues (specifically, contradictions in what suspects are saying) Mann suggest police training to focus on listening, environment emphasize listening (screen)

Answer 24

Suitable for victim, witness or suspect. Assumes if lying, will contradict too much. P = prepare, list of facts, plot timeline E = engage, with interviewee, form a rapport A = account, clarify, challenge - let them give their account without interruption, ask to clarify then challenge to expose C = closure, close appropriately, maintain rapport E = evaluation, check everything covered

Answer 25

LOFTUS AND PALMER - found that use of critical word (smashed, hit ect) effect how people remember an event, ie seeing glass, estimating speed GRANT - context dependent memory, found that people perform better in recall and recognition when in the same context that the info was learnt

Answer 26

1) build rapport with witness, peace model ( all 3) 2) use cognitive interview technique, mental reinstatement of context, Memon and higham 3) avoid using leading questions, loftus and palmer found false memory of broken glass

Answer 27

wilson and kelling

Answer 28

Wilson and Kelling describe a programme carried out in 28 cities in New Jersey, including Newark. This involved the state putting more officers on foot on the street. After five years, a review showed that there was no decrease in crime rates. However, residents living in the areas where the foot patrols had operated felt more secure.

Answer 29

Wilson and Kelling claim that we should not underestimate the impact of fear of disorder within a community. They suggest that if a window in a building is broken and not repaired then soon all the other windows in that building will be broken as an unrepaired window is a sign that no-one cares.

Answer 30

Wilson and Kelling note that there have been instances of vigilantism, such as the Guardian Angels who patrolled the New York subway, and ‘community watchmen’ who patrol neighbourhoods and challenge strangers. However, they are clear that “the police are plainly the key” if public order is to be maintained because their role makes them responsible for stepping in and their uniform makes them easy to identify by residents as someone who is responsible for helping them. They would support the police carrying out foot patrols, but they note that, with limited resources, they need to target their resources with care: “The key is to identify neighbourhoods that are at the tipping point – where the public order is deteriorating but not unreclaimable….” It is in these areas that broken windows need to be mended straight away.

Answer 31

Cohen and Felson Brown Zero Tolerance Policy Ernest-Jones et al

Answer 32

3 factors needed for crime to occur; SUITABLE TARGET, things worth stealing MOTIVATED OFFENDER, someone whos inclined, ability to do so ABSENCE OF CAPABLE GUARDIAN, someone who would deter Even if 1 is missing, reduce crime occurance.

Answer 33

Principle of broken windows applied Subway fare dodging - Teams of up to 10 officers were dressed in casual clothes at subway stations with high levels of fare dodging. A city bus was used to speed up travel of those who were arrested. They found 1/7 arrested had an outstanding warrant for another crime and 1/20 were carrying a weapon. Focus shifted to individuals such as public drunks, those urinating in public or ‘squeegee men’ who demanded money for washing car windows

Answer 34

Brown conducted a study in Birmingham, Newcastle and Kings Lynn to compare levels of antisocial and criminal behaviour (DV) before and after CCTV was introduced (IV). Results found burglaries in Newcastle went down by 56% and criminal damages reduced by 34%.

Answer 35

Brown conducted a similar study in London, found that in the stations with CCTV, crime fell by 70%, only 38% over whole network. Displaced crime rather than eliminated.

Answer 36

A university cafeteria had an experiment comprising of posters asking the students to clear up litter from their meals. The posters either had eyes on them OR flowers on them (IV). They found a 50% reduction in littering (DV) when the posters featured eyes.

Answer 37

Install CCTV, Brown reduced burglaries 50% Police should be more present in communities, Cohen and felson says lack of capable guardian, wilson and kelling eyes on posters, ernest jones 50% reduction in litter

Answer 38

Haney et al, Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment

Answer 39

To test the dispositional hypothesis – to find out whether the situation or the disposition of the individuals make prison brutal. Researchers predicted that allocation to the role of prisoner or guard would dictate the pp’s behaviour and NOT their personality (disposition)

Answer 40

75 potential responded to advert, 24 selected judged to be stable, mature. College students in Stanford, didn't know each other. Role allocated randomly

Answer 41

GUARDS; maintain reasonable degree of order so prison could function, told not to use physical punishment, worked 8hr shifts and left when not on duty, wore reflective glasses. PRISONERS; were called by their number only, blindfolded to mock prison, given whole experience of a prisoner

Answer 42

The study was stopped after 6 days (it was due to last 2 weeks) due to the cruelty and verbal abuse of the guards and some of the prisoners suffering from high levels of anxiety - leading to 5 being released early. 'Pathological prisoner syndrome’ = the way in which prisoners started to show passivity, dependence and flattened mood. Five had to be released early because of extreme emotional depression, crying, rage, and acute anxiety. ‘Pathology of power’ = the way in which people given the opportunity to exert power over others engage in oppressive behaviour. (NB none of the guards were ever late arriving for their shifts, and on several occasions they stayed on duty for several hours, voluntarily and without complaint) This suggests INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES in behaviour

Answer 43

Gillis and Nafekh Restorative Justice Anger management programmes Community Sentences

Answer 44

Interested in effects of an employment scheme within canadian correctional service. Sample 23,525 on parole. Those on programme took 37 months to reoffend, compared to 11 months with those who didnt take the employment programme

Answer 45

Involves offender meeting victim in conference, each explain their side. Both must volunteer. Most effective for violent crime, helps reduce PTSD, prevent reoffending

Answer 46

3 stages; COGNITIVE PREPARATION, taught to identify situations that triggers outbursts SKILLS ACQUISITION, learn relaxation techniques eg regular breathing APPLICATION PRACTICE, apply skills until natural and automatic in Uk, main course is CALM

Answer 47

Given out for crimes such as damaging property, assualt, fraud. Court believes less likely to reoffend. In 2017, those given community sentences had a much lower reoffending rate. Cheaper

Answer 48

1) offer anger management programmes, Uk prisons use CALM 2) Create employment prgrammes, train up prisoners. Gilis and Nafekh found 37 v 11 months 3) Bring in ex-prisoners, BANDURA!!!!!!!!!!

Answer 49

BANDURA ROLE MODELS

CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards

(73 cards)