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Critical Numbers Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 5 types of study design

A

Case control
Cross-sectional
Cohort
RCT
Ecological

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2
Q

What are case control studies?

A

Retrospective studies that find people with an outcome + look back and see if they have the risk factor in question

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3
Q

Name 2 positives of case control studies

A

Fast + cheap
Good for rare outcomes

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4
Q

Name 2 negatives of case control studies

A

Can’t prove causation/can’t eliminate confounders
Difficult to establish order of events

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5
Q

What do cross-sectional studies look at?

A

An outcome at one point in time

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6
Q

Name 2 positives of cross sectional studies

A

Fast + cheap
Generates hypotheses

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7
Q

Name 2 negatives of cross-sectional studies

A

Not causative
Less suitable for rare diseases

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8
Q

What do cohort studies do?

A

Prospective follow-up of an outcome over time, have separate groups, some with , some without exposure

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9
Q

Name 2 positives of cohort studies

A

Little ethics
Can clearly sequence events

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10
Q

Name 2 negatives of cohort studies

A

Can’t prove causation
Time-consuming + expensive

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11
Q

What are RCT’s?

A

Gold standard study, has multiple groups which have different exposures + compare outcomes. Can use crossing over, placebos, double-blind matching etc

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12
Q

Name 2 positives of RCTs

A

Can prove causation
Random=less bias

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13
Q

Name 2 negatives of RCTs

A

Time consuming + expensive
Often unethical

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14
Q

What are ecological studies

A

Large population-look at data, prevalence, correlation + trends

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15
Q

Name 2 positives of ecological studies

A

Fast + cheap

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16
Q

Name a negative of ecological studies

A

Ecological fallacy-correlation does not always equal causation

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17
Q

Name the 5 types of sampling

A

Random
Systematic
Quota
Cluster
Stratified sampling

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18
Q

Give an example of random sampling

A

Using a random number generator

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19
Q

Give an example of systematic sampling

A

Numbering people 1,2,3,4 and assigning them to one of four groups

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20
Q

Give an example of quota sampling

A

Filling up a group until you have all the people you need

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21
Q

Give an example of cluster sampling

A

Divide people into groups (usually geographical), each group=1 cluster, clusters randomly selected

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22
Q

Give an example of stratified sampling

A

Divide into male/female, then take random sample of each

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23
Q

What is sample bias?

A

Non-representative sample

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24
Q

What is recall bias?

A

Lack of specifics/can’t remember details

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25
What is social desirability?
Lying about things for societal reasons
26
What is information bias?
Intentionally wrong data measure
27
What is volunteer bias?
Volunteers unlikely to be representative
28
What is selection bias?
Similar to volunteer bias-choosing of volunteers isn't random
29
What is lead time bias?
Screening seems to improve life expectancy but actually just picked up earlier
30
What is length-time bias?
Those with a less aggressive condition/longer living are more likely to be picked up
31
What are confounders?
Factors related to both the outcome + exposure that may affect results + need to be accounted for
32
What does PICO stand for?
P-patient/population I-intervention C-control/comparison O-outcome
33
Name 3 types of variable
Binary Categorical Numerical
34
What are binary variables?
Only two answers e.g. yes/no, true/false
35
What can categorical variables be divided into?
Nominal Ordinal
36
What are nominal variables?
They have no distinct hierarchy e.g. hair colours
37
What are ordinal variables?
They have a hierarchy e.g. social classes
38
What can numerical variables be divided into?
Continuous + discrete
39
What are continuous variables?
Numbers that can take any value within a range e.g. height, age
40
What are discrete values?
Whole numbers e.g. number of people
41
What is standard deviation?
Measures spread of data around the mean for this population
42
What is the standard error?
Measures spread of several means from various populations + estimates how far away from sample mean the true mean is
43
What is the difference between the SD + SE?
SD=spread around mean, SE=estimates real mean
44
How do you calculate standard error?
Sample SD/ square root of number of samples
45
What is kurtosis?
Vertical data skew
46
What is the interquartile range + how do you calculate it?
Measure of spread, UQ-LQ
47
What is the confidence interval?
Range of values the population mean is likely to be within e.g. 95% CI
48
How do you calculate the risk difference?
Risk-risk
49
How do you calculate risk?
Number of examined outcomes/total possible
50
How do you calculate risk ratio(/relative risk)?
Risk/risk
51
What should the relative risk be lower than for it to be a low risk?
Less than 1
52
How do you calculate odds ratio?
Ratio of (probability of event): (probability of non event)
53
How would you write a null hypothesis?
There will be no difference...
54
How would you write an alternative hypothesis?
There will be a significant difference...
55
What does the P value show?
Probability result is due to chance
56
What is the equation for simple linear regression?
y=mx+c
57
What does multiple linear regression do?
Considers several independent variables/confounders
58
When is logistic regression used?
When an outcome variable is a binary variable
59
When do you use multiple regression as opposed to correlation?
Correlation=no distinction between variables, no causation, simply association Multiple regression=y causes x, prediction
60
What do you use scatter plots to show?
Correlation
61
What do regression models do?
Try to predict data using an equation
62
What do the letters stand for in y=mx + c?
y=dependent variable m=gradient x=independent variable c=y-intercept

Phase 1 Critical Numbers (1 decks)

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