Cross Cultural Unit 1

Question 1

Culture

Answer 1

any kind of information that is acquired from other members of one’s species through social learning that can influence an individual’s behaviors

Question 2

Cultures change over time due to new habits and behaviors some things that change cultures include what?

Answer 2

o Each person inherits different temperament
o Each person belongs to a certain collection of various social groups
o Each person has individual history and experiences

Question 3

General Psychology

Answer 3

assumes that the mind operates according to a set of natural and universal laws that are independent from context or content

Question 4

Nonuniversal

Answer 4

particular psychological process can be said to not exist in all cultures.

Question 5

Existential universal

Answer 5

exist in all cultures, although the process is not necessarily used to solve the same problems, nor is it equally accessible across cultures.

Question 6

Functional Universal

Answer 6

psychological processes that exist in all cultures, are used to solve the same problems across cultures, yet are more accessible to people from some cultures than others

Question 7

Accessibility Universal

Answer 7

exists in all cultures, is used to solve the same problems across cultures and is accessible to the same degree across cultures

Question 8

WEIRD societies

Answer 8

Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

Question 9

Muller-Lyer illusion

Answer 9

picture left line looks longer than right, but they are the same length. This photo is seen differently throughout different cultures

Question 10

Color-blind approach

Answer 10

hope that people will interact with each other without giving too much attention to someone’s ethnic or cultural background.

Question 11

Multicultural approach

Answer 11

opposite of color-blind approach, people strongly identify with their groups. Can be positive or negatively used against people.

Question 12

Ethnocentrism

Answer 12

judging people from other cultures by standard of one’s own culture

Question 13

Proximate causes

Answer 13

an event which is closest to, or immediately responsible for causing, some observed result.

Question 14

Distal causes

Answer 14

explanation of human social behavior by considering the larger context in which individuals carry out their actions.
- Certain places had more accessibility due to location and good relations with neighboring countries

Question 15

Evoked Culture

Answer 15

idea that all people, regardless of where they are from, have a biological behavior that are assessable to them

Question 16

Transmitted culture

Answer 16

people learn certain practices by observation and social learning
- Cultural evolution requires that certain ideas be passed onto others, and cultures change when new ideas are widely shared

Question 17

Dynamic social impact theory

Answer 17

states that individuals influence each other though interacting, ultimately leading to clusters of like-minded people

Question 18

Minimally counterintuitive ideas

Answer 18

may imply a breach of few (one or two) properties related to a certain ontological category such as persons, animals, plants, natural objects, or artifacts

Question 19

Methodological equivalence

Answer 19

the concern which making sure participants from different cultures understand the research questions or situations in equivalent ways

Question 20

Generalizability

Answer 20

a measure of how useful the results of a study are for a broader group of people or situations

Question 21

Study’s power

Answer 21

its capacity to detect an effect to the extent that such an effect really exists (a cross-cultural difference)

Question 22

Back-translation

Answer 22

the process of re-translating content from the target language back to its source language in literal terms

Question 23

Socially desirable responding

Answer 23

the tendency of respondents to reply in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others

Question 24

Acquiescence bias

Answer 24

the tendency for survey respondents to agree with research statements, without the action being a true reflection of their own position or the question itself

Question 25

Deprivation effect

Answer 25

the reduced fulfillment of a desire or need that is felt to be essential

Question 26

Culture as Information

Answer 26

"Culture is any kind of information that you get from other members of your species through social learning that can influence individual’s behavior” o Ex. “On Wednesdays, we wear pink.” o Ex. “Don’t walk under the clock tower or you won’t graduate on time”

Question 27

Objective Elements

Answer 27

Explicit, tangible, mostly physical, survive as artifacts (food/clothing)

Question 28

Subjective Elements

Answer 28

Intangible, mostly psychological and sociological processes (beliefs/norms)

Question 29

Culture as People

Answer 29

“A culture Is a group of people who are existing within some kind of shared context.” o UW Lacrosse students

Question 30

Goals of Psychology

Answer 30

- Describe Behavior - Predict Behavior - Explain Behavior - Change Behavior

Question 31

o Around 80% of study’s participants are from WEIRD societies o But WEIRD societies only make up 12% of the world’s population

Question 32

Challenges with Studying Culture

Answer 32

- Event within cultures, people aren’t monolithic - Cultural boundaries are not distinct and often unclear - Cultures change over time

Question 33

Cultural Universals

Answer 33

the same thinking, behaving, or feeling throughout different cultures

Question 34

Nonuniversal

Answer 34

not found in all cultures

Question 35

Existing universal

Answer 35

found in other cultures, but serves a different function depending on cultural context  Ex. Thumbs up good in US versus bad elsewhere

Question 36

Functional universal

Answer 36

found in other cultures, serves the same or similar function, but is used to different degrees  Ex. Everyone shakes hands and interprets it the same way, but there are different frequencies of how likely someone is to shake your hand.

Question 37

Accessibility universal

Answer 37

Accessibility universal found in other cultures, serves the same or similar function and equally accessible

Question 38

Ethnocentrism

Answer 38

tendency to use your own culture as the standard by which to judge and evaluate other cultures

Question 39

Where does culture come from? Why is culture different?

Answer 39

- Group life - Environments - Resources - Evolved Human Mind

Question 40

Environment variations

Answer 40

- Different climates require different means of survival o Hot vs cold climate, in hot climate cultures there is a mid-day break due to heat

Question 41

Resources variations

Answer 41

- Different available resources result in different opportunities o Plants, animals, materials, etc.

Question 42

Human cognition variations

Answer 42

- Cognitive ability among humans allows ideas to be passed on and improved o Language, improvement of tools (inventions and upgrades)

Question 43

Proximal causes

Answer 43

direct and immediate causes

Question 44

Distal causes

Answer 44

initial differences that lead to effects over long periods of time

Question 45

Four Factors of spreading Ideas

Answer 45

- Communicable - Useful - Emotional - Minimally Counterintuitive

Question 46

What are Communicable Ideas

Answer 46

- Ideas that are easy to talk about o Clearcut o Easy to understand o Willingness to talk about it (social desirability) o People to share it with  Cafeteria at school

Question 47

What are Emotional Ideas

Answer 47

- Ideas that make you feel a strong emotion o Terrified o Delighted o Furious o Peaceful o Filled with hope  Ex. there was dead chunks of rat in the bottle

Question 48

What are Minimally Counterintuitive Ideas

Answer 48

- Ideas that are somewhat unexpected o Aren’t what we would normally expect o Somewhat surprising o …but mostly makes sense  Ex. little red riding hood