Criminology Exam Review Flashcards

Question

How are norms and sanctions essential for maintaining the social order?

Answer 1

Norms and sanctions are essential for maintaining social order because they help guide peoples behaviors and ensure that society functions smoothly. Norms are unwritten rules that dictate how people should behave in a given society, positive sanctions are rewards or approval for following norms and negative sanctions are penalties or disapproval for breaking norms

Answer 2

That statement means that not every illegal action is considered socially deviant and some deviant acts are not a crime

Answer 3

His friend told him to join him in a white supremist group, and he was promised protection, brotherhood, he always felt something was missing from his life

Answer 4

He felt good about himself. Brad spent 13 years climbing the ranks to becoming the boss for the gang called Volksfront. The groups mission waas to establish a white society by excluding other racial and ethnic groups. He was at times deeply immersed in promoting white supremacy | b

Answer 5

Far-right and supremacist groups have been active in various parts of canada over the years. they have been known to organize rallies, spread propaganda, and in some cases engage in violent activities. They are in major cities and as well as some less urban areas.

Answer 6

Anne Campbell's research focused on girls she encountered in New York City who were part of female gangs. These girls typically came from impoverished backgrounds and had experienced instability in their family lives. Many had never known their fathers, and a significant number were immigrants from Puerto Rico. They frequently moved residences due to evictions or arson incidents, struggled to form lasting friendships, and felt disconnected from their mothers due to language barriers. Consequently, they dropped out of school early, grew up on the streets, and became involved in adult activities such as drug use and early sexual experiences, often leading to teenage pregnancies.

Answer 7

To become part of a female gang, girls would usually begin as "prospects." They had connections to the gang through friends or distant relatives who introduced them. After a trial period, they could undergo an initiation rite, which often involved fighting an established member chosen by the gang's godmother. The primary focus during this initiation was not on winning or losing the fight but on demonstrating "heart" or courage. Unlike boys joining gangs, female gang initiations required members to prove their loyalty and willingness to fight rather than simply seeking protection.

Answer 8

According to Campbell, being part of a gang offered certain positive aspects to these girls. It provided them with a strong sense of belonging and sisterhood, which in addition the isolation they had experienced in their lives prior to joining the gang. The gang served as a ready-made circle of friends who shared similar life experiences and were willing to support and defend one another against external threats. Engaging in fights together got the gang members a reputation for being "crazy," which was effective in deterring challenges and intimidation in their tough neighborhoods.

Answer 9

Whether female gangs become as involved in criminal activity as male gangs can vary depending on several factors, including the specific gang, its leadership, and the social and economic conditions of their neighborhood. While both male and female gangs may engage in criminal activities, the nature and motivation behind these crimes can differ. Female gangs may primarily focus on protecting their territory, relationships, and reputation within their community, which can lead to involvement in criminal activities such as drug distribution or physical altercations.

Answer 10

(Strain theory explains that people might commit crimes when they feel pressure because they can't achieve their goals in a lawful way.) In this case the Young girls facing economic, social, or cultural strains may join gangs as a means of coping with these challenges. Gang involvement can offer economic opportunities, status, and a sense of belonging that they lack.

Answer 11

Jane Elliott, a third-grade teacher, conducted an experiment in her classroom to teach her students about discrimination and prejudice. She divided her class based on eye colour. On the first day, she declared the blue-eyed students as superior, giving them privileges and treating them better than the brown-eyed students. The brown-eyed students were made to wear collars to distinguish them and faced discrimination. On the following day, she reversed the roles, treating the brown-eyed students as superior and the blue-eyed students faced discrimination.

Answer 12

The students' behavior changed dramatically based on their assigned roles. When they were in the "superior" group, they exhibited discriminatory and privileged behavior, enjoying the benefits and looking down on the "inferior" group. Conversely, when they were in the "inferior" group, they felt demoralized, humiliated, and angry. They experienced firsthand the emotional turmoil of being discriminated against.

Answer 13

The experiment had a profound and lasting impact on the students. During their reunion as adults, they reflected on the emotional distress they felt during the exercise and how it changed their perspectives on racism and discrimination. Many expressed that the exercise taught them not to judge people based on superficial characteristics and to be more empathetic and understanding. Some mentioned how they actively teach their children not to discriminate and how the lesson has stayed with them throughout their lives.

Answer 14

The Iowa Department of Corrections hired Jane Elliott to conduct her eye color-based discrimination exercise with their employees, including prison guards and parole officers. Participants were divided based on eye color, with one group being treated as "inferior" and facing various forms of discrimination. The exercise aimed to make the participants experience the emotional and psychological effects of discrimination firsthand, fostering empathy and understanding for those who face discrimination in real life.

Answer 15

The employees responded with feelings of frustration, anger, and helplessness. They felt trapped in the exercise and expressed that it was an unreasonable and intense situation. Some acknowledged the discrimination they felt, while others highlighted the difference between their experience in the exercise and the daily discrimination faced by black individuals.

Answer 16

Social Process Theories focus on the social processes through which individuals learn to engage in certain behaviours, including criminal behaviours. Jane Elliott's experiment directly relates to these theories as it showcases how societal norms, prejudices, and discriminatory practices can be learned and internalised. The exercise demonstrates how easily individuals can adopt discriminatory behaviours when placed in an environment that promotes such norms.

Answer 17

Learning Theory: This theory posits that individuals learn criminal behavior through interactions and associations with others. In Elliott's experiment, students and employees quickly learned discriminatory behaviors based on the societal norms and rules set by the exercise. This rapid adoption of prejudiced behaviors aligns with the Learning Theory's idea that behaviors are learned through interactions and environmental cues. The experiment showcases how easily negative behaviors can be learned when they are normalized in a particular setting.

Answer 18

Sociological theories of crime: -focus on the impact social conditions have on crime -explain the reasons for differences in crime rates in the social environment dominate criminological thinking in North America as they explain trends and patterns in crime -Therefore a criminals behaviour is determined by their environment (reject the notion of a born criminal)

Answer 19

1.Social Structure Theories 2. Social Process Theories 3. Social CONFLICT Theories

Answer 20

1. Affirms norms - what is acceptable behaviour 2. Encourages social unity - “we” mentality 3. Promotes social change - sometimes deviant behaviour approved (i.e. Desmond)

Answer 21

American Sociologist Robert Merton, agreed that deviance was functional but he assumes that most people are law abiding BUT when under great pressure or STRAIN, they will resort to crime. He developed strain theory to explain how people react when their access to success (primarily financial) is blocked. Strain refers to the frustrations people feel. According to Merton there are 2 key elements to society: 1.GOALS that people believe are worth striving for 2. The accepted MEANS (way) to achieve these goals In a stable society these two elements should be in synch but this is often not the case and leads to social strain.

Answer 22

to describe the contradiction between the goal of monetary success and our social structures inability to provide the legitimate means to achieve it.

Answer 23

1. CONFORMITY (playing the game) 2. INNOVATION (illegitimate means) 3. RITUALISM (inactivity) 4. RETREATISM (dropping out of society) 5) REBELLION (rejection)

Answer 24

The majority of people in society choose to conform. They pursue their society’s valued goals to the extent that they can through socially accepted means.

Answer 25

Those who innovate, pursue goals they cannot reach through legitimate means by instead using criminal or deviant means.

Answer 26

People who ritualize lower their goals until they can reach them through socially acceptable ways. These “social ritualists” focus on conformity to the accepted means of goal attainment while abandoning the distant, unobtainable dream of success.

Answer 27

Others retreat from the role strain and reject both society’s goals and accepted means. Some beggars and street people have withdrawn from society’s goal of financial success. They drop out.

Answer 28

Replacing a society’s goals and means with their own. Rebels seek to create a greatly modified social structure in which provisions would be made for closer correspondence between merit, effort, and reward.

Answer 29

1. Relative Deprivation Theory 2. general Strain Theory

Answer 30

People react negatively when they feel deprived in comparison to others, rather than in relation to a set standard.

Answer 31

Criminality is due to negative emotional states, such as anger and frustration, which have many sources.

Answer 32

Robert Park

Answer 33

believe that individuals who grow up in impoverished areas are more likely to participate in deviant or criminal behaviours.

Answer 34

Robert Merton

Answer 35

The condition is which the usual controls over delinquents are largely absent. -Delinquent behaviour is often accepted by parents and neighbours -Many opportunities for delinquent behaviour -Little encouragement, training or opportunity for legitimate employment.

Answer 36

Invasion, Domination, Succession Asserts that crime is most likely to occur in communities where this process happens more frequently as they have weak social ties and the absence of social control. This breakdown is caused by rapid Industrialization, increased immigration and urbanization.

Answer 37

Studies showed that impoverished areas with highly transient populations and adjoining industrial zones had the highest crime levels. Park’s associate Ernest Burgess was particularly interested in the zones of transition between established working class neighbourhoods and the manufacturing district. The city’s poorest residents tended to live in these transitional zones, where there was a mixture of races, immigrant ethnic groups, and non-English languages, and a high rate of influx as people moved in and out.

Answer 38

In areas with a high population turnover (those transitional zones), people tend to not become involved in community activities and the institutions normally controlling behaviour (the family, school, religious organizations) are weak. In these communities to combat crime we need to focus on programs that build community cohesion, rather than treat the individual offender.

Answer 39

Ernest Burgess

Answer 40

Subcultural theory is a sociological perspective that focuses on the ways in which smaller groups within a society, known as subcultures, develop their own values, norms, and behaviors that differ from the mainstream culture. Here's a simple explanation: In society, there are smaller groups, or subcultures, that have their own unique ways of thinking and behaving. These subcultures may emerge as a response to social issues or dissatisfaction with the dominant culture. Subcultural theory helps us understand how these groups develop their own set of rules and beliefs, often distinct from the larger society. It explores how individuals within subcultures find identity and meaning through shared values, interests, and lifestyles that may deviate from the mainstream.

Answer 41

Miller’s theory focussed on the idea that the culture of the lower class was distinct from that of the middle class. The culture emphasizes: Toughness, street smarts, fate, thrill seeking, freedom from authority and rules Conflict with the law Violence as a means to attain status in the slum An elevated sense of honour sometimes is lethal combat for a minor incident. As a result boys growing up in neighbourhoods with a street culture will gravitate towards gangs.

Answer 42

Delinquent behaviour and gang membership is a way of dealing with actual and anticipated failure. They adopt crime and malicious behaviour - essentially they are changing the game to one they can succeed at, improving their status in their peer group.

Answer 43

Albert Cohen,

Answer 44

Cloward and Ohlin.

Answer 45

Members of the lower class share the success goals of the middle class, but lack opportunities to achieve them Some lower class youth desire status whereas others just seek an improvement in their economic position without a change in class position This second group engages in serious delinquent behaviour that is self indulgent and hedonistic (pleasure seeking)

Answer 46

In general these theories are often criticized because delinquency and crime is not concentrated among lower class groups. 1. These theories overplay crime by minorities and the poor. 2. Middle and upper class crime cannot be explained by these theories

Answer 47

Focus on the way in which individuals become involved in crime and the role of a person’s attachment to society. For example: how we learn anti social values = the influence of a peer group.

Answer 48

This perspective is that deviance and crime is LEARNED by people as they adapt to other people and the conditions of their environment. Essentially, they were brought up in an environment in which they learned crime as a way of life.

Answer 49

people learn deviance and criminality. - viewed all social behaviour as the product of modeling (imitation). This theory also states that people commit crimes because they get reinforcements (a stimulus that increases or maintains a response, can be positive or negative) or punishment (an aversive stimulus to reduce a response).

Answer 50

Modeling - A means by which a person can learn new responses by observing others without performing an overt act or receiving direct reinforcement or reward.

Answer 51

Gabriel Tarde

Answer 52

- argue that criminal behaviour was learned. - Differential Association - Individuals learn deviant behaviour from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance. individuals in all social classes can learn to commit crimes. The frequency (how often), duration (how long), priority (how important) and intensity (strong feelings) of one’s contacts with criminal vs. non-criminal elements determines if you select a deviant or criminal path.

Answer 53

Edwin Sutherland

Answer 54

Social reaction theory, also known as labeling theory, is a sociological perspective that focuses on how societal reactions to individuals can influence and shape their behavior. In simple terms, it suggests that when people are labeled as deviant or criminal by society, this label can impact their self-perception and actions. The theory proposes that when individuals are labeled as deviant or criminal, they may internalize this label and begin to see themselves in those terms. This, in turn, can lead them to engage in further deviant behavior, creating a self-fulfilling prophecy. Social reaction theory emphasizes the importance of societal reactions, such as labeling and stigmatization, in contributing to the perpetuation of deviant or criminal behavior.

Answer 55

These theorists argue that NO act is judged uniformly, as a persons social class, age, sex, race, demeanor and situational factors all play a role as to whether the act is viewed as criminal.

Answer 56

1. Primary deviance is a violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual’s self-image or interactions with others. For example, speeding is a deviant act, but receiving a speeding ticket generally does not make others view you as a bad person, nor does it alter your own self-concept. 2. Secondary deviance occurs when a person’s self-concept and behaviour begin to change after his/ her actions are labelled as deviant by members of society. The person may begin to take on and fulfill the role of a “deviant” as an act of rebellion against the society that has labelled that individual as such. For example, a high school student who often cuts class and gets into fights. The student is reprimanded frequently by teachers and school staff, and soon enough, develops a reputation as a “troublemaker.” As a result, the student starts acting out more and breaking more rules,

Answer 57

Edwin Lemert

Answer 58

Master status - a label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual. Some people see themselves primarily as doctors, artists, or parents.. Others see themselves as beggars, convicts, or addicts.

Answer 59

1. Denial of Responsibility The youth claims that the unlawful act was not his fault or that it occurred by accident. “ It wasn’t my fault, I was the victim of circumstance.” 2. Denial of Injury The harm produced by the act is minimized (perhaps by saying that the victim is rich or insured) “No one was hurt and they have insurance, so what’s the problem?” 3. Denial of Victim Victims are characterized as deserving their fate due to their offensive or provocative behaviour. “They deserved what they got.” 4. Condemning the Condemners The delinquent justifies unlawful behaviour by arguing that “everybody does it”, and that he or she is being unfairly singled out for blame. “I bet members of the jury have done worse.” 5. Appeal to Higher Loyalties Delinquent behaviour is characterized as a noble act. “I was merely protecting my buddies”

Answer 60

Social Process theories put forth the idea that a person is not born a criminal but becomes one over time, often based on factors in their social environment. Deviance is therefore, learned.

Answer 61

Social control theory is a sociological perspective that focuses on the ways in which society regulates and controls individuals' behavior to prevent them from engaging in deviant or criminal activities. In simple terms, the theory suggests that people are naturally inclined to break rules, but various social institutions and relationships work to prevent them from doing so. (The 5 social Bonds)

Answer 62

Travis Hirschi

Answer 63

1. Attachment 2. Belief 3. Commitment 4. Involvement

Answer 64

Attachment measures our connections to others - our affection and respect for others.When we are closely attached to people, we worry about their opinions of us. People conform to society’s norms in order to gain approval (and prevent disapproval) from family, friends, and romantic partners. They refrain from delinquency because its consequences may jeopardize that relationship.

Answer 65

an agreement on common values in society and that the rules and laws are fair. If a person views social values as beliefs, he or she will conform to them.

Answer 66

refers to the investments we make in conforming to conventional behaviour. The greater the aspiration and expectation the more unlikely deviance becomes - essentially having a stake in society that you don’t want to risk. A well-respected local businesswoman who volunteers at her synagogue and is a member of the neighbourhood block organization has more to lose from committing a crime than a woman who does not have a career or ties to the community.

Answer 67

Involvement, or participation in socially legitimate activities, lessen a person’s likelihood of deviance. Children who are members of Little League baseball teams have no time for trouble. The more busy we are doing conventional activities, like homework and extra curricular activities, the fewer opportunities we have for deviance.

Answer 68

Containment Theory

Answer 69

for every individual there exists a containing external structure and a protective internal structure; both of which provide defense, protection and insulation against delinquency.

Answer 70

Include our internalized morality—conscience, religious principles, ideas of right and wrong. Inner controls also include fears of punishment, high frustration tolerance and feelings of integrity, responsibility and the desire to be a “good” person.

Answer 71

Consist of people or role models—such as family, friends, and the police—who influence us not to deviate. As well as a set of reasonable limits and opportunities and, a sense of belonging.

Answer 72

Chuckie, Burnz, Freshie

Answer 73

To look and interview young men from troubled neighborhoods

Answer 74

Troubled youth life, numerous charges and got convicted as an adult Joined gang at an early age carries a gun but for self protection His house got broken into His mother is an immigrant Fixed his life up went to high school Got expelled for bringing gun to school started dealing drugs to make money because he and burnz were broke

Answer 75

Real name Andrew burnette was on probation in 20023 had numerous charges against him as a youth Lived with mother sold drugs, owned a gun met chuckie at a concert prefers to make money "his own way" grew up in rough neighborhoods Mom called cops on him to get him reformed kicked out of school (5 assault charges) Not allowed to be out without mother past 9pm Shot and killed someone, got charged with 1st degree murder in 2012

Answer 76

Parents are immigrants, and send him to school outside of his rough neighborhood sells fake money to make money smart kid, just doing this for no reason paresnts know about him selling counterfiet money, told him to stop but Freshie wont stop because said he likes taking risks, even though he doesnt need to Graduated high school and got valedictorian

Answer 77

**IGNORE JUST GIVE 5 **

Answer 78

Canadian Professor and Psychologist, and a preeminent expert on psychopathy

Answer 79

1. Lack Of Empathy 2. Superficial Charm 3. Lack of remorse and guilt 4. Manipulative 5. Emotionally Detached

Answer 80

1. The Con - Liar/Manipulator 2. The Bully - Belittles People 3. The Puppet Master - Manipulates to get things done 4. Smooth Talker - Tells a good story/Yapper

Answer 81

there is differences in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala. The prefrontal cortex is the controller of empathy, emotion, and judgement

Answer 82

Because there is no cure, difficult to recognize symptoms, and treatment may make the symptoms worse

Answer 83

CEO, Lawyers, Media, Surgeons, Law Enforcement

Answer 84

Bio-phobic" refers to being hostile or averse to the biological approach, particularly in the context of criminology. It means having a negative attitude towards biological explanations of human behavior and crime.

Answer 85

Twin studies have shown that there is a significant genetic component to criminal behavior. When comparing identical twins (who share 100% of their genetic material) to fraternal twins (who share around 50% of their genetic material), researchers have found that identical twins are more likely to both engage in criminal behavior if one of them does, suggesting a genetic influence on criminality.

Answer 86

The link between adoption and criminal behavior has been studied to examine the impact of genetics versus environment. Some studies have shown that adopted children are more likely to have criminal records if their biological parents had criminal records, indicating a genetic influence. However, the final conclusions often emphasise that both genetic and environmental factors play a role in criminal behavior, with genetics predisposing individuals to certain traits and environmental factors influencing whether these traits manifest as criminal behavior.

Answer 87

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a severe condition caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol. The fetal alcohol spectrum encompasses a range of disorders resulting from alcohol exposure during pregnancy. There is a link between alcohol exposure in utero and an increased risk of behavioral problems, including aggression and criminal behavior, in individuals with FAS or related conditions.

Answer 88

Damage to the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for executive functions like impulse control and decision-making, can indicate impaired self-regulation and increased risk-taking behavior, potentially contributing to criminal behavior.

Answer 89

ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) is a part of the nervous system responsible for involuntary bodily functions, such as heart rate and digestion. Measuring ANS activity can provide insights into an individual's stress response and emotional arousal, which may be relevant in understanding criminal behavior.

Answer 90

Psychological theories focus on the individual who becomes the criminal, more specifically explaining what biological and personality factors led to criminal behaviour - was it the result of a mental disorder, lack of conscience, childhood experience, lack of control of aggression? These theories assume that criminal behaviour results from underlying physical or mental conditions that distinguish criminals from non-criminals.These theories emphasize the contributions of personality, intelligence and learning to crime.

Answer 91

Freud believed that much of our behaviour and personality is motivated by unconscious desires and needs. He suggested that a person’s psychological well-being is dependent on a healthy interaction among the three components of your personality the ID, EGO, AND SUPEREGO.

Answer 92

The ID drives urges and gratification, it seeks pleasure and gratification; it is the most primitive part of your personality. It is present from birth and resides in your unconscious mind.

Answer 93

The EGO is the moderator between the superego and the ID, it also develops in childhood. It is guided by the reality principle and therefore mainly resides in your conscious mind. It tries to meet the demands of the ID within the limits set by society.

Answer 94

The SUPEREGO is the moral code or conscience. It develops in childhood and is responsible for producing feelings of guilt; it is housed in your unconscious and preconscious mind.

Answer 95

ID Domination, underdeveloped SuperEGO, Deviant Identification, Overactive SuperEGO, Displaced Hostility, Neuroses

Answer 96

Id domination: Individuals who are overly impulsive and seek immediate gratification. Results in being deprived in childhood, as adults they are immature and overly dependent, often susceptible to peer pressure.

Answer 97

Underdeveloped Superego: An individual mainly acts on impulse and does not follow or understand society’s rules and therefore feels little guilt about harming others and breaking the law; doesn’t consider the feelings of others or the difference between right and wrong.

Answer 98

Adopt deviant values from a parent who is routinely engaged in criminal activity.

Answer 99

Actions, including crime, are a product of unconscious desires, needs and feelings. Criminals are sometimes plagued with guilt for these feelings and compulsively seek punishment by committing these crimes. These individuals experience an excessive amount of guilt.

Answer 100

Displaced Hostility: A person shifts rage from one individual to another later in life (e.g. rage due to abandonment by mother, may abuse or harass women in adulthood).

Answer 101

Stealing and committing other crimes are examples of compulsive behaviours due to fears or needs.

Answer 102

John Bowlby, a British Psychologist and Psychoanalyst believed that early childhood attachments played a critical role in later development and mental functioning. He believed that children are born with a biologically programmed tendency to seek and remain close to attachment figures. This provides nurturance and comfort, these early bonds, or lack of, have a tremendous impact that continues to impact personality development and social relationships throughout life.

Answer 103

central theme of attachment theory is that primary caregivers who are available and responsive to an infant's needs allow the child to develop a sense of security. The infant knows that the caregiver is dependable, which creates a secure base for the child to then explore the world.

Answer 104

Proximity Maintenance, Safe Haven, Secure Base, Separation Distress

Answer 105

The desire to be near the people we are attached to.

Answer 106

Returning to the attachment figure for comfort and safety in the face of a fear or threat.

Answer 107

The attachment figure acts as a base of security from which the child can explore the surrounding environment.

Answer 108

Anxiety that occurs in the absence of the attachment figure.

Answer 109

Harry Harlow's studies on maternal deprivation and social isolation also explored early bonds. In a series of experiments, Harlow demonstrated how such bonds emerge and the powerful impact they have on behaviour and functioning. Experiment: newborn rhesus monkeys were separated from their birth mothers and reared by surrogate mothers. The infant monkeys were placed in cages with two wire-monkey mothers. One of the wire monkeys held a bottle from which the infant monkey could obtain nourishment, while the other wire monkey was covered with a soft terry cloth. While the infant monkeys would go to the wire mother to obtain food, they spent most of their days with the soft cloth mother. When frightened, the baby monkeys would turn to their cloth-covered mother for comfort and security.

Answer 110

Harlow's experiment demonstrated that infants depend on their caregivers for more than just their physical needs: meeting emotional needs is crucial for attachment and therefore, early attachments were the result of receiving comfort and care from a caregiver rather than simply the result of being fed.

Answer 111

Cognitive development theory, often associated with the work of Jean Piaget, is a perspective that explores how individuals, especially children, gradually acquire and develop their mental abilities and understanding of the world. In simpler terms, it's about how people learn to think, reason, and understand as they grow. There are three levels of moral reasoning each with two stages. The first level is the preconventional level, which is someone who follows rules to avoid punishment (most criminals and young children) . The second is the conventional level which is when someone understands and accepts rules and values of society (most people). The postconventional level, are people who go beyond and question existing rules and laws.

Answer 112

crime scene processing involves taking steps to ensure the methodical and lawful collection of information and evidence at a crime scene. Proper processing aids in the reconstruction

Answer 113

1. provide medical assistance if needed 2. secure the scene (Nobody enters, nobody leaves) 3. Interview any witnesses (try to do as soon as possible) 4. Photograph the scene 5. recording notes 6. sketching the scene 7. Searching the scene 8. Collecting Evidence

Answer 114

1. Line 2. Grid 3. Spiral 4. Quadrant

Answer 115

Primary scene is where the original crime occured, and the secondary is an addiotnal place where evidence may be found. EX: Primary Home, Secondary Suspects car or home

Answer 116

1. Blood samples (Can be analyzed to determine blood types and DNA which can be matched to possible suspects) 2. Blood Droplets (Can be analyzed to give clues to the location of crime, movement of crime, and type of weapon) 3. Blood Spatter (Can be analyzed to determine patterns that give investigators clues to how a crime may have happened

Answer 117

1. Blood Reagent Tests - (Tests referred to as presumptive tests are quick blood tests that investigators can do at the scene of a crime (Phenolphthalein is the chemical used in the "Kastle-meyer" test and produces a pink color when it reacts to the hemoglobin in blood 2. Light Source - Use a high intensity Light or UV to help find traces of blood (Example: Luminol, it's used to locate traces of blood even if it was cleaned.)

Answer 118

1. Type & Velocity of weapon 2. Number of Blows 3. Handedness of suspect (L or R) 4. Position an movement of people during the attack 5. Type of injuires

Answer 119

Bloodstains created from the application of force to the area where the blood originated

Answer 120

The place where the blood spatter came from or originated

Answer 121

the angle at which a blood droplet strikes a surface

Answer 122

The droplet from from which a satellite spatter originates

Answer 123

small drops of blood that break off from the parent drop

Answer 124

1. Direction of Travel 2. Area of convergence (Where blood intercepts) 3. Angles of impact (Where blood hit the ground)

Answer 125

results from a blow to blood that has pooled in a open wound

Answer 126

Results from a wound to a major artery. Blood corresponds with the contractions of the heart

Answer 127

Blood that is on the weapon from previous blows flies off to the surrounding environment

Answer 128

Blood flowing from a wound that collects in a puddle formation

Answer 129

They appear as a collection of very small blood drops and may be produced by actions such as a gunshot

Answer 130

They appear as a collection of blood drops slightly larger than high velo and may be produced by actions such as a stabbing

Answer 131

They appear slightly larger than those of a medium velo and may be caused by actions such as the effect of gravity. EX: Blood dripping from a weapon or open wound

Answer 132

1. The visionary Type 2. Mission Oriented type 3. Hedonistic Type 4. Power Oriented Type

Answer 133

1. Black Widows 2. Angel Of Death 3. Sexual Predators

Answer 134

They feel compelled to murder because they hear voices or sees visions (auditory and visual hallucinations) ordering/directing them to kill certain kinds of people. EX: David Berkowitz

Answer 135

Seeks to kill specific group of people who they believe are unworthy to live or undesirable and without whom the world would be a better place. People close to them will describe them as a fine citizen. EX: Alek Minassian (Toronto Van Driver)

Answer 136

This type kills for the thrill of it. Such killers simply enjoy the act of killing. Necrophilia is common with this type. ex: Jeffrey Dahmer

Answer 137

This type kills because they enjoy exterting ultimate control over their victims. These murderers are obsessed with capturing and controlling their victims, and forcing them to obey their every command. EX: Ted Bundy

Answer 138

a woman who murders a number of spouces, family members, children or individuals outside the family with whom she has a close relationship. She kills for two motives: profit and jealousy - they are often lured into murder by the proceeds of life insurance. usually kill with poison. EX: Judy Buenoano

Answer 139

these killers usually caretakers are the women the elderly seek support to. and people would trust their children with. they target victims who are unable to protect or defend themselves, who are in her eyes doomed to die. Uses lethal injections or suffocation weapons. EX: Elizabeth wettlaufer

Answer 140

The rarest crime ghat is committed by a woman. So rare that american history only has one reported. Aileen Wuornos

Answer 141

Female serial killers are more likely to lure their victims and poison them. Also female serial killers are usually older than their male counterparts, and were abusers of both alcohol or drugs. They are also often diagnosed as having bipolar dissociative personality disorders rather than APD.

Answer 142

AFIS stands for Automated Fingerprint Identification System. It is a computerized system designed to store, search, and analyze fingerprint data. AFIS technology is commonly used in law enforcement and forensic applications to identify individuals based on their fingerprints. Data Input: AFIS collects and digitizes fingerprint images from various sources, such as crime scenes or individuals during criminal processing. Database Storage: The system stores these digital fingerprint images in a database, organizing them for quick and efficient retrieval. Search and Matching: When a new fingerprint is input, the AFIS system compares it against the stored fingerprints in its database. The goal is to find a match or identify the individual associated with the fingerprint. Identification: If a match is found, the system provides information about the identified individual, which can be crucial in solving crimes or verifying a person's identity.

Answer 143

because AFIS can potentially make errors, and it can also only analyze ridge endings and bifurcations so there may be numerous matches and human needs to identify the best match

Answer 144

The center of the fingerprint

Answer 145

a triangular configuration of ridges that appear in one or both of the lower corners of a fingerprint

Answer 146

1. Visible: Prints that are conspicuous and made by fingers that have been left behind and been soiled by materials such as ink, paint or blood 2. Latent: The most common prints left behind, they are invisible, and are made by fingers from body parts such as the scalp or sweat that has been secreted from the pores of the fingerprint 3. plastic: Prints that are visible as impressions in substances that are soft such as chewing gum or wax

Answer 147

Class characteristics are those characteristics that are common to a group of objects. EX: Hammer has a distinctive shape and typical size

Answer 148

they are characteristics that which are unique to a given object. They are generally the result of wear and tear. EX: You purchase a new pair of shoes and as time passes and you wear the shoes, the soles will get worn out and get unique distinctive scratches.

Answer 149

they are made when a tool is pressed unto a softer material and leaves an impression

Answer 150

They are made when a tool slides or scratches across a surface. For example a key being dragged along the side of a car

Answer 151

They result from pressure being applied at both sides of an object and are often associated with scissors, wire cutter or shears.

Answer 152

they are caused by a repetitive action such as a saw moving back and forth

Answer 153

trace evidence refers to small bits of material that are transferred during the commission of a crime. These tiny bits can be physical substances such as hair, fibers, paint, glass, or even gunshot residue. Trace evidence is important in investigations because it can link a person, object, or location to a crime scene.

Answer 154

1. Patent (Visible) - Most common type, usually left on contrasting surfaces (blood, grease, mud) 2. Plastic (3D) - occurs when footwear steps into a soft surface like snow, mud, and wet sand. Allows people to see depth which can help gather intel like a suspects weight. 3. Latent (invisible/hidden to naked eye) - needs powders and chemicals and forensic light to see

Answer 155

1. Arches (No deltas) - ridges enter on one side and exit on the other side (plain arches and tented arches) 2. Loops (Most common) (1 delta) - ridges enter on one side and exit on the same side. (Radial Loops, Ulnar Loop) 3. Whorls (2 deltas) - Consists of circles, more than one loop or a mixture of pattern types. (Plain whorl, double loop whorl, central pocket whorl, accidental whorl)

Answer 156

1. core 2. ending ridge 3. short ridge 4. dot or island 5. fork or bifurcation 6. hook 7. eye 8. delta 9. bridge 10. enclosure 11. specialty 12. crossover

Answer 157

1. Testimonial: Eyewitness accounts of a crime 2. Physical Evidence: any tangible items that were found at the scene 3. Trace: physical evidence that is found at a crime scene in small but measurable amounts

Answer 158

1. Paint 2. glass 3. explosives 4. ballistics 5. body fluids (Blood, saliva, sweat, urine) 6. DNA (Hair, fingernails, bone, teeth, body fluids) 7. Impression Evidence (tire, shoe, bite, tool) 8. Fingerprints 9. wounds 10. skeletal remains

Answer 159

gender - can be determined by looking at the pelvis, humorous, and femur Age & Stature - can be determined by teeth, bone growth, length of bones Race - can be determined by looking at the skull for characteristics

Answer 160

wounds can often be matched to weapons or tool marks on the weapon. Investigators may also be able go determine the weapon size, shape and length.

Answer 161

Bowlby used the term Maternal Deprivation to refer to: -Failure of a child to develop an attachment to a mother figure -Significant separation from a mother during the first five years of life -Loss of a mother during the first five years of life he did hypothesize that continual disruption of the attachment between infant and primary caregiver (i.e. mother) could result in long term cognitive, social, and emotional difficulties. He proposed that the long term consequences of maternal deprivation might include: delinquency, reduced intelligence, increased aggression, depression, affectionless psychopathy.

Answer 162

Affectionless psychopathy is an inability to show affection or concern for others. Such individuals act on impulse with little regard for the consequences of their actions. For example, showing no guilt for antisocial behaviour.

Answer 163

Mary Ainsworth’s study of child development has become the groundwork for our understanding of mother-infant separation and how it influences interactions later in life. the environment resembled a living room in a home but had a one way glass mirror so psychologists could observe and take notes. They are interested in: Child’s reactions to the caregiver’s leaving and especially the nature of attachment displayed upon the caregiver’s return. How much exploration the child does, both while the caregiver is there and absent.

Answer 164

70% had a secure attachment - had consistent support and care 20% had an avoidant attachment - received less reliable care, caregiver is rejecting 10% had resistant attachment - received inconsistent care, at times the caregiver is very responsive at other times rejecting.

Answer 165

A psychopath, according to Hare (who developed a reliable and valid instrument to assess psychopathy, PCL) involves poor emotional intelligence, a lack of conscience and an inability to feel attached to people.

Answer 166

Psychopaths are incapable of empathy and forming loving relationships. Psychopaths also have no conscience or moral compass, so they do not feel guilt. They are often highly intelligent and can channel their tendencies into lawful behaviour. Psychopaths are also more likely to commit more planned out crimes, and attempt to make sure little evidence is left behind. (EX: Jeffrey Dahmer)

Answer 167

Sociopaths, on the other hand, are capable of empathy and guilt. While sociopaths are impulsive, hot-tempered and erratic, they may form attachments to some people or groups. They tend to live on the fringes of society. Sociopaths are more likely to leave clues, and act on impulse, with excessive risk taking. (Ted Bundy)

Answer 168

APD focuses on the individual conduct (behaviour) rather than the personality characteristics. Generally it involves a pattern of disregard for the rights of others, from childhood to adulthood. Examples: Lying, stealing, fighting, irresponsibility, aggressive sexual behaviour, substance abuse, poor/inconsistent work performance, unlawful behaviour. Those considered psychopaths may function in society without breaking laws and may not qualify as having APD and many with APD are not considered psychopaths. For example, highly intelligent psychopaths may channel their tendencies into simply being ruthless in business dealings and maybe a successful CEO with a family

Answer 169

humans are passive beings who are influenced by a controlling environment. Behaviour is the key to understanding criminality, not personality. When linked to crime, if criminal behaviour elicits more positive reinforcement than punishment the behaviour will persist. Factors linked to the consequences of behaviour such as certainty (sureness), intensity (severity) and promptness (quickly) can either promote or discourage the behaviour. E.G. Speeding - has little to do with the personality of the driver, moreso on the certainty, intensity and promptness of the punishment VS. the extent to which driving fast is rewarding to the driver, if this behaviour has been more often positively reinforced, it will continue Whether individuals engage in criminal behaviour depends on the balance of reward vs. punishment they have received.

Answer 170

This theory is based on the idea that behaviour is the product of one’s life experience. According to theorist Albert Bandura learning may proceed through: Learning vicariously: People learn behaviours by watching and then imitating others, aggressive acts are said to be modelled after three main sources - the family, community and the mass media. Direct Personal experience: We learn through trial and error, we remember the past and use its lessons to avoid future mistakes, we want favourable

Answer 171

An investigative tool, that infers offender characteristics from the analysis of the offenders behaviour, their interaction with the crime scene and victim and their choices during the crime. individuals who examine evidence from the crime scene, victims and witnesses in an attempt to construct an accurate psychological (psychopathology, personality and behaviour) and demographic description of the individual who committed the crime. it is NOT the goal of profiling to identify a particular person or to give a specific identify, moreso to produce a list of potential characteristics for a perpetrator of a crime and to narrow down a list of suspects.

Answer 172

To gain as complete an understanding as is possible of the motives, characteristics and likely future behaviour of the perpetrators of crime. Information from the crime scene is key to the profiling process. Added to this, is information from interviews with the victim(s), if possible, and his or her friends and aquaintances, the results of forensic examinations, as well as experience drawn from previous cases of a similar nature.

Answer 173

Different types of evidence may require specific packaging materials. Common examples include: Paper bags or envelopes for biological samples to allow them to breathe. Plastic containers or bags for dry or non-biological items. Airtight containers for preserving volatile substances. Glass containers for liquids.

Answer 174

View society as marked by conflict between social groups, this leads to one group being characterized as deviant.

Criminology Exam Review Flashcards

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