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Criminology > Criminology Exam 2 > Flashcards

Criminology Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Households in the highest income bracket are the most likely to experience property victimization.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False - Lower income

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2
Q

In 2019, white persons were ____ likely than/as Black persons to experience victimization.
A. Less
B. More
C. twice as
D. Equally

A

D. Equally

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3
Q

According to the 2019 NCVS, ____ was the most common violent crime.
A. Murder
B. Robbery
C. Aggravated assault
D. Simple assault

A

D. Simple assault

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4
Q

Both men and women are more likely to be victimized by a man than a woman.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

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5
Q

People who are victimized can experience indirect costs, such as time missed from work, as a consequence of victimization.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

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6
Q

Approximately how many victims of property crime experience economic losses?
A. Very few
B. Less than half
C. Almost all
D. Around 75%

A

C. Almost all

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7
Q

Men have higher levels of fear of violent crime than women because men are more likely to be victimized than women.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False

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8
Q

_____ is a psychiatric condition where a person experiences intrusive symptoms, such as flashbacks.
A. Posttraumatic stress disorder
B. Acute reactive disorder
C. Borderline personality disorder
D. Dissociative personality disorder

A

A. Posttraumatic stress disorder

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9
Q

It was first recognized in the late 1800s that people _____ respond to trauma, including victimization.
A. Differently
B. Predictably
C. Inconsistently
D. Uniformly

A

A. Differently

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10
Q

Victim ____ is defined as the extent to which a victim is responsible for their own victimization.
A. Precipitation
B. Provocation
C. Blaming
D. Facilitation

A

A. Precipitation

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11
Q

According to Hindelang, Gottfredson, and Garofalo, certain ____ put people in situations where victimization is more likely to occur.
A. Policies
B. Compulsions
C. Lifestyles
D. Natural events

A

C. Lifestyles

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12
Q

Sampson found that structural density, as measured by the percentage of units in structures of five or more units, is ____ related to victimization.
A. Positively
B. Nominally
C. Negatively
D. Casually

A

A. Positively

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13
Q

According to Stephen Schafer, people have a responsibility for proactively preventing their own victimization.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

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14
Q

Crime and victimization are generally evenly distributed across a city.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False

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15
Q

Victim impact statements (VIS) are limited to direct victims of violent crimes to ensure the court runs efficiently.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False

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16
Q

Family justice centers are designed to provide many services in a _____ because of the wide variety of services needed by victims.
A. One stop shop
B. Soup to nuts
C. Frequent flyer program
D. Magic bullet

A

A. One stop shop

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17
Q

Most victims offered an opportunity to participate in victim-offender mediation decline to do so.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False

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18
Q

Victim ____ programs allow people who are victimized to recover some of the costs of victimization not covered by insurance.
A. Equalization
B. Restoration
C. Compensation
D. Payback

A

C. Compensation

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19
Q

The majority of research on the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on victimization has focused on _____.
A. Rape and sexual assault
B. Residential burglary
C. Cybercrime
D. Intimate partner violence

A

D. Intimate partner violence (IPV)

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20
Q

Criminological theory is often used to justify or excuse criminal behavior.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False

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21
Q

One reason that criminologists take the time to study theories of crime is to better inform crime _______.
A. Displacement
B. Distribution
C. Policy
D. Precipitation

A

C. Policy

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22
Q

In the Middle Ages, people relied on ____ to determine whether someone was guilty or innocent in a trial by battle.
A. Priests
B. Judges
C. Gladiators
D. God

A

D. God

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23
Q

Theological explanations for crime continue to exist in the modern day.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

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24
Q

In the 18th century, people believed that felonies were _____, manifestations of the evil human nature.
A. High crimes
B. Deviant behaviors
C. Mortal sins
D. Expected outcomes

A

C. Mortal sins

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25
Q

According to Beccaria and Katz, people experience a _____ from crime that they must weight against the possible consequences of punishment.
A. Thrill
B. Purpose
C. Reward
D. Temporary Blindness

A

A. Thrill

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26
Q

According to Beccaria, punishments should be as severe as possible to deter people from committing crimes.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False

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27
Q

Classical theory in criminology refers to an approach that emphasizes ____ on the part of the criminal actor.
A. Diminished responsibility
B. Free will
C. Deviant behavior
D. Spirituality

A

B. Free will

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28
Q

Rational choice theorists argue for a crime-specific approach to crime.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

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29
Q

______ is the goal of punishment that argues that people who commit crimes need to suffer for the suffering they inflicted upon others.
A. Deterrence
B. Incapacitation
C. Retribution
D. Rehabilitation

A

C. Retribution

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30
Q

Despite the fact that rehabilitation has been proven ineffective, over 50% of correctional budgets are used for rehabilitation programs.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False

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31
Q

Wilson’s policy-based approach argued that the criminal justice system’s primary focus should be on what _____.
A. is the most cost effective
B. works
C. Minimizes suffering
D. Causes crime

A

B. works

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32
Q

As temperatures increase, official crime statistics also increase.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

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33
Q

The ecological school took a more theoretical approach to explaining crime than theories in the past.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False

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34
Q

The _____ school is also called the statistical school because it was the first to attempt to apply official dat and statistics to the problem of explaining criminality.
A. Ecological
B. Neoclassical
C. Economic
D. Classical

A

A. Ecological

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35
Q

Bomber argues that _____ encourages egoism to an extreme to the disadvantage of society and the poor.
A. Capitalism
B. Monarchy
C. Socialism
D. Communism

A

A. Capitalism

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36
Q

Based on Marx’s writings, crime rates would be lower in a _____ society.
A. Socialist
B. Libertarian
C. Capitalist
D. Patriarchal

A

A. Socialist

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37
Q

Bomber argued that, although people of both the upper and lower classes committed crimes, the crimes of the upper class went unpunished.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

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38
Q

_____ theories influenced policies such as “three strikes and you’re out” that viewed people as rational actors.
A. Neoclassical
B. Ecological
C. Classical
D. Economic

A

A. Neoclassical

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39
Q

Positivist theory was based on the scientific method, but its precursors were based on ______.
A. History
B. Theology
C. Qualitative methods
D. Pseudoscience

A

D. Pseudoscience

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40
Q

Determinism is the principle that people determine their own future.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False

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41
Q

Criminological positivists believe that criminological theory should focus on the criminal _____.
A. Actor
B. Action
C. History
D. Lifestyle

A

A. Actor

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42
Q

Astrology was a precursor of positivist theory.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

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43
Q

One of the strongest predictors of violence is the presence of an extra Y chromosome, but little can be done due to a lack of availability of early genetic testing.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False

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44
Q

_____ is the single most important trait in distinguishing violence in individuals.
A. Age
B. Race
C. IQ
D. Gender

A

D. Gender

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45
Q

Schulsinger found that criminality was highest for adopted boys whose _____ had criminal records.
A. Biological fathers
B. Monozygotic twins
C. Dizygotic twins
D. Adoptive fathers

A

A. Biological fathers

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46
Q

The “hangry” defense has been successfully used because low blood sugar can lead to impaired brain function.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False

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47
Q

Sheldon believed that mesomorphs who were ____ were more likely to commit crimes than those with other body types.
A. Muscular and assertive
B. Overweight and extroverted
C. Obese and bitter
D. Slim and talkative

A

A. Muscular and assertive

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48
Q

Lombroso was one of the first criminological theorists to specifically address women and crime.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

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49
Q

According to Lombroso, people who committed crimes could be identified by their _____.
A. Physical appearance
B. Brain activity
C. IQ score
D. Astrological chart

A

A. Physical apearance

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50
Q

After the holocaust, biological theories were abandoned due to the harm caused by eugenics.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False

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51
Q

Freud argued that crime was caused by conflict between the ego and the id.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False

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52
Q

Psychometry attempts to use _____ differences to distinguish people who have committed crimes from those who have not.
A. Societal and environmental
B. Intellectual
C. Psychological and mental
D. Physical and spatial

A

C. Psychological and mental

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53
Q

According to Eysenck, _____ are les likely to engage in delinquent behavior because their anxiety inhibits them.
A. Nomads
B. Empaths
C. Introverts
D. Endomorphs

A

C. Introverts

54
Q

Modern advocates of the connection between IQ and delinquency believe that IQ is a(n) ____ trait.
A. Predetermined
B. Acquired
C. Conditioned
D. Fictitious

A

B. Acquired

55
Q

According to Bandura, crime, like all other behaviors, is learned.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

56
Q

Which factor or set of factors plays the most significant role in explaining crime and delinquency?
A. Biological, psychological, and sociological factors together
B. Biological factors
C. Psychological and sociological factors together
D. Psychological factors

A

A. Biological, psychological, and sociological factors together

57
Q

One risk in focusing on biopsychological positivism in criminal justice is that it could be used to suggest that people who commit crimes are inherently evil.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

58
Q

Based on positivist theory, the goal of the criminal justice system should be to _____ people who commit crimes.
A. Isolate
B. Incapacitate
C. Punish
D. Rehabilitate

A

D. Rehabilitate

59
Q

Critics of genetic and biological theories fear that these theories absolve society of its responsibility to improve the social conditions thought to cause crime.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

60
Q

Maurice is a police officer. He warns his coworkers that they are going to have a busy night because Mercury is in retrograde, and that means people will not be able to control themselves. Maurice believes that ____ can be used to explain crime.
A. Astrology
B. Phrenology
C. Palmistry
D. Biology

A

A. Astrology

61
Q

Genetic differences have been able to explain an impressive proportion of criminal behavior, more than social or cultural factors.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False

62
Q

According to Yochelson and Samenow, patients engaged in criminal activity used ____ to con clinicians and avoid responsibility for their actions.
A. Social science theories
B. Low IQ scores
C. Charm
D. Attachment disorders

A

A. Social science theories

63
Q

Agnew’s general strain theory explains crime at the macro level rather than why a specific individual engages in crime.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False

64
Q

According to Merton, when people were not able to achieve their goals because they lacked means, it led to _____.
A. Motivation
B. Deviance
C. Strain
D. Suicide

A

C. Strain

65
Q

According to Cloward and Ohlin, working class juveniles would respond to anomie by joining a _____.
A. Church
B. School club
C. Sports team
D. Gang

A

D. Gang

66
Q

Durkheim viewed crime as a _____ phenomenon in society because group reactions to deviant actions assist human groups in defining their moral boundaries.
A. Normal
B. Learned
C. Supernatural
D. Disordered

A

A. Normal

67
Q

Durkheim believed that the urbanization of society led to a decrease in social control.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

68
Q

Shaw and Mckay found that certian areas remained high in crime although the populations in those areas changed.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

69
Q

Sykes and Matza’s (1957) term “techniques of neutralization” refers to _____ that juveniles use to neutralize responsibility for deviant actions.
A. Denials
B. Justifications
C. Rationalizations
D. Deceptions

A

C. Rationalizations

70
Q

According to Cohen and Felson, what was one reason that crime rates rose in the 1960 and 1970s?
A. Weakened crime policies
B. Increased political conflict
C. Development of lightweight durable goods
D. Increases in unemployment

A

C. Development of lightweight durable goods

71
Q

Social ____ theories emphasize criminality as learned of culturally transmitted.
A. Science
B. Process
C. Control
D. Development

A

B. Process

72
Q

Sutherland’s theory of differential association argued that people who commit crimes were drawn to one another, forming groups different from the societal norm.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False

73
Q

What question do social control theories attempt to answer?
A. Is crime due to nature or nurture?
B. Why don’t people commit crime?
C. Who commits crime?
D. What drives people into crime?

A

B. Why don’t people commit crime?

74
Q

Commitment involves the degree to which an individual maintains a vested interest in the _____ system.
A. Social and economic
B. Relational and connective
C. Ecological and environmental
D. Internal and external

A

A. Social and economic

75
Q

Containment theory argues that people are constrained by outside forces and do not have free will.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False

76
Q

Gottfredson and Hirschi blame parents when children become delinquent.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

77
Q

Moffitt believed that there were two distinct types of offenders.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

78
Q

Desistance in life course criminality theory is the ____ of criminal activity.
A. Enjoying
B. Development
C. Quitting
D. Increasing

A

C. Quitting

79
Q

Marc LeBlanc proposed a(n) ___ control theory, which argues that bonding and personality affect modeling and constraints that influence offending.
A. Social
B. Evolving
C. Integrated
D. Bounded

A

C. Integrated

80
Q

Affirmative action was believed to be one measure of decreasing crime by increasing opportunity.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

81
Q

According to Farrington, some people are just born to be bad.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False

82
Q

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, self-control is relative to time, space, and location.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False

83
Q

The Chicago school emphasized the fact that crime was not limited to urban areas and in fact also occurred in small towns and suburban neighborhoods.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False

84
Q

Which of the following is an example of a transition according to Sampson and Laub?
A. Moving to a new city
B. Birth of a first child
C. Getting fired from a job
D. Experiencing a natural disaster

A

B. Birth of a first child

85
Q

Which of the following theories would best explain why crime occurs at the neighborhood level?
A. Subcultural
B. General strain
C. Institutional anomie
D. Social bonding

A

C. Institutional anomie

86
Q

Which of the following has made measuring the strength of social disorganization theory difficult?
A. Finding individuals for case studies
B. Identifying concentric zones
C. Operationalizing disorganization
D. Preventing researcher bias

A

C. Operationalizing disorganization

87
Q

Rosenbaum found that social bonding theory was better at explaining crime for _____.
A. Violent than property crimes
B. Men than women
C. Youth than adults
D. White persons than Black persons

A

B. Men than women

88
Q

Merton believed that U.S. Society is firm in judging people’s social worth on the basis of their apparent _____.
A. Social bonds
B. Academic achievement
C. Family lineage
D. Material success

A

D. Material success

89
Q

A _____ is a long-term pathway such as work life, marriage, parenthood, self-esteem, and criminal behavior.
A. Racetrack
B. Life course
C. General theory
D. Trajectory

A

D. Trajectory

90
Q

In Davenport, a group of men regularly play chess in the park. Many of the men are homeless, but they have formed their own group where they can spend time with others. A few members of the group come and go, but the core group remains the same. the chess park is an example of a _____.
A. Disorganized neighborhood
B. Natural area
C. Concentric zone
D. Delinquent subculture

A

B. Natural area

91
Q

Kalyan values his family more than anything. He knows that his single mother has sacrificed a lot for the family, and he wants to make her proud and be a good example for his younger siblings. He makes sure that he never misses school an is well liked by his teachers. One day other kids from his neighborhood try to convince Kalyan to go smoke marijuana with them. What social bond will prevent Kalyan from smoking Marijuana?
A. Commitment
B. Belief
C. Attachment
D. Involvement

A

C. Attachment

92
Q

Melissa feels like she causes problems for everyone. She is caught smoking at school, and her parents are ashamed of her. Her former friends seem to think she is a burden, and even her teachers are just putting up with her. Melissa feels like everyone would be better off if she were dead. According to Durkheim, what type of suicide is Melissacontemplating.
A. Despairing
B. Anomic
C. Altruistic
D. Self-centered

A

C. Altruistic

93
Q

What are the three stages of criminal activity according to developmental and life-course theories?
A. Onset, persistence, and desistance
B. Strain, anger, and crime
C. Bad parenting, low self-control, and delinquency
D. Norms, goals, and failure

A

A. Onset, persistence, and desistance

94
Q

Lifestyle theory argues that some people are at greater risk of committing crimes because their daily activities bring them into contact with people who could offend.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

95
Q

According to Reckless, which of the following would push someone toward criminality?
A. Living in poorly maintained housing
B. Having low self-control
C. Parents’ inconsistent discipline
D. Making friends with delinquents

A

A. Living in poorly maintained housing

96
Q

According to Agnew, people use crime to resolve what emotion?
A. Anger
B. Shame
C. Sadness
D. Guilt

A

A. Anger

97
Q

Characterological self-blame involves believing that victimization is deserved.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

98
Q

For Marx, the _____ system allows space for the proletarians to overthrow the bourgeoisie, which would finally bring in a new world order of socialism.
A. Socialist
B. Fascist
C. Capitalist
D. Materialist

A

C. Capitalist

99
Q

Which of the following theories indicated that individuals become predisposed toward criminality because of an excess of contacts that advocate criminal behavior?
A. Differential association theory
B. Social bond theory
C. Routine activities approach
D. Social disorganization theory

A

A. Differential association theory

100
Q

The practice known as _____ involved measuring facial and other characteristics as indicative of human personality.
A. Phrenology
B. Physiognomy
C. Astrology
D. Palmistry

A

B. Physiognomy

101
Q

Which individual would be most likely to be a victim of violence?
A. A 25-year-old man’s
B. A retired woman who is 75
C. A 7-year old child
D. A fifty year old citizen

A

A. A 25 year old man

102
Q

_____ attempts to dissuade a particular individual from reoffending by punishing that person.
A. General deterrence
B. Specific deterrence
C. Ecological fallacy
D. Economic liability

A

B. Specific Deterrence

103
Q

The greater the number of people in the household, the lower the property victimization rate.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False

104
Q

Why are twin studies useful for criminologists
A. Investigators have found that twins are less likely to commit crime than the general population.
B. These studies typically claim that twins are more likely to commit crime than only children.
C. Investigators check the accuracy of an original study through duplication.
D. These studies investigate the extent of influence that environmental and genetic factors have on crime.

A

D. These studies investigate the extent of influence that environmental and genetic factors have on crime.

105
Q

If a person had a medical procedure in the 1940s to alter their brain tissue to. Make them behave less violently and erratically, this would be referred to as ______.
A. Psychometric
B. Phrenology
C. Physiognomy
D. Psychosurgery

A

D. Psychosurgery

106
Q

Quantifying the cost of crime is most difficult for _____.
A. Loss of productivity
B. System costs
C. Pain and suffering
D. Mental health costs

A

C. Pain and suffering

107
Q

After being a victim of assault, an individual says, “It wouldn’t have happened if I wasn’t the type of person to walk down the street where it occurred.” This individual is experiencing _____.
A. Behavioral self-efficacy
B. Biodefensive maneuvering
C. Self-blame
D. Learned helplessness

A

C. Self-blame

108
Q

In economic theory, poverty resulting from capitalism encourages crime.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

109
Q

Which of the following theoretical perspectives is based on the premise that human behavior is primarily hedonistic in nature?
A. Classicalism
B. Ecological determinism
C. Demolish
D. Marxism

A

A. Classicalism

110
Q

An individual commits a crime because he has “nothing better to do with his time.” Which of the following social bonds does this indicate a lack of?
A. Belief
B. Involvement
C. Commitment
D. Attachment

A

B. Involvement

111
Q

Even though honey realizes that he will never reach the economic and occupational success of which he one dreamed, he continues to go to work each day and diligently completes the tasks assigned to him. Which form of adaptation in Merton’s theory of anomie/strain is the most consistent with?
A. Conformity
B. Ritualism
C. Retreating
D. Innovation

A

B. Ritualism

112
Q

Merton’s adaptation of anomie because known as _____.
A. Differential association theory
B. Strain theory
C. The general theory of crime
D. Personality adaptation theory

A

B. Strain theory

113
Q

A person who provokes their own victimization via violence and aggression toward others is referred to as ______ by Von Hentig.
A. An immigrant
B. A wanton
C. A minority
D. A tormentor

A

D. A tormentor

114
Q

Bandura’s theory that we learn violence (or any criminal behavior) centers around which of the following ideas?
A. Reinforcement or punishment of aggressive actions
B. Superiority of certain biological personalities
C. Adverse reactions to adaptation
D. Prioritization of varying desire

A

A. Reinforcement or punishment of aggressive actions

115
Q

The central characteristic of which approach emphasized free will and rationality on the part of the person committing a crime?
A. Ecological
B. Demonological
C. Positivistic
D. Classical

A

D. Classical

116
Q

Commonly associated with individuals returning from war and combat, which psychiatric condition has recently been recognized as a possible consequence of other damaging, harmful events?
A. Anxiety
B. Suicide
C. Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
D. Depression

A

C. Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

117
Q

The extent to which a person is responsible for their own victimization is referred to as victim _______.
A. Responsibility
B. Precipitation
C. Provocation
D. Facilitation

A

B. Precipitation

118
Q

A positivist scholar would seek out which three basic premises in understanding the social world?
A. Measurement, quantification, science
B. Quantification, neutrality, determinism
C. Neutrality, objectification, empiricism
D. Quantification, subjectivity, free will

A

B. Quantification, neutrality, determinism

119
Q

Which somatotype did Sheldon (1940) propose as linked to criminal behavior?
A. Ectomorph
B. Mendomorph
C. Mesomorph
D. Endomorph

A

C. Mesomorph

120
Q

Social control theories address the issue of how society maintains or elicits conformity or fails to obtain it in the form of deviance.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

121
Q

Which term did Emile Durkheim coin to refer to nromlessness within society?
A. Strain
B. Rebellion
C. Conflict
D. Anomie

A

D. Anomie

122
Q

Demonological theory assumes that supernatural forces cause and control crime commission.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

123
Q

How does power control theory explain the gender difference in criminality?
A. With the assessment that girls have stronger internal containments
B. In stating that boys have a greater desire to power and control
C. By arguing that boys are exposed to fewer parental controls
D. Through its indication that girls have stronger social bonds

A

C. By arguing that boys are exposed to fewer parental controls

124
Q

In Hirschi’s view, which of the following refers to a bond to others, such as family and peers?
A. Involvement
B. Commitment
C. Belief
D. Attachment

A

D. Attachment

125
Q

A major risk of psychological and biological theories of crime affecting policy is that it could blame individual troubles for what are actually societal problems.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

126
Q

A person thinking about the amount of money they could earn from robbing a house compared to the risk they face in getting caught by the homeowners is an example of a prediction by which theory?
A. Demonological
B. Deterrence
C. Economic
D. Rational choice

A

D. Rational choice

127
Q

The UCR report _____ as the most common violent crime.
A. Theft
B. Aggravated assault
C. Rape
D. Simple assault

A

B. Aggravated assault

128
Q

According to Mendelsohn’s classification, a person who walks through a park at night and is mugged by a person trying to buy drugs would be classified as ______.
A. The most guilty victim
B. A victim with minor guilt
C. A victim more guilty that the offender
D. A completely innocent victim

A

B. A victim with minor guilt

129
Q

Modern advocates of the relationship between IQ and delinquency believe that one’s IQ is both inherited and acquired over time.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

130
Q

According to Freudian theory, the ______ is the socialized part of the personality, developed to function and gain acceptance in human society.
A. Unconsciousness
B. ID
C. Ego
D. Superego

A

D. Superego

131
Q
A

Criminology (4 decks)

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