cross race identification and children as witnesses Flashcards
what aspects to forensics does ORB affect?
- recognition
- line ups
- photofits
true or false: it is over three times likely to identify other-race than own race face as criminals.
false - over two times as likely not three.
name the two aspects to ORB.
- impaired recognition
- shift in response bias (increased false positives)
give possible explanations for ORB.
- prejudice
- physiognomic variability between races
- inter-racial contact.
at what age is ORB developed?
6-9 months.
give evidence that early experience produces a bias towards better recognition of faces within one culture.
Korean children adopted by caucasian families in Europe showed reversed own-race bias.
according to the model of face processing, why is their poorer recognition for out-group faces.
out-group faces are viewed as less important due to cognitive disregard and shallow encoding.
name the five factors influencing identifying other-race faces.
- attentional processing at encoding.
- perceptual expertise
- distinctiveness of target compared to other people in that ethnic group
- difficulty of task, affected by inter-item similarity and fairness of a lineup.
- social factors.
describe valentines “multidimensional face space” model.
demonstrates distance between features of face, distinctive faces are recognised better.
true or false: facial structure is more important than colour.
true - study found no effect for skin colour for African faces.
there is a relationship between individuating experience and …
… strength of composite face effect.
give evidence that suggests ORB influences both facial configurations and features.
- theres an own-race recognition advantage for both scrambled and burred faces.
give an example that demonstrates how black and white observers fixate faces differently.
- black observers fixate on noses, whereas white observers fixate on eyes.
the study which found that: Hispanic participants recognised composites better if they had hispanic hair compared to black/african hair, is an example of what effect?
- ambiguous face effect.
give an example of how people have better recognition of faces they believe who were the same group as them (in-group).
- if the faces went to the same uni as them
- if they believed the person had the same personality as them
name two other types of face bias.
- own gender bias.
- own age bias.
true or false: ORB operates at at encoding phase, not retrieval.
true.
give reasons as to why oxytocin enhances memory for other-race faces if taken before viewing them.
- reduces amygdala activity
- facilitates attention to socially significant face regions.
describe contrasting views of children as witnesses.
- not to be trusted, prone to fantasy, susceptible to leading questions.
- under optimum conditions, childrens memories can be as reliable as adults.
give reasons as to why children can be problematic witnesses.
- poorer knowledge base
- less well-developed meta memory skills
- poorer reality monitoring may lead to difficulty in distinguishing between fact and fantasy.
- greater susceptibility to misinformation effects from interviewers.
at what age does encoding switch from piecemeal to configural occur?
around 10 years.
true or false: configural processing develops quicker Han featural.
false, it develops more slowly.
in which type of lineup do children show adult-life performance?
target-present lineups.
according to verbal recall, what can cause increased suggestibility in children, but not adults?
delay between event and witness interview.
