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Second Yr Spring > Crop Science > Flashcards

Crop Science Flashcards

1
Q

Crop Domestication

A

Increased plant yield, increased seed size, non-shattering seed, naked seed, reduced seed toxins

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2
Q

Natural Selection

A

Individuals with the best genetics fitness for a specific environment will survive and reproduce more successfully

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3
Q

Glycoalkaloids

A

Natural compounds which confer resistance to insects and diseases that are present in many wild potato species

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4
Q

Domestication Syndrome

A

The assorted traits modified to produce crop plants altered from their wild progenitors.
Plants dependent on human survival

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5
Q

Agronomic Use

A

Cereals, grains, pulses, forage, fibre crops, root and tuber crops, bioenergy crops, cover crops, companion crops, green manure crops

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6
Q

Grains

A

Seeds of grass crops (true grain) but can include legumes (soybean)

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7
Q

Forage Crops

A

Any crops whose vegetative parts are used for livestock feed

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8
Q

Root Crop

A

Structures developed to draw nutrients and moisture from the soil

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9
Q

Cover Crop

A

Manage soil erosion
Improve water use & biodiversity
Reduce pests, weeds & diseases
Used for forage (rape, turnips, grasses)

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10
Q

Companion Crops

A

Used to suppress weeds, pests and disease
Erosion control
Harvested at maturity (grain and straw) OR
Immature (silage)

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11
Q

Intercropping

A

Where two or more species are sown and harvested together

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12
Q

Green Manure Crops

A

Incorporated into the soil to add nutrients to the soil or enhance soil quality (clover, alfalfa, phacelia)

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13
Q

Bioenergy

A

Production of energy from a biological system

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14
Q

Biomass Crops

A

Burned to produce heat and electricity (willow)

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15
Q

Biofuel Crops

A

For liquid fuels (corn, grain sorghum, soybean)
Starch in grain of corn -> ethanol
Oils from soybean -> biodiesel

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16
Q

Sugar Crops

A

Sugarcane, sugar beet (sugar)

Corn, sweet sorghum (syrup)

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17
Q

Oil Crops

A

Produce oils that contain fatty acids (soybean, oil seed rape, flax, sunflower)

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18
Q

Protein Crops

A

Legumes produce seeds high in protein (soybean, peas, field beans, peanuts)

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19
Q

Starchy Crops

A

Seed from cereal grasses naturally high in starch.

Roots and tuber crops store their energy primarily as starch

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20
Q

Gymnosperms

A

Seeds are ‘naked’ - not covered by an ovary.
Seed produced inside a cone-like structure
Have needle-like, scale-like, or awl-like leaves

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21
Q

Brassicaceae

A

Cabbage, brussels sprouts, cauliflower, turnips

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22
Q

Solonaceae

A

Potatoes, tomatoes, eggplant, tobacco

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23
Q

Leguminosae

A

Peas, beans, clover & vetch

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24
Q

Umbelliferae

A

Parsley, celery, carrots & parsnips

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25
Q

Compositae

A

Largest family of plants.

Daisies, dandelions, thistles, lettuce, sunflowers

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26
Q

Totipotency

A

Ability of a single plant cell to grow, divide, and differentiate into an entire plant

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27
Q

Vegetative Propagation

A

Plants propagate through modified stems - flower bulbs, corms, and rhizomes; suckers; stolons

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28
Q

Artificial Vegetative Propagation

A

Can be done by taking a cutting from the stem (containing at least one meristem)
Other methods - grafting and tissue culture

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29
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

New plant is genetically identical (clone) to the parent

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30
Q

Vegetative Reproduction via Modified Stems

A

Stolons, rhizomes, tubers, and bulbs

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31
Q

Double Fertilization

A

Sperm nucleus (n) fuses with polar nuclei (2n) to produce triploid (3n) providing nutrients and feeding the developing embryo

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32
Q

Apomixis

A

Formation of seed without fertilization.

Bypasses meiosis and fertilization to form a viable seed

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33
Q

Pollination Mechanisms

A

Wind

  • Anthers & stigma of grass are hanging
  • Pollen of grasses is small ideally suited to be airborne
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34
Q

Modes of pollination

A

Cross pollination - allogamy (outbreeding)

Self pollination - autogamy (inbreeding)

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35
Q

Allogamy

A

Transfer of pollen grains from the anther of one point to the stigma of another plant.
Promoted by male sterility & self incompatibility

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36
Q

Cross pollination promoted by

A
  • Anthers and stigma are different lengths
  • Anthers and stigma develop at different times
  • Flowers that are only male or female-unisexual
    eg. corn, rye, alfalfa, cabbage, sunflower
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37
Q

Monoecy

A

Male & female flowers are separate on the same plant (maize corn)

38
Q

Dioecy

A

Male and female flowers are on separate plants

39
Q

Self pollination promoted by

A
  • Hermaphrodite flowers
  • Anthers & stigma developing at the same time
  • Anthers surrounding the stigma
  • Flowers don’t open until after pollination
    eg. rice, wheat, barley, oats, potato
40
Q

Cleistogamy

A

The flower remains closed excluding foreign pollen until the anthers of the flower have shed their pollen (wheat, oats and barley)

41
Q

Autogamous species

A

Seed propagated - rice, wheat, barley, oats

Vegetatively propagated - potato

42
Q

Allogamous species

A

Seed propagated - corn, rye, alfalfa. cabbage, sunflower

Vegetatively propagated - sugarcane, coffee, cocoa, tea, apple, pears

43
Q

Endosperm

A

The endosperm tissue (3n) within the seed of a flowering plant that surrounds and nourishes the developing embryo (2n).
Endosperm is the starchy part (starch granules)

44
Q

Tillering

A

Production of side shoots.

Enables them to produce multiple stems (tillers) starting from the initial single seedling

45
Q

Dry Matter (DM)

A

Weight of all the components of a plant without the water

46
Q

Waxy cuticle

A

Physical barrier to the penetration by fungi, chemical signals that inhibit fungal development, less water retention

47
Q

Trichomes

A

(‘leaf hairs’) may provide both physical and chemical protection against pathogens

48
Q

Adaptive Community

A

Natural, vaccination

49
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Maternal, artificial

50
Q

Plant Innate Immunity

A

Can be induced by chitins, glucans, lipopolysaccharides, and flagella

51
Q

Hypersensitive Responses (HR)

A

Programmed cell death to limit pathogen growth, small lesions or single cells

52
Q

Biotrophic

A

Those that establish an infection in living tissue. Pathogen needs the host to be alive to gain nutrients

53
Q

Necrotroph

A

Those that kill before colonizing them, by secreting toxins. Pathogen can gain nutrients from dead tissue.

54
Q

Plant Viruses

A

Biotrophic pathogens that cannot replicate without the presence of the host cells

55
Q

Viral Transmission (methods)

A

Aphids, Mechanically, Vegetatively

56
Q

Glycophytes

A

Minimise Na+ and Cl- accumulation in the root by active removal of these ions back to soil
Will only tolerate soils with a low concentration of salt

57
Q

Halophytes

A

Plants that thrive in salinity

58
Q

Anti-Freeze Proteins (AFP)

A
  • Declines rate of ice crystal growth
  • Lowers the efficiency of ice nucleation sites
  • Lowers temp at which ice forms
59
Q

Osmolytes

A

Balances the osmotic potential of externally increased osmotic pressure

60
Q

Fungal Hyphae

A

Branched network of filaments called mycelia

61
Q

Spores

A

Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually via the production of spores

62
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Obligate biotrophs

Highly evolved, mutualistic associations between soil fungi and plant roots

63
Q

Ectotrophic Mycorrhizae

A

Growing outside the root or between cells

64
Q

Endotrophic Mycorrhizae

A

Growing inside the cells of the root

65
Q

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF)

A

Fungi transfer nutrients to the root and receive carbohydrates from the root
Increase the plants resistance to biotic and abiotic stress factors while improving soil stability

66
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Photosynthetic organisms that can fix carbon dioxide (blue-green algae)

67
Q

Carotenoids

A

Accessory pigments that assist in photosynthesis by capturing energy from light of wavelengths that are not efficiently absorbed by either of the chlorophylls

68
Q

Amyloplasts

A

Found in roots and storage tissues and store and synthesize starch for the plant through the polymerisation of glucose

69
Q

Flocculated soils

A
  • Better drainage
  • Large air space
  • Better root development
  • Greater quantities of soil organisms
  • Warmer
  • Easier to work with
70
Q

CEC (Cation Exchange Capacity)

A

Soils ability to hold onto particular nutrients (Cations, positively charged ion)

71
Q

Avoid Soil Degradation

A
  • Maintain vegetative cover over the soil
  • High soil organic matter content
  • Conservation tillage
  • Crop rotations
  • Contour tillage
  • Strip cropping
  • Windbreaks
72
Q

Weed Benefits

A
  • Enhance soil structure
  • Improve soil tilth
  • Cycle nutrients
  • Provide habitats
  • Improve infiltration rates
  • Indicate soil characteristics
73
Q

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

IPM - Chemical

A

Herbicides

Increased incidences of herbicide resistance - Blackgrass, Wild Oats

74
Q

IPM - Biological

A

‘Bio-herbicides’ - microorganisms as weed pathogens
Grazing livestock
Pigs good for ground preparation and removal of rhizomatous weeds
Sheep good for post-harvest weed seed removal

75
Q

IPM - Mechanical

A 
Soil cultivation
Mechanical removal of weeds
Whole cropping
Rogueing
Weed mowers
76
Q

IPM - Cultural

A 
Crop rotation
Cultivation
Liming & nutrition
Correcting pH
Certified seed and seed source
Stale seed beds/stubble cultivation
77
Q

IPM - Prevention

A

Prevent weeds entering farm or field
Harvest fields with weed problems last
Clean machines after each field
Avoid imported manures

78
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Narrow channels that act as intercellular cytoplasmic bridges to facilitate communication and transport of materials between plant cells

79
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Has a role in cell wall formation

80
Q

Locus

A

A fixed location on a strand of DNA where a gene or one of its alleles is located

81
Q

GMO

A

An organism in which the genetic material has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination

82
Q

Transgenic

A

Organism that has had genes from another organism inserted into its genome via recombinant DNA techniques

  • Herbicide resistance
  • Insect resistance
  • Nutritional traits
83
Q

Glyphosphate

A

Herbicide that inhibits EPSPS

84
Q

EPSPS

A

Enzyme that is important in aromatic amino acid production

85
Q

Cisgenesis

A

Genetic modification to transfer beneficial alleles from crossable species into a recipient plant

86
Q

Genome Editing

A

Enables site directed engineering of the genome.

DNA is inserted, deleted, or replaced in the genome of an organism.

87
Q

Green Area Index

A

Amount of dry matter accumulated by the crop

88
Q

Isoenzymes

A

Different variants of the same enzyme having identical functions and present in the same individual.

89
Q

Central Dogma

A

Transfer of sequential information

90
Q

Epistasis

A

Interaction among genes at different loci

Second Yr Spring (4 decks)

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