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Criminology Flashcards

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1
Q

What did David Downes say about criminology?

A

It is a rendezvous subject

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2
Q

What did Tim Newburn say about criminology?

A

It is the study of crime, those who commit crime and of the criminal justice system

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3
Q

What did David Garland say about criminology?

A

It is the product of the governmental project and the Lombrosian project

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4
Q

What is the governmental and Lombrosian project?

A

The governmental project is a study of the administration of justice e.g. the working of prisons, police and the measures of crime

The Lombrosian project is the study of criminals and non-criminals e.g. what makes a person commit a crime

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5
Q

What is the difference between the Criminal Justice System and Criminology?

A

CJS - deals with police/policing, legal systems, courts, youth justice and rehabilitation services

Criminology - more theoretically informed and more concerned with types of crime and their causes

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6
Q

What is Actual Bodily Harm?

A

Any injury which interferes with the health or comfort of the victim

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7
Q

What is the maximum sentence for ABH in a magistrates court?

A

6 months

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8
Q

What is the maximum sentence for ABH in a crown court?

A

5 years

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9
Q

What did Lacey (2002) say about crime?

A

The concept of crime is mostly seen as a legal construction e.g. crime is the breaking of criminal law

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10
Q

What is the realism approach to crime?

A

Crime is a very real issue
Point of view from victim
Official stats are accurate

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11
Q

What is the social constructionism approach to crime?

A

Crime is a social construct
Based on cultural values
Official stats aren’t a true reflection of crime

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12
Q

What did Hulsman 1986 say about crime?

A

Crime has no ontological reality. Crime is not the object but the product of a criminal justice policy

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13
Q

What are the 2 main ways of measuring crime?

A

Police recorded crime

Victimisation Surveys

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14
Q

Describe the main features of the Crime Survey of England & Wales

A

Introduced in 1982
Thought to be more reliable than police recorded crime
35,000 adults
2,800 children
Doesn’t include crimes against businesses, homeless people, people in halls of residence and victimless crimes e.g. drugs

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15
Q

What are the 3 categories of criminal offences?

A

Indictable offences
Summary offences
Either way offences

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16
Q

Describe an indictable offence

A

Serious crimes e.g. murder, rape, robbery. Can only be tried in front of a jury in a crown court

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17
Q

Describe a summary offence

A

Minor crimes e.g. motoring crimes. Only needs to be tried by a magistrate

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18
Q

Describe an either way offence

A

Inbetween category - tried in either magistrate or crown court

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19
Q

What is an issue with police recorded crime?

A

The dark figure - unrecorded/unreported crime

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20
Q

What are Tim Hope’s critiques of CSEW?

A 
Memory decay
Interview conditions
Only interview 1 person per household 
Lying
Some people may lack education and find it hard to complete survey
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21
Q

How many homocides were recorded in the UK in 2018?

A

739

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22
Q

How many rapes were recorded in the UK in 2018?

A

56,000

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23
Q

What effects does the media have on crime?

A

They make serious crimes seem more common than they are

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24
Q

What is the media agenda?

A

Certain crimes are covered more in the media than others as they are perceived to be more interesting

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25
What did Marx say about the media agenda?
The media serves the bourgeoisie | Ideological state apparatus control
26
What did Fitzgerald et al 2007 say about crime and the media?
``` Where people get their info on the police - 80% newspapers 80% TV 43% word of mouth 29% media fiction 20% direct experince ```
27
What did Chibnall 1973 say about news selection?
``` A story is newsworthy if it has - Immediacy Dramatisation Personalisation Simplification Titillation - sex sells Conventionalism Structured access - reinforced by those with authority Novelty events - unusual ```
28
What is the law of opposites?
The media shows the opposite of what crime stats show- Emphasis on violence Risk of crime exaggerated Over representation of older, M/C victims & offenders Positive view on police
29
What is deviancy amplification?
Society labels a group as deviant - the group becomes alienated and adopts the label as their core values - causes more deviance and crime
30
What is moral panic?
Media presents a crime/event as more exaggerated and causes more fear among society than is needed
31
Describe Hall et al 1978 theory of moral panic
Media caused a moral panic about muggings. They scapegoated young black males as the criminals
32
How many territorial police forces are in the UK?
43
33
What did Bittner 1970 say about the public police?
A defining characteristic of the public police is their capacity to use force
34
When was the police force formed?
1829
35
What forms of police existed before professional police?
Individuals were largely responsible for policing and did so voluntarily
36
What were the concerns when the professional police force came about?
That they would act as another arm of the military
37
What are the police's key powers?
``` Arrests Stop and search of person, vehicles, premises Detain arrested people Use reasonable force Hold these powers on and off of duty ```
38
What are some aspects of police culture?
``` Racism Macho - sexism Conservative outlook Cynical - over stereotyping Good vs. bad mentality ```
39
What is private policing?
Security officers | Private detectives
40
Why has private policing become more popular?
Growth of private property Financial crisis in public police - shortcomings of private police International and transnational policing
41
What are the concerns with the private police becoming more popular?
It's fragmented A lack of accountability A lack of equity - only M/C can afford
42
What is vigilantism?
Active - e.g. Northern Ireland paramilitary groups | Passive - e.g. neighbourhood watch
43
What is the crown prosecution service?
Responsible for preparation and trial of offences which appear at court
44
What is procedural criminal law?
Main purpose to set out powers to enable and constrain law enforcement agencies and to specify pre-trial and trail procedures
45
What are some examples of law enforcement agencies?
HMRC Environment Agency Highways Agency Security Services
46
Desrcibe the features of an Adversarial System
Impartial judge - magistrate acts as referee Competition between advocates Accused presumed innocent - prosecution have to prove beyond reasonable doubt Jury/magistrate decide innocent/guilty Accused has a right to silence & doesn't have to be questioned
47
At what age can you be held responsible for a crime in the UK?
10
48
How does a young persons arrest differ from an adults?
They are legally allowed to have an an appropriate adult present whilst under arrest Tried in a youth court in front of selected magistrates away from an adult court apart from in certain circumstances
49
If a young person is found guilty what punishments can be given?
``` Fines Drug treatment Electronic tagging Community sentencing Curfew orders ```
50
What happens if a young person admits responsibility for a non-serious crime?
Given a verbal warning for their offence and for second offence a final warning and a referral to a young offenders team to find the cause of their offending
51
What are prisons?
A generic term applied to a range of institutions that hold captives. Has a different meaning in US & UK contexts
52
What are the key issues with prisons?
Mental illness Drug/alcohol misuse Inappropriate behaviour
53
What are the 3 institutions young offenders can be put into?
Secure training centres - private, up to 17 years old Young offenders institution - 18-20 year olds, get education Local authority secure children's home
54
When were the last people executed in England?
1964
55
What categories of prisons are there?
A - highly dangerous inmates, maximum security B - high security with limited internal freedom C - have a wall/fenced perimeter but more freedom D - open conditions
56
What is the UKs prison population?
85,000
57
What type of people are more likely to go to prison?
``` Homeless people Unemployed people Family member convicts Reoffenders People taken into care as a child Males Black people ```
58
What are the 2 main ways of categorising drugs?
The legal approach | The pharmacological approach
59
What are some historical policies and attitudes to drugs?
1. Legal and not morally condemned 2. Morally and legally condemned and medical control 3. Criminal justice led approach
60
What is the pharmacological approach to drugs?
Categorisation of drugs - Stimulants - 'uppers', activate nervous system e.g. cocaine, crack, amphetamines Depressants - 'downers', depress nervous system - reduce anxiety & induce sleep e.g. alcohol Analgesics - pain relief e.g. opium, morphine, heroin Hallucinogens - alter perceptions e.g. LSD
61
What are the different types of drug use?
1. Experimental - first times, explore reactions & social use 2. Recreational - social use, frequent use but not necessarily dependent or excessive use 3. Problem - consumption of class A, dependent, strongest links to offending
62
What are the drugs legislation offences?
``` Possession Supplying Import/exporting Possession with intent to supply Production, cultivation or manufacture Allowing for premises to be used for consumption of drugs ```
63
Describe the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971
Divides drugs into 3 categories according to harmfulness Class C - steroids/tranquillisers Class B - cannabis Class A - heroin
64
How is drug use measured?
Self report studies Official stats Academic studies
65
What laws regarding alcohol exist in the UK?
Children under 5 not allowed alcohol unless on medical orders 16 y/o can buy/consume beer, port and cider in a pub with a meal and with an adult Children between 5 and 18 may consume alcohol at home Restrictions on drinking in the street - police can confiscate under 18s alcohol in public places

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