crude oil, fuels and organic chemistry

Question 1

what is crude oil

Answer 1

a finite resource found in rocks, formed over millions of years from the remains of simple marine organisms
it contains a complex mixture of hydrocarbons

Question 2

what are the processes in the fractional. distillation of crude oil

Answer 2

the crude oil mixture is put into the fractionating column at the bottom and he dead

The hydrocarbons evaporate and rise at the column

As the hydrocarbons rise, they eventually reach a fraction which is cool enough for them to condense back into a liquid

Mitchell left in the bottom which does not evaporate at all it’s called bitumen

Question 3

what are fractions in fractional distillation

Answer 3

fractions contain mixtures of hydrocarbons (alkanes) with similar boiling points

Question 4

what are the trends in properties of fractions with increasing chain length

Answer 4

boiling and melting points increases 
viscosity increases 
flammability increases 
volatility increases 
their colour darkens 
their usefulness as fuel decreases

Question 5

what is the economic importance of the oil industry

Answer 5

Oil companies set the price of oil so there is an influence globally on the economy – it can be hard for poor countries to buy oil

wars or internal crisis within the country that produce oil can affect the flow of oil to other countries which they sell to

Question 6

what is the political importance of the oil industry

Answer 6

Countries that are large producers of oil can essentially cut off all the supplies to other countries

This is used as a political tool

Question 7

what is the social impact of the oil industry

Answer 7

the oil industry supplies jobs and money to the economy

Question 8

what are the environmental impacts of the oil industry

Answer 8

burning fossil fuels release large amounts of carbon dioxide side, a greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change

Oil spillages into the ocean result in the death of marine life and birds and are often dealt with by setting them alight

Building of power stations and the process of drilling for oil causes damage to the landscape and loss of habitats

Question 9

what are the combustion reactions of hydrocarbons

Answer 9

When hydrocarbon to be in plenty of oxygen it will come past as follows:
hydrocarbon + oxygen
—> carbon dioxide + water

When hydrocarbons being with insufficient oxygen it will come past as follows:
Hydrocarbon + oxygen —> carbon monoxide + water

Question 10

what is the combustion reaction of hydrogen and what are its uses

Answer 10

hydrogen burns in oxygen and forms water

hydrogen is used as a fuel in rockets and some cars

Question 10

what are the advantages of using hydrogen as a fuel

Answer 10

no greenhouse gases are produced in the combustion of hydrogen

an alternative fuel option as current fuels are running out

Question 11

what are the disadvantages of using hydrogen as a fuel

Answer 11

hydrogen is extremely flammable

most of hydrogen produced comes from the fossil fuels or electrolysis so it still has a negative impact on the environment

hard to store and transport - must be cooled to very low temperatures so it liquifies for storage and transport

Question 12

what is the fire triangle

Answer 12

a symbol that contains 3 things needs for a fire to burn: oxygen, fuel and heat

removing any of these will cause the fire to stop burning, so knowledge of the fire triangle can be used to prevent and put out fires

Question 13

what is hydrocarbon cracking

Answer 13

breaking long chain hydrocarbons down into shorter and more useful chains

Question 14

what are the products of hydrocarbon cracking

Answer 14

alkanes and unsaturated hydrocarbons called alkenes

alkenes are monomers that are used to make plastics

Question 15

what is the general formula of alkanes

Answer 15

Cn H2n +2

Question 16

what is the general formula of alkenes

Answer 16

Cn H2n

Question 17

what are some examples of simple alkenes

Answer 17

methane - CH4
ethane  - C2H6
propane - C3H8
butane - C4H10
pentane - C5H12

Question 18

what are some examples of simple alkanes

Answer 18

ethene - C2H4
propene - C3H6
butene - C4H8

Question 19

what is isomerism

Answer 19

when two compounds have the same molecular formula (same number and type of each atom) but their structures differ is some way

Question 20

what is isomerism in alkanes

Answer 20

the main carbon chain length differs but the molecule still has the same number

Question 21

what is isomerism in alkenes

Answer 21

the position of the double bond in the molecules can differ but the molecular structure stays the same

Question 22

how do you name complex alkanes and alkenes

Answer 22

Locate the longest continuous linear chain carbon atoms

Number the carbon atoms from the end closest to a functional group or branch point

Alphabetically Leicester functional groups attached to the carbon chain and stay at the cabin number the group is attached to me

Put up a band count the position of the double pump accounting bonds not carbon atoms

Question 23

what are the addition reactions

Answer 23

reactions in which two or more molecules combine to form a larger one with no other products

Question 24

what is the test for alkenes

Answer 24

bromine in water is an orange solution and when shaken with an alkene bromine water will decolourise as the bromine reacts with the alkene to form substituted alkanes - this is an addition reaction

Question 25

what is addition polymerisation

Answer 25

Alkanes can be used to make polymers Polymers a large molecule is made up of repeating units called monomers Alkanes can be polymerised because they have double bond that open up to connect to other alkene monomers in a chain Example: polyethene is formed from ethene monomer

Question 26

what are the uses of polyethene

Answer 26

bin liners plastic bottles hoses and tubes plastic bags

Question 27

what are the uses of poly(propene)

Answer 27

plastic for cars packaging textiles

Question 28

what are the uses of polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

Answer 28

water pipes electrical wires window panes medical tubing and IV bags

Question 29

what are the uses of poly(tetrafluoroethene) | PTFE

Answer 29

coating non-stick pans nail polish coating hair straighteners and curlers

Question 30

what are the general properties of polymers

Answer 30

thermosoftening polymers melt when heated and can be remoulded and reshaped thermosetting polymers do not melt when heated high-density polymers tend to be harder and stronger than low density polymers

Question 31

what are the environmental issues relating to the disposal of plastics

Answer 31

plastics are non-biodegradable increasing pressure on landfill sites for waste disposal

Question 32

what are methods for disposing plastics

Answer 32

landfill sites incineration disposal - however this releases carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas recycling - this manages the other issues of disposal, provides jobs and helps preserve the non-renewable source of crude oil

Question 33

how is ethanol produced

Answer 33

the fermentation of sugar using yeast - the enzymes in the yeast catalyse the reaction glucose ---> ethanol + carbon dioxide

Question 34

what is the test for alcohol

Answer 34

add a few drops of sulfuric acid and potassium dichromate solution to the sample gently heat if alcohol is present the solution will change from orange to green

Question 35

what are the uses of ethanol

Answer 35

found in alcoholic drinks as a fuel as a solvent - it dissolves a large number of substances easily

Question 36

what are the social impacts of alcoholic drinks

Answer 36

bad for health and causes a number of illnesses including liver disease, cancers and cardiovascular problems it can increase the number of violent fights and other crimes

Question 37

what are the economic impacts of alcholic drinks

Answer 37

the alcohol industry provides jobs costs the economy due to healthcare and police costs from alcohol-related issues

Question 37

what are the advantages of using ethanol as a fule

Answer 37

it is a carbon neutral fuel - no net addition of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere good fuel alternative for countries without their own crude oil supply renewable source - made from sugar cane

Question 38

what are the disadvantages of using bioethanol as a fuel

Answer 38

Energy is needed in growing sugar canes, distillation and transport of ethanol which will require the burning of fossil fuels so it will still cause global warming Engine must be altered before they can use bioethanol as fuel Can cause deforestation to provide land for growing sugarcane Using food as fuel can increase food prices Some areas of the world and not hot enough and do not have enough light hours in the day to be able to completely switch to biofule

Question 39

how do you name alcohols

Answer 39

The suffix -ol which is preceded by the number of the cup and the hydroxyl (OH) functional group is attached to If there are multiple alcohol functional groups the suffix becomes –diol, –triol, –tetrol

Question 40

what are the potential isomers of alcohols

Answer 40

Isomers are compounds which have the same molecular formula but different structural formula This means isomers of alcohol have the same molecular formula but the -OH alcohol group is positioned at a different carbon atom thus giving the compound a different structural formula

Question 41

what is the microbial oxidation of ethanol

Answer 41

When ethanol is oxidised it forms ethanoic acid, a carboxylic acid which has the functional group -COOH The oxidation can be carried out by microbes other alcohols can undergo microbial oxidation to form carboxylic acids An oxygen atom is gained and hydrogen atoms are reduced

Question 42

what is infrared spectroscopy | graphs

Answer 42

A experimental technique that can be used to work out the structure of a compound or molecule When infrared light is shone at a compound, its bonds absorb some of the infrared light Different font absorbed at different frequency of infrared light By identifying different peaks, functional groups in the compound can be identified