CRM Final Exam - Povitism

Question 1

Who was Luka Magnotta?

Answer 1

A criminal known for the murder of Jun Lin and mailing his body parts.

Question 2

What mental disorder was Luka Magnotta diagnosed with?

Answer 2

Paranoid schizophrenia.

Question 3

What plea did Luka Magnotta enter regarding his crime?

Answer 3

Not criminally responsible due to mental disorder.

Question 4

How did the crown view Luka Magnotta’s mental illness?

Answer 4

As a personality disorder, not schizophrenia.

Question 5

Where was Luka Magnotta found by the police?

Answer 5

At a café in Berlin, reading about himself.

Question 6

What is Positive Criminology?

Answer 6

A response against Classical Criminology focusing on the underlying causes of criminal behavior.

Question 7

What method does Positive Criminology apply?

Answer 7

The scientific method.

Question 8

What are the two types of factors influencing criminal behavior?

Answer 8

• Internal factors (within the individual) * External factors (outside the individual)

Question 9

What are the three factors that influence human behavior according to Positivist Criminology?

Answer 9

• Biological * Sociological * Psychological

Question 10

What do positivists assume about criminals?

Answer 10

They are fundamentally different from noncriminals.

Question 11

What is determinism in the context of Positivist Criminology?

Answer 11

The idea that most human behavior is determined by factors beyond free will.

Question 12

What is hard determinism?

Answer 12

The belief that human beings have no choices in confronting situations.

Question 13

What is soft determinism?

Answer 13

Also known as conditional free will, allowing for constrained choice.

Question 14

What is the consensus approach in society according to Positivists?

Answer 14

Society is built upon a consensus about moral values.

Question 15

Who was Alek Minassian?

Answer 15

A perpetrator involved in a killing spree in Toronto.

Question 16

What is the Incel community?

Answer 16

A group of heterosexual men who face rejection from women, leading to hatred towards them.

Question 17

What are the criticisms of Positivist Criminology?

Answer 17

• Assumption of difference * Overly deterministic * Over-prediction of crime * Discourse of non-responsibility * Ignores criminalization process * Assumes consensual worldview * Belief in objectivity of social scientists * Legitimization of ‘experts’ * Ethical concerns

Question 18

What is biological positivism?

Answer 18

The perspective that genetic makeup influences criminal behavior.

Question 19

What is eugenics?

Answer 19

The study of policies related to the improvement of the human race through selective reproduction.

Question 20

What does craniometry focus on?

Answer 20

The belief that skull size represents superiority or inferiority among individuals.

Question 21

What is phrenology?

Answer 21

The study of bumps on the skull to determine human dispositions.

Question 22

Who is considered the father of criminology?

Answer 22

Cesare Lombroso.

Question 23

What is Lombroso’s theory of atavism?

Answer 23

The belief that serious criminals are evolutionary throwbacks.

Question 24

What did Lombroso observe in soldiers and criminals?

Answer 24

Their body characteristics

Question 25

What must a criminal have to be atavistic?

Answer 25

5 or more stigmata

Question 26

What does Lombroso believe Atavistic criminals are wired to do?

Answer 26

1. engage in criminal behaviour 2. live by their instincts (no impulse control) 3. Lack the ability to learn and follow rules

Question 27

What discovery did Lombroso make when preforming an autopsy on a criminal?

Answer 27

He observed that the skull resembled the skull of an ape

Question 28

What are stigmata in Lombroso's theory?

Answer 28

Physical manifestations of the atavism of the individual, with features indicating the prior evolutionary stages of development.

Question 29

Examples of stigmata

Answer 29

*Small or large ears *chin, too small or too prominent *high cheek bones *irregular or large head *bushy eyebrows *tattoos

Question 30

Habitual criminal

Answer 30

Individual commits a crime as a result of their environment and situation, ex poor family, no eduction.

Question 31

What is the personality associated with an endomorphic body type?

Answer 31

Viscerotonic: jolly, lazy, happy-go-lucky.

Question 32

Criminal by passion

Answer 32

Spontaneous crime that it inspired and triggered by emotion.

Question 33

Insane criminal

Answer 33

Individuals who commit crime as a result of underlying mental health issue.

Question 34

Criminaloid

Answer 34

Individual commits a crime of opportunity, not because they're born bad.

Question 35

Pseudo criminal

Answer 35

Individual commits the crime by accident or intentional in self defence or under duress.

Question 36

What is the personality associated with a mesomorphic body type?

Answer 36

Somatotonic: risk-taking, aggressive, and competitive.

Question 37

Occasional criminal

Answer 37

Individuals who commit crimes due to situational factors or environmental influences rather than inherent biological predispositions

Question 38

What is Somatotyping theory

Answer 38

linked to William Sheldon **Somatotyping**: The area of study, that links body type to risk for delinquent and criminal behaviour.

Question 39

What is the significance of Charles Darwin to biological positivism?

Answer 39

His theory of evolution set the stage for biological explanations of behavior.

Question 40

What are the three body types in somatotyping theory?

Answer 40

* Endomorph * Mesomorph * Ectomorph

Question 41

What did Lombroso believe about born criminals?

Answer 41

They are biologically predisposed to crime and cannot deviate from their tendencies.

Question 42

What is Lombroso's expanded criminal typology?

Answer 42

Lombroso created expanded criminal types, as he was met with criticism that he did not consider social or situational indications.

Question 43

What is the personality associated with an ectomorphic body type?

Answer 43

Cerebrotonic: Often introverted and sensitive.

Question 44

Type of body shape associated with lower body fat, muscular, athletic build, and broader shoulders.

Answer 44

Mesomorph ## Footnote Lower body fat, muscular, athletic, broader shoulders

Question 45

Type of body shape associated with being overweight and shorter

Answer 45

Endomorph

Question 46

Type of body shape associated with narrow shoulders, little body fat and muscles, thin, lean, tall.

Answer 46

Ectomorph ## Footnote Narrow shoulders, little body fat and muscles, thin, lean, tall

Question 47

Most likely body type associated with criminal behavior

Answer 47

Mesomorph

Question 48

What leads to the development of certain body types and temperaments?

Answer 48

Heredity

Question 49

How many chromosomes do humans have?

Answer 49

23

Question 50

Chromosome pair for females

Answer 50

XX

Question 51

Chromosome pair for males

Answer 51

XY

Question 52

What syndrome is associated with having an extra Y chromosome?

Answer 52

XYY syndrome

Question 53

Characteristics of XYY males

Answer 53

* Taller * Delayed speech * Learning disabilities * ADHD * On the autism spectrum * Depression * Acne

Question 54

Tendency of XYY males in terms of aggression and criminal behavior

Answer 54

More aggressive and prone to criminal behavior

Question 55

Is it their biology causing higher rates of aggression in XYY males?

Answer 55

Could be explained by other factors

Question 56

Conclusion of the myth of 'superman syndrome' video regarding XYY men

Answer 56

Vast majority have no idea they have an extra Y, link to criminality was debunked

Question 57

Who was accused of killing a friend/family member and other individuals?

Answer 57

Aaron Hernandez

Question 58

What condition was found in Aaron Hernandez's brain?

Answer 58

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

Question 59

What type of disease is Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)?

Answer 59

Progressive neurodegenerative disease

Question 60

Symptoms linked to Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

Answer 60

* Violent outbursts * Increased frustration * Depression * Anxiety

Question 61

What stage of CTE did Aaron Hernandez have?

Answer 61

Stage 3