CROPSCI Flashcards
(193 cards)
1
Q
are used by farmers to help different crops
grow in different soil and weather conditions. Fertilizers have
important roles in providing crops with the nutrients they need to grow
and be harvested by people
A
Agricultural fertilizers
2
Q
– a very important contributing factor to increase
production of nutrients should be present in a proportionately balanced
condition, and if any one element is lacking, it should be made available
in the soil.
A
Crop Nutrition
3
Q
- including the use of fertilizers, organic
inputs, crop rotation practices and the knowledge on how to implement
these practices to local farm conditions
A
Soil Fertility Management
4
Q
, on the other hand, are chemicals such as
fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides to
control pests, and diseases and promote plant growth and
development
A
Agricultural chemicals
5
Q
- is the general method or the practice of protecting
crop yields from different agents including pests, weeds, plant diseases,
and other organisms that cause damage to agricultural crops
A
Crop protection
6
Q
are fertilizers that come from animal matter, manure
and vegetable matter
A
Organic fertilizers
7
Q
include manure, peat, seaweeds and guano
A
Natural organic fertilizers
8
Q
include compost, bone meal and seaweed
extracts. Organic fertilizers can either come from plants or animals
A
Manufactured organic matter
9
Q
are mined from mineral deposits or
manufactured from synthetic compounds. Like organic fertilizers
A
Inorganic/commercial fertilizers
10
Q
are used to provide nutrients to help
plants grow and improve plant yield.
Samples of inorganic/commercial fertilizers include ammonia, urea,
ammonium phosphate, and muriate of potash.
A
inorganic/commercial fertilizers
11
Q
N-P-K
A
Nitrogen - Phosphorus - Potassium
12
Q
1-7%N, 2-13%P2O5 and 1-10% K2O from plant
and animal sources.
Trichoderma harzianum – speed up decomposition of compost materials (1 ton
of compost material needs 10 kg of Trichoderma inoculum.
A
Organic fertilizers (compost)
13
Q
– speed up decomposition of compost materials (1 ton
of compost material needs 10 kg of Trichoderma inoculum.
A
Trichoderma harzianum
14
Q
– biomass produced by a N-fixing legume crop, plowed under
at ear flowering time to serve as source of nutrient to the succeeding crop.
A
Green manure
15
Q
– water fern that grows symbiotically with bluegreen algae; can produce 30T/ha in one growing season equivalent to 150 kg
of N/ha.
A
Azolla (Anabaena azolla)
16
Q
– application of lime to correct soil acidity; ideal pH range is from 6-6.5
A
Liming
17
Q
—form absorbed, major source, total soil content,
plant content, and general plant function
A
Essential plant nutrients
18
Q
Broadcast
Band application
Side dressing and Topdressing
Localized placement
Foliar application
A
Fertilizer Application Methods:
19
Q
– application of fertilizer be done at final harrowing, done either
by hand or with the use of a “cyclone spreader
A
- Broadcast
20
Q
– fertilizer is applied in a strip 2-3 cm beneath and to the
side of the location of the seed during seeding.
A
- Band application
21
Q
– placement of fertilizer along the rows near the base of the
plant.
A
Side dressing
22
Q
– N fertilizers are applied to juvenile crops wherein fertilizer is
broadcast over the growing plants.
A
Topdressing
23
Q
– placement of fertilizer-centered mudballs in flooded
soils wherein one mudball (urea) is plunged 10-12 cm deep for every fourrice placed spaced at 20 x 30 cm which are applied immediately after
transplanting.
A
Localized placement
24
Q
– involves dissolving the fertilizer material in water and
applying it as a spray to plants which is affecting in correcting trace element
deficiency at critical stages of the crop
A
Foliar application
25
are microorganisms that promote plant growth by increasing
the supply of available nutrients, by stimulating root growth, or by aiding
other symbiotic processes
Inoculants
26
, on the other hand, are chemicals used against pest attack of
crops like insects, bacteria, virus, fungi and weeds
Pesticides
27
The term “_____________” means “to get rid of pests” and refers to all of these
groups at once
pesticides
28
– mites, ticks, and spiders
Acaricide/Ixodicide/Miticide
29
– adult insects
Adulticide
30
– algae
Algicide
31
– trees, brush, shrubs
Arboricide/Silvicide
32
– birds
Avicide
33
– bacteria
Bactericide
34
– fungi
Fungicide
35
. – weeds
Herbicide
36
– insects
Insecticide
37
– larvae
Larvicide
38
– mollusks such as slugs and snails
Molluscicide
39
– nematodes
Nematicide
40
– eggs
Ovicide
41
– fish
Piscicide
42
– vertebrate pests
Predacide
43
– rodents such as rats, mice, gerbils
Rodenticide
44
– termites
Termiticide
45
Anti-feedant
Anti-transpirant
Attractant
Chemosterilan
Defolian
Desiccant
Disinfectant
Feeding stimulan
Growth regulator
Repellent
Semiochemicals
Synergist
Classification of pesticide according to effects on pests
46
– inhibits feeding while insects remain on the treated plant;
the insects eventually starve to death
Anti-feedant
47
. – reduces transpiration
Anti-transpirant
48
– lures pest to treated location ex. Sex attractants
Attractant
49
– destroy the pest ability to reproduce
Chemosterilant
50
– removes unwanted plant growth without immediately killing the
whole plant
Defoliant
51
– dries up plant parts and insects
Desiccant
52
– destroy or inactivate harmful organisms
Disinfectant
53
– causes insects to feed more vigorously
Feeding stimulant
54
– stops, speeds up or retards growth processes of plants
or insects
Growth regulator
55
– drives pests away from a treated object without killing them
Repellent
56
– pheromones, allomones, and kairomones;
substances emitted by plants or animals, which stimulate or inhibit certain
behavioral activities on insects
Semiochemicals
57
– enhances the effectiveness of an active agent
Synergist
58
Stomach
Contact
Fumigant
Systemic
Classification of pesticide according to their mode of entry against
target pests.
59
– generally enters a pest's body through the mouth during
feeding (ingestion) and is absorbed through the digestive tract
Stomach
60
– generally penetrate a pest's body as a result of contact with the
legs or other external portions and treated surfaces such as sprayed
leaves
Contact
61
– volatile and enter a pest's body through the respiratory system
and kill at lethal concentration
Fumigant
62
– characterized by high water solubility, by which property they
can be readily be taken into the plant through its roots, stems, or leaves.
Once inside the plant, the systemic chemical moves through the plant's
vascular system to other untreated parts from where insects acquire the
translocated insecticide during feeding. These are effective against
sucking, boring, and mining insects and nematodes
Systemic
63
Neem Leaf
Salt spray
Onion and garlic spray
Eucalyptus oil
Chrysanthemum flower tea
Examples of organic methods
64
- Neem has long been used for its medicinal and culinary
properties
Neem Leaf
65
– to provide a favorable soil environment for the germination
and growth of a particular crop. It is done in accordance with the requirements
of the crops, whether they grow under dryland or wetland systems
Land preparation
66
The two systems of land preparation and water management (________________) have contrasting features in terms of its physical, biological and
chemical nature of soils
wetland and
dryland
67
Land is prepared by the process of _______.
tillage
68
is considered as the father of modern tillage
Jethro Tull
69
Is the natural or mechanized manipulation of the soil to provide a medium for
proper crop establishment and growth
Tillage
70
:
Lowland/wetland preparation – soaking, plowing, harrowing, levelling
Upland/dryland preparation – plowing, harrowing/rotavation, levelling
Types of land preparation
71
– plowing, harrowing/rotavation, levelling
Upland/dryland preparation
72
– soaking, plowing, harrowing, levelling
Lowland/wetland preparation
73
Plow – animal-drawn moldboard, tractor-drawn moldboard, disc
Harrow – disc, comb-tooth, spike-tooth
Rotavator
Furrower – animal-drawn (“lithao”), tractor-drawn
Planting hole digger
Tillage and Planting Equipment:
74
– animal-drawn moldboard, tractor-drawn moldboard, disc
Plow
75
– disc, comb-tooth, spike-tooth
Harrow
76
– animal-drawn (“lithao”), tractor-drawn
Furrower
77
Soil is granular, friable, and compact enough to allow contact between seed and
soil.
Sufficient moisture for germination and subsequent growth.
Level field to avoid water accumulation.
Free from weeds.
Characteristics of a well-prepared upland field:
78
Differences in terms of physical changes between upland and lowland
land preparation:
– no flooding, no puddling, macro-and micropores are maintained,
water drains easily if there is no plowpan, tillage is easy especially at field
capacity
Upland
79
Differences in terms of physical changes between upland and lowland
land preparation:
– flooding involved, puddling involved, macropores are lost while
micropore are maintained, plowpan is formed, tillage is hard when soil is dried.
Lowland
80
Differences in terms of chemical changes between upland and lowland
preparation:
– root zone is well-aerated, aerobic organisms are present, no reduced
zone, pH is stable, high N mineralization, P, K, Si and Mo are less available, Cu
and Zn are not affected, less generation of gases (i.e. carbon dioxide, methan,
nitrous oxide, hydrogen sulphide) and organic acids
Upland
81
Differences in terms of chemical changes between upland and lowland
preparation:
thin oxidized layer and reduced layer in root zone, aerobic and
anaerobic organisms are present, increase in pH in acid soils and decrease in
pH in alkaline soils, slow N mineralization, P, K, Si and Mo are available, Cu,
Zn are reduced, generation of gases and organic acids
Lowland
82
Primary tillage
Secondary tillage
Seedbed preparation
Inter tillage
Types of Tillage Operations
83
– carried out in the standing crop; after sowing or planting and prior
to the harvesting of crop plants; includes gap filling, thinning, weeding,
mulching, top dressing of fertilizers, hoeing, etc.
Inter tillage
84
– for germination of seeds; carried out by using hand
tools or implements like harrow, rollers plank and rider
Seedbed preparation
85
– any working completed after primary tillage; shallower and
less aggressive; includes the operations performed after plowing such as
levelling, discing, and harrowing
Secondary tillage
86
– the most aggressive tillage operation; undertaken when the
soil is wet enough to allow the field to be plowed and strong enough to give
reasonable levels of traction; after the crop harvest or at the beginning of the
next wet season; includes the plowing operation which is opening of the
compacted soil with the help of different plows
Primary tillage
87
Conventional tillage
Conservation tillage
Forms of Tillage Operations:
88
– results in a residue-free soil surface at planting time
1. Conventional tillage
89
– It is a basic tillage strategy that entails practices in which
some crop residue remains on the soil surface after the operation. It maintains
residue from previous crop on soil surface. The chief goals of conservation
tillage are: a) To reduce soil erosion and b) Conserve moisture
2. Conservation tillage
90
– a system of cropping whereby a crop is seeded
directly into a seedbed not tilled since the harvest of the previous crop
a. No tillage or zero tillage
91
– a system that leave crop residue to serve as mulch, as in
stubble-mulch tillage that aims to conserve moisture and to protect the soil from
wind and water erosion by leaving crop residues on the soil surface
b. Mulch tillage
92
– it is also called strip-till or zone tillage. It entails the disturbance
of narrow strips in the soil where seeding is done. The interrow zone remains
undisturbed and covered with crop residue
c. Strip tillage
93
– it involves considerable soil disturbance but to lesser extent
than conventional tillage. Some crop residue is left on the soil surface. Minimum
tillage is also called reduced tillage
d. Minimum tillage
94
– a small band of soil on the ridge is tilled. The soil from the top
of the ridge is mixed with crop residue between ridges. The debris reduced soil
erosion and increase water retention.
e. Ridge tillage
95
– reduce the time spent in non-productive work; minimize the
number of turns and maximize the length of the tillage runs.
Tillage patterns
96
– used with moldboards, discs, and offset discs; most
animals are accustomed to working; ends up with a large cut out furrow in the
center; difficult to drain and get an even depth of cultivation
Circuitous pattern
97
– runs parallel to each other; used for tined
implements, rotavators, harrows, and reversible plows; most field efficient
system and if equipment is correctly set up and operated, it should not leave
furrows in the field.
Up and back/Headland pattern
98
– plowing to begin in the center of the field and works out to the
edges; requires measurement of the field to establish the center point; used with
all types of plows
Land system
99
– extend a short growing season for late-maturing crop;
improve land-use efficiency; save cost of expensive hybrid seed; force crop
production for an early market; assure complete stand and crop uniformity
Transplanting (plugs)
100
– most economical; not satisfactory seed germination
Direct seeding
101
– acclimatization or adaptation to the harsher field environment by
withholding moisture and reducing temperature for 7-14 days prior to transplanting; slows or retards seedling growth and allows accumulation of
carbohydrates
Hardening
102
– cabbage, pepper, broccoli, cauliflower,
celery, tomato, lettuce, eggplant
Crops that are usually transplanted
103
– melons, bitter gourd, cucumber,
beans, kangkong, hybrid onion, sweet corn
Crops that are usually direct-seeded
104
– radish, turnips, carrot, beets, crops are
never transplanted because the tip of their taproots may be damaged in the
process, resulting in forked roots
Crops that should be direct-seeded
105
Square system of planting
2. Rectangular system
3. Diagonal or Quincux system
4. Triangular system
5. Equilateral or Triangular or Hexagonal syste
Planting Patterns for fruits
106
Too deep will exhaust energy reserved before reaching the soil surface.
Too shallow will not able to reach soil moisture, dry out and die.
Not deeper than 10x the diameter of the seed.
Epigeal emergence (soybean) are prone to crusting than hypogeal emergence
(corn).
Seeds are sown deeper in sandy than clayey soils.
Planting depth:
107
:
Broadcasting – even spreading of seed on top of seedbed; manual or
mechanized
Drilling – depositng seed in a row at a uniform depth in a seedbed using
equipment; greater seedling precision.
Seeding methods
108
– even spreading of seed on top of seedbed; manual or
mechanized
Broadcasting
109
– depositng seed in a row at a uniform depth in a seedbed using
equipment; greater seedling precision.
Drilling
110
1. Wetbed method – seeds are sown raised beds with continuous irrigation water
and seedlings are ready for transplanting in 25 – 30 days.
2. Dapog method – pre-germinated seeds are sown in cemented or puddle soil
covered with banana leaves or plastic sheet. Seedlings are ready for
transplanting in 10 -14 days.
3. Dry-bed method – it is only applicable for rainfed areas wherein seedbeds are
prepared followed by sowing of seeds. Seedlings are ready for transplanting in
2040 days.
Methods of Raising Rice Seedlings
111
– seeds are sown raised beds with continuous irrigation water
and seedlings are ready for transplanting in 25 – 30 days.
Wetbed method
112
. – pre-germinated seeds are sown in cemented or puddle soil
covered with banana leaves or plastic sheet. Seedlings are ready for
transplanting in 10 -14 days
Dapog method
113
– it is only applicable for rainfed areas wherein seedbeds are
prepared followed by sowing of seeds. Seedlings are ready for transplanting in
2040 days
3. Dry-bed method
114
– It is a procedure for gathering pertinent information
about a seed, its capacity for establishing a stand of seedlings
I. Seed Analysis / Testing
115
a. Standard germination test
b. Tetrazolium test
Methods of seed viability testing:
116
– seeds are arranged in rows and rolled
up. The rolled material is placed in a germinator at 90% RH at 26C for one to
several weeks.
i. Rug doll method or rolled-towel test
117
– seeds are sown in previously sterilized soil
ii. Seedbox method
118
– seeds are placed in absorbent material in the dish.
iii. Petri dish method
119
– It is a colometric test in which the biochemical reaction
causes the test solution to change color under certain conditions. Respiring
and viable seeds will change color to red; dead or non-respiring seeds remain
colorless.
b. Tetrazolium test
120
– Seed purity is the percentage pure seed (only the seed of
the desired kind without contaminants) in the sample tested
Seed Purity Test
121
, for instance, is the breaking of the soil when the plants are
already growing.
Cultivation
122
is the application of water into the field where the plants are
growing. One of the most needed during crop production is water.
Irrigation
123
is the removal of unwanted plants in the field
Weeding
124
involves killing of insect pests that injure or kill cultivated
plants
• Pest control
125
is killing of microorganisms that infect plants which
include bacteria, virus and fungi
Disease control
126
is the gathering of ripe crops from the field. It can be done by
handpicking, use of tools, and in modern farming, by the combine harvester
Harvesting
127
come last. It involves practices like handling,
packaging, grading, standardization and finally, storing.
Post-harvesting and storage
128
– rows of trees or shrubs that protect crops from strong winds
Windbreak
129
. – required for normal growth and development for sciophytes
Shading
130
– exposing young plants slowly to the outdoor environment
Hardening
131
– transfer of seedlings from overcrowded container to another
container
Pricking
132
– removal of off-type or diseased plants
Roughing
133
– placing mulch (a protective layer made of either organic or inorganic
material) over the soil
Mulching
134
– removal of plant parts to attain a specific objective (preventive,
formative, corrective, rejuvenative
Pruning
135
– removal of some fruits to minimize inter-fruit nutrient and
assimilate competition
Fruit thinning
136
– removal of flowers on the young woody plants to have full
canopy development
Deblossoming
137
– growing of a new crop out of the shoots arising from the previous
crop
Ratooning
138
– removal of unnecessary slickers from the base (mat) of banana
or abaca
Desuckering
139
– bending, twisting and tying of plants to support structures
Training
140
– providing structural support to plants so that stems, leaves, or fruits
are kept away from the ground and plants are more exposed to sunlight; arbor
or overhead type, fence type, pole type, T-type, A-type, tepee type.
Trellising
141
– providing support to bunches or stalks which tend to bend due to
heavy load of fruits; single pole, double pole, cable propping
Propping
142
– wrapping of fruits either individually or as a group with
newspaper, jutesack, or PEB to prevent damage from pests, diseases, and
strong wind.
Fruit bagging
143
– use of Ethrel to stimulate latex production of old rubber trees
Latex stimulation
144
– hacking (wounding trunk of mango tree to release ethylene);
smudging (smoky fire below mango tree canopy); potassium nitrate (carabao,
pico and pahutan mango cultivars); calcium carbide or Ethrel (pineapple)
Flower inducting
145
– increase percentage of seed setting
Pollinators
146
– maleness (long days, high temperatures,
gibberellins); femaleness (short days, low temperatures, auxin and ethylene)
Control of sex expression
147
– maintain genetic purity and avoild seed variability especially
in cross-pollinated plants
. Distance isolation
148
– at least 3 weeks difference in time flowering
Time isolation
149
– refers to the pattern or arrangement of crops in time and
space, as well as the process of growing them
Cropping system
150
– involves the mixture of annual crops with
other annuals, annuals with perennials, or perennials with perennials, or
perennials with perennials planted in spatial pattern.
Polyculture farming system
151
– the yearly sequence and spatial arrangement of crops
or of crops and fallows on a given area
Cropping Pattern
152
– a method of crop production in which only one crop is
grown annually in the same parcel of land (perennial monoculture and annual
crop monoculture) *Monoculture – only one crop is grown in a given area
throughout the year.
Monocropping
153
a. Perennial monoculture – this involves the planting of trees especially on
steep slopes and heavy clay soils. Rubber, ipil-ipil and coconut are suitable
trees under this system.
b. Annual crop monoculture – this system utilizes both upland and lowland
annual crops like rice, corn and vegetables.
Types of Monoculture
154
– this involves the planting of trees especially on
steep slopes and heavy clay soils. Rubber, ipil-ipil and coconut are suitable
trees under this system.
a. Perennial monoculture
155
– this system utilizes both upland and lowland
annual crops like rice, corn and vegetables.
b. Annual crop monoculture
156
– growing of more than one crop on the same land in one
year
2. Multiple cropping
157
– growing of two or more crops in sequence on the
same field within a 12-month period, with the succeeding crop planted only
after the preceding crop has been harvested such that a farmer managed
only one crop at any time on the same field. A sequential cropping is denoted
by a hypen (-) between two succeeding crops.
a. Sequential cropping
158
– growing two crops in sequence, seedling or
transplanting one after the harvest of the other; also called sequential
cropping
b. Double cropping
159
– the development of a new crop without replanting from
buds on the root system, stubble or stems of the preceding crops, a harvest
not necessarily for grains. Rice under certain conditions can be a ratooned
crop
c. Ratoon cropping
160
– it is the growing of two or more crops simultaneously on the
same field such that the period of overlap is long enough to include
vegetative stage. Intercropping is denoted by a (+) sign between any two
crops grown simultaneously.
d. Intercropping
161
– growing of two or more crops together, but seedling or
transplanting the succeeding one after flowering and before the harvest of
the former crop. If the planting of the second crop is done before the flowering
stage of the first crop, the cropping pattern is intercropping. Relay cropping
is denoted with a slash (/) between crops
e. Relay cropping
162
Allelopathy
Morphological difference
Limitations of Multiple Cropping
163
- refers to the detrimental effects of higher plants of one species
on the germination, growth or development of plants of another species
Allelopathy
164
– the difference in form or structure of the
component crops. The morphological difference is primarily related to
“mutual shading” which in turn is directly related to photosynthesis
Morphological differences
165
– the growing of two or more crops simultaneously in separate
plots arranged in strips that can be independently cultivated
Strip cropping
166
– system of crop cultivation in parallel beds and sinks
wherein lowland crops are planted in the sinks and upland crops are grown in
beds. Two successive upland crops can be grown in beds during the year and
the rice crops in the sinks
Sorjan cultivation
167
– the system follows an alternate succession of the strips or
hedgerow croppings of perennial crops established along the contour of the
slope and an open space or alley which is devoted to annual agricultural crops.
Alley cropping
168
– can prevent soil erosion, improves soil fertility and
provides a continuous income from diverse crops planted on the hilly land
SALT cropping system
169
– is a land-use system in which agricultural crops/and or livestock
and forest trees.
Agroforestry
170
- is the growing of different crops in a definite order of succession
on the same land. The crops in rotation form a mutual and beneficial allelopathic
relationship. The principle underlying crop rotation is that there should be a
considerable gap in time between plantings of veggies from the same family in
the same place. This helps stop particular diseases building up and also gives
the soil a rest from particular burdens placed on it.
Crop rotation
171
1.
A rotation of crops provides for maintaining the soil in good tilth.
2.
Supplies organic matter and nitrogen.
3.
Prevents destructive outbreaks of insect pests.
4.
Reduces plant diseases.
5.
It provides for the economic destruction of weeds.
6.
Maintains crop yields.
7.
Distributes the labor of men and horses.
8.
Saves labor in the cultivation of land.
9.
Keeps the soil occupied.
10. It provides for a balanced removal of plant food.
11. Systematizes farming.
12. May control the spread of toxic substances
Benefits of Crop rotation:
172
. (beans, peas, etc.).
Legumes
173
’ (basil, lettuce, radish, spinach, etc.)
Anywhere
174
(broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, pak choy,)
Brassicas
175
(capsicum, chilli, eggplant, potatoes, tomatoes, etc.).
Solanums
176
(cucumber, pumpkin, etc.).
Cucurbits
177
(garlic, onions, etc.).
Alliums
178
. (carrots, celery, etc.).
Roots
179
is with the use of modern facilities and technologies
which increases production
Modern Farming
180
is one of the oldest professions in the world because it is
people’s main source of food.
Farming
181
made agriculture look different today by
increasing food production using less land.
Technology
182
Farm Automation
Vertical Indoor Farming
Modern Green House Farming
Ring Gardens
Rooftop Gardens
newest agricultural technology processes
183
is the growing of food crops in a city or a heavily populated
community. It has become popular among people because it increases food
security, produces healthy food, provides learning opportunity and makes efficient
use of land
Urban farming
184
is planting in mixed organic matter as the growing media.
There is no sand, silt or clay involved. All mixtures are not soil but instead
contain peat, chips, coir and vermiculite
Soilless farming
185
uses nutrient rich water solution as medium
Hydroponics
186
- Raphanus sativus
Radish
187
- Solanum lycopersicum
Tomato
188
- Abelmoschus esculentus
Okra (ladies' finger)
189
.- Arachis hypogaea
Peanut
190
.- Solanum melongena
Eggplant
191
- Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis
Pechay
192
- Capsicum annuum
Sweet pepper
193
- Allium fistulosum
.Green onions
