crtical geopolitics Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
whawhat is geo-graphy
A
writing the world
specific way to look at world and its meaning
2
Q
what are key thigs geo-graphy looks to understand
A
-similarity and diffrences
-identity
-meaning/interpretation
-representation
-experiece
-beliefs
-knowledge
-values
-imagination
3
Q
what are spatial relations underpinned by?
A
-social relations
-political and economic process
-inequality and injustice
-production and consumption
-resource extraction, use , management
-access envi goods
4
Q
how is space produced?
A
through processes
5
Q
what is gp
A
how geographical factors underpin, shape international politics or relations between states
6
Q
what is critical GP
A
critique understand p and how think GP new way = critique possibilities
7
Q
what 3 main components crGP
A
-represent world spatioally form political reseasoning
-goe discourse underpins political practice
-spatialisation politics situated and plural
8
Q
what questions does poststructionalism ask critical GP?
A
-what are the power relations produce accepted power relations politics?
-what are the assumptions behind geogrpahic world?
9
Q
What Kjellen view of the state?
A
-‘organic’ view, influenced german idealism, social dawinism , imperialim
-states are spatial phenomena influenced by environmental conditions; emphasis on location
relative to other states, territorial form and size
10
Q
what kjellen geopolitik
A
study of states terrotory (its body)
11
Q
whats Ratzels ‘political geography’
A
-organic view of the state
-organism struggle for survival
-‘law’-underpimmed expansion territory
12
Q
whats ratzels lebenstraum ?
A
-states acquire living space for civilisation to grow, states grow absorbing territory world power liked size lebenstraum
13
Q
what was mahen (1840-1914)
A
-german navel expnasion
-‘popular history’ - development linked to importance navil power
14
Q
Why was makinder
A
ideas demonstrate strong influence classical GP reasoning
15
Q
what was makinders grand narrative of history
A
-physical geo and politics, concerded rise euro-asia challanging british sea power
-detatched GP, stratagise gloval affair
-create representation world
16
Q
What Makinder Heartland
A
-ruler eastern europe rule world
-pivot area of high strateic importance
17
Q
what issues classical gp
A
links to imperalism
and Nazi germany
18
Q
what role critical gp
A
reclaim gp as form of geog study
critique classical work
19
Q
power over
A
authority, coercion, malipulation
20
Q
what power to
A
- effect change , production, creation perusation, transformation
-resource to wield
21
Q
how does GP look at power
A
-power as states controll over territory
-power capacity strengthened controll over recources
-power capacity states can wield over other states
-relative power can be compared
22
Q
what makinfer view power
A
-geog can aid state craft
-those controll key regions have most power
The rise of land power threatened British naval power
23
Q
what is the role of theory
A
-Interpretation lens- to understand world
-frame world theroretically
-theory help inform what we know and how we know it
24
Q
define ontology
A
-study of being what is nature being and existence
25
What is epistemology
- study k, what can we know and how do we know it
26
when did post-structualism emerge
1960
27
what does post-structualism look at
-instability and construction of meaning and truth relationships between power and knowledge
-think k assumptions and how constructed social practice
discus k relations to power relations
--understanding nature being routed epstimology and practices k
28
what did foucault do
philosophical inquiries into history
write discipline and punish
29
what key ideas displine and punish
-theorise relationshops power trace emergence power through punitshment
-look history punishment t to make conclusions about structure power in society
30
foucault and knowledge
looks at paticular ways of knowing and working out what is true how regimes truth established
31
foucault how is knowledge produced
-k formed through discourses make world meaningful and produces regimes of truth
-discourse produce or perform reality
- power and km inform each other
32
discourse link to reality
discourse creates new realities
33
what are the presumptions gp based on
--geog= ohysical properties earth 'out there' which politics takes place
-politics= comp and alliances between states
-power= states control over territory
-states control recourses= scource of power
Power is a resource wielded over others
34
how does cr gp understand world
-discourse
-representations of the world
35
how is power dustiputed in society
dispersed
36
what to geog discourse create
knowledge
power
37
define practical GP
-geog reasening/assumptions underpin practice gp polititians, militatry, state person underpin paticular reasoning
- speaches, actions, negotiations
38
define formal GP
-theories and representational practices, foreign policy, strategists, think tanks, and intellectuals
39
popular GP
How geography ordering the world is represented in pop culture
-how citizen learn gp
films, music, cartoons
40
why cold war significant to GP
effect ordering world 20th century still felt today
-early scholars cr gp write about and against cold war
41
what did early scholar cr gp look at in cold war
-how cold war founded paticular discourse
-critique way state craft ordered in the world
42
what kwy question cr gp look to answer
-how geog discourse create political practice
-how accepted spatialisation politic underpin poer/ k
-geo representations produce paticular action
-what assumptions behind geog assumptions
-what tpe actors produce representations and what k
43
what different bipolar worlds created cold war
-east/west
capitalism/comunism
liberal democracy/totalitarinism
good/evil
44
what ussr imaje itself
antiimperalism
helping fight for independence
socialsim prolotariat
45
what was the military dimentsion cold war
-proxy wars
-preparing for military confrontation
-nuclear , conventianal armies/navies
-military alliances
-spy war
46
what cold war link to identitly and nation state
To be a good American meant you were anti-communism
47
usa intevention cold war
intevene across world to stop spread communism
48
what practical gp during the cold war
- intellectuals state craft
-focus importance theories representational devices interlectuals
49
what discourse containment within the USA
-ussr seen expansionist despotic other must be contained and supressed
'domino effect' stop one place falling lead to others
-militarisation
-anti-soviet alliances
-propoganda war anti communist patriotism
- economic rival europe
-reinforcment liberal capitalism intevention and modernisation cold ar
50
what truman doctrine
evil vs good
ilitary and financial support to countries threatened by armed groups or outside pressures. containement
51
what geographary not simply-
-physical properties earth that shape relations between states
-facts about terrain states compete control over
-how elites stratagise gain control over recourses and power
-not about compition and alliances between nation states
52
how do knowlesge cliams about geog effect power
-how catogries territory, citizens , borders produce and give meaning
-what kind actors produce dominant forms accepted geog
-what power relations lead to international politics being spatialised different ways
53
What key idea Said 1978
orientalism
54
what was orientalism
critical analysis how 'western' discourses construct essentialism 'east' inffieroir, different other
55
how politics use categories of the 'other'
to create discourses to justify border and security measures
56
what was the background context for the emergence of cr GP
-post-colonial era and independence
-conflict between two political and economic systems creates the 3rd world = where development is played out
57
what is feminist geography
-structured conditions produce gendered politics and economic inequalities
-spatial underpinning and manifestation of gendered differences and inequalities
58
What was Sharp 2000's critique of GP
-gp masculinist practice
-woman footnotes
-views exploit men #-not challenge masculinist tradition but perpetuate it
59
what were the feminist inteventions in cr gp
1) cr gp only done by men
2) what counts as GP practice
3) What methods of critique
4_ geof not something 'out there'
5) need to provide solutions
60
how did fem gp expand hat count gp
Look at the private sphere, GP done at home and scales every day
61
what femnistg issues just looking at text and representation
hides material aspect world how processes shape everyday expereinces and interactions= reproducing detached analysis
62
what scale femnist gp
-body, intimate relations and emotions
63
how does fem gp look at security
who is protected who is excluded
64
smith 2011 fem cr go look at
go behind budhist and muslim interfaith marriages
65
what did william 2019 look at fem gp
how USA border contol created messages everyday lives and discipline into decision making
66
what are the two tensions in gp
-what is the geo in gp
-what are the most important actors and pracrices in gp
67
What is the cl vs cr tension between what is the geo in gp
cl- is it recources and territory conteseted by the nation
cr- power to represent earth in domnant ways
68
tension cl cr gp most important actors
cl- territory bounded nation states competing for influencee
cr- intellectuals' statecraft, politicians, military commanders, public intellectuals
69
why is it important to incorperate anthropocene when looking at GP
-gp= cause and effects of planetary envi crisis
- the political economic process structure production and consumption
gp decisions effect future world
70
what does age anthropocene mean gp must do
respond to crisis involving multiple actors and enterties operating at different scales
-look at lots of different levels
71
where gp occur deal anthropocene
international negotiations, COPs, IPCC
72
how must change how look at risk in the age of the anthropocene
-for whom what scales
-what actions to mitigate risks
73
How does the Anthropocene change how we look at security
now must look at security for the whole planet
74
what underpins underpins climate regime
-normative assessment rights, responsibilities, obligations, vulnerabilities
75
what does the unequil climate financing show
unequal ordering of the world
76
whats issue wealth distribution world
unequal
77
why is focusing on inequality important when looking at the Anthropocene
forces us to ask questions about what the response should be to the planetary crisis
78
How does the Anthropocene mean we should practice GPq
-involve myriad actors and enterties operating scales
-problematize narratives risk and security
-take action, think who and what kind of problem
79
what did end cold war result in
intensification neoliberal globalisation
80
what was the end of history discourse
Right-wing discourse collapses the USSR = end of history, end of dialectic struggle. Free market capitalism = universal language world order
81
how did neoliberalism intensify after the cold war
-interconnections and finacialisation global economy
-cross boarder flow people, commodity capital
-advancment IT
-increase free trade agreements
-liberalism
-WTO 1993
emerge china major power
82
what tension states and contol after cold war
one hand gp focus on states but increasing power outside states as countries become increasingly interconnected
83
how world increasing innterconnected global economy
--g20 1990
-US reliance oil imports
-driving neoliberal agenda IMF, eorld bank, WTO
84
why was 9/11 turning point
-emergence 'war on terror'
-Change our perspectives on GP into events and crises
85
what questions should you ask when doing gp
-what assumptions behind dominant narratives and representations?
-how problems and solutions framed?
-which perspectives forgrounded, which overlooked?
86
what is dominant framing related to
-broader structures domination and subordination
-political economic processes
-resistance and agency
87
how can unpack gp event
-gp codes
-allies
-enemies
88
GP codes Flint 2022
understand different culture different gp context
89
gp allies =
acrors who share interests, values, strategic goals
90
what gp codes help gp do
-look how allies, enemy, interests stratigic goals and threats framed and represented
-how maps create inside/outside
-us/them
-hoe spatialised
-what scales
91
example key symbolic and pyschological registers after cold war
-'Uprecised attack two sumbol globalisation and american power'
-vulneribility america
-greif
92
what gp codes emiditalty mobolised after 9/11
-international unity and condemnation
-Nato invoke article 5
-UNSC suport collective response
93
what was the 'war on terror' discourse
-binary moral discourse
-act of war, US, and universal values
94
what new narrative created cold war?
West vs Islam
good vs evil
95
what impact war on terror
-create new narrative
-used to justify invasions
-remap world axis of evil
96
what was the bush doctrine
-rescript US forien policy take self defecne using preventative military action
97
why looking urban scale important
-gp unfold urban spaces
-urban spaces sites different scales intersect
-gp processes international scale have urban effect
-Site citizens protest
98
what effect 9/11 on cities
-cities become militarised
-sites discourse security enacted
99
define urbancide
violence against cities leading to the destruction of cities
100
what has been main study urban gp
-ethnonational conflict take place through city
-how cities segregated
-how cities sites of contestation
101
what been 4 main catorgories urban gp
-ordinary urban gp
-towards domestic urban gp
-urban gp refuge
-gp urban verticality
102
what does ordinary urban gp research
-importance lived experince
- spatial division
-borders
-mobilites urban landscape
--migration and refuge
103
whats domestic urban gp
domestic and public connected by war
104
what is researched in urban gp refuge
refugees, forced migration, struggles, politics, patterns segregation
105
whats researched in urban verticality
spatial ordering cities, (tower, war , survelliance)
-shaped interplay global forces, national agendas, local division , everyday lives
-FINANCIAL TOWERS AND GLOBAL CITIES
-Walls segregated space
-vertical enclaves
106
What urban anthropocene
human processes dominating earth
urban key signature anthropocene
key domnianting effects
107
what features modern urbanisation
--magnitured (biguest ever)
-rate- quicker ever
shift location - rise of Africa and Asia
108
how do cities cooperate
in networks
109
Why is it important to look at the artic when studying GP
provides lens think about challanges in gp
110
definition artic
-land sea ice north artic circle
-north artic tree line
-average sea temo not above 10 degrees
111
How much of the population is indigenous
10%
112
what questions indignous people artic raise
questions of justice, government
113
is artic stable location?
shrinking
114
who are the 8 artic states
USA
Russia
Canada
denmark/Greenland
Finland
Norway
Sweden
Iceland
115
how did the cold war effect the artic
militarisation- nuclear capabilities, bases, radar facitlities, misile defence and submarines
and scientific cooperation
116
what is an example scientific coperation cold war
1973 signing agreement, polar bears
117
what was 21st century remilitarisation of the artic
-russia increase military bases
-The US strengthen military bases in Alaska
118
why is artic so important russia economy
hydrocarbons- vital extraction and infrastructure
119
what is symbol ice breakers arctic
symbol power
nuclear powered
industrial context extraction
120
what is the government system like for the artic
relatively stable system cooperation
121
what is the role of the artic council
envi protection, scientific collabration, SD,
-voluntary body without legislative authority
122
who are permanent participants in artic council
6 indigenous organisations
123
what UNCLOS
countries' territory 200 nautical miles of coasts
124
what do countries do to try and increase claims of ocean territory
mapping and survying sea bed
125
how did russia try lay claim to aritc
-plant titanum flag seabed funded by swedish billionare
126
whats the recourse discourse in artic
'scramble for recources'
127
why does russia want to expand territory claim artic
control more oil and gas resources
128
how much is the artic shrinking per decade
12.2%
129
what opportunties melting sea ice
-Open up sea routes
more recources extraction
130
what was in 2018 white paper 'china artic policy'
-near artic state
-respect artic states rights but want to participate
-link polar silk road
-link building closer economic ties with russia
131
how can gp used artic
help understand areas of great uncertainty
132
what is the lens social movements provide
botum up view
133
how do social movements view politics
-a site of antagonism
134
what are social movements role with power
-contesting power
-resisting power
135
why look at energy and energy transformation
provides a way to think about 'contentious' politics
136
what role power
generates context world
137
how does knowledge effect how know world
provides specific framings of the world
138
How do CO2 emissions link to the relative power of countries
-britian mobolise large amounts of coal
-emergence US super power- ability extract oil
-strategising ability, control, and mobilise resources
139
is recources static idea
no-what think recources shift over time
-social category- put meaning on things
140
What category and resources
variable social category mobilised as social discourse
141
What does the Carbon Major Reportt say? do
tracks data 180 fossil fuel production companies (non state actors)
142
how many companies does 41% cement emissions come from
20
143
how much responsibility for fossil fuels does saudia armico have?
would be 4th largest emittor in the world if it was a country
144
what role have companies had in understanding climate change?
key agents in denial and deisinformation
e.g shell and exon covering up findings
145
what role big oil comapnies had influnecing world
-give money political campains
-attend cop meetings
146
how much money big oil spent influence trump and congress
$445 million
147
Dalby 2014 quotes the importance of GP decisions on the world
key policies will determine if the world has polar ice caps
148
what focus gp when it looks at energy transitions
Focus on political and economic foundations
-interactions different types of actors at different scales
-look at activists contesting gp orders and mobolising alternatives
149
what is activism
-contestation and resistance
-collective action to achieve change
150
define collective action
pursuit of change or transformation across various scales
151
what social movement view of power
-pillars of suport
-instable
-goal: destabilise dominant forms of power
152
what was the goal 360.org
confront fossil fuel industry
remove their power
153
what key campaigns of 360.org 2011, 2012, 2016
2011- resisting keystone XL pipeline
2012- launching the divestment movement
2016- keep fossil uels in the ground
154
where are direct confrontation antifossil fuel campaign
sites of extraction
155
what was keystone exel pipeline
transport the tar sands through use and exports
156
why does excel pipeline have gp dimension
help facilitate trade fossil fuels through canada
localised fight but broader gp connection
site lots of scales interconnected
157
what is the importance of the route of the Dakota pipeline
-boundaries standing Rode reservation= risk water supplies reservation
-settler colonial supression indiginous poeple
-Relate indigenous rights
158
what occured 2016 Dakota pipeline resistance
-indiginous eople led resistance ~NPDAPL
-bring together range of environemnt groups
159
what key issues Dakota pipeline case adresses
-issues territory and control of recources
-settler colonial contest
-how indiginous people lead resistance to forms of extraction
160
what questions envi gp ask risk and security
-in relation to what
-for whom
-what scales
-what action should be taken
-how envi features tied to risk
-How do we define risk, and what is important
161
what is alter GP
-community lead
-alternative
-peace
-people use bodies to protect
-link feminismeveryday marginalisation and response
162
whats anti GP
form resistance GP orders
-sites contestation and resistance
-Criticise dominant GP discourse and thinking
163
What is the Zapatista movement
-Chiapas mexico
-reject NAFTA trade agreement
reject neoliberalism protect indigenous people
-small uprising go against traditional GP
164
