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GCSE Chemistry > Crude Oil (NEW) > Flashcards

Crude Oil (NEW) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Crude Oil?

A

A complex mixture of hydrocarbons that was formed over millions of years from the remains of simple marine organisms

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2
Q

In fractional distillation why are some hydrocarbons higher than others?

A
  • The longer the carbon chain
  • The greater the number of intermolecular forces
  • the more heat energy needed to overcome the force
  • the higher the boiling/melting point
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3
Q

What are fractions?

A

Fractions are mixtures containing hydrocarbon compounds that have similar chain lengths and, therefore, similar boiling points

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4
Q

Why when you go up the fractional column they are better fuels?

A
  • lower boiling points (as they have a lower carbon chain)
  • lower viscosity
  • higher flammability
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5
Q

What are the political issues with oil?

A

Countries that produce oil for other countries hold a great deal of political power as they can essentially ‘cut off’ other countries from the crude oil supply over any political disagreements.

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6
Q

What are the economic issues with oil?

A
  • The price of crude oil is controlled by oil companies, they have a great deal of influence on the global economy.
  • War or a political crisis in an oil-producing country can restrict crude oil supplies, which can have a major impact on the global economy
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7
Q

What are the environmental issues with oil?

A
  • Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, contributes to global warming
  • Oil spillages can have a disastrous effect on the local environment, killing off thousands of animals and is difficult to clean up
  • Oil refineries and oil-fired power stations take up a lot of land and so destroy potential wildlife habitats and spoil the countryside
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8
Q

What is the combustion reaction of fuels?

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen = Carbon dioxide + water

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9
Q

What is the equation for energy per gram?

A

energy per gram = energy released ÷ mass of fuel burnt

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10
Q

What is the equation for the combustion of Hydrogen?

A

hydrogen + oxygen → water

2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

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11
Q

What are advantages of using Hydrogen as a fuel?

A
  • No CO2 emissions

- Renewable

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12
Q

What are disadvantages of using Hydrogen as a fuel?

A
  • expensive to produce
  • explosive
  • difficult to store
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13
Q

What is the fire triangle and how do firefighter use this to stop fires?

A
  • consists of fuel, oxygen and heat

- remove one of these to stop the fire

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14
Q

Why and how do we crack Hydrocarbons?

A
  • By breaking large hydrocarbons into smaller ones by heating heavier fractions to a high temperature in the presence of a catalyst.
  • An alkene is also formed
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15
Q

What are alkenes used to make?

A

Smaller hydrocarbons and alkenes can be used to make plastics

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16
Q

What is the general formula for ALKANES?

A

Cn H2n + 2

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17
Q

What is the general formula for ALKENES?

A

Cn H2n

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18
Q

What are the properties of ALKANES?

A
  • single bonds between carbon atoms ONLY

- said to be saturated

19
Q

What are the properties of ALKENES?

A
  • contains a double covalent bond between two carbon atoms

- said to be unsaturated

20
Q

What are Isomers?

A

molecules which have the same molecular formula but different structures

21
Q

A molecule with a number of 1 carbon is…

A

starts with meth

22
Q

A molecule with a number of 2 carbon is called

A

starts with eth

23
Q

A molecule with a number of 3 carbon is…

A

starts with prop

24
Q

A molecule with a number of 4 carbons is called…

A

starts with but

25
Q

How do you name an ALKANE?

A
  • how long until there is a branch
  • amount of carbon in that branch
  • length of carbon chain

2 methyl- propane

26
Q

How do you name an ALKENE?

A
  • name the branch sticking out first, number it then how many carbon is sticking out(1 is methyl)
  • then say the number of the carbon chain ( 4 is but)
  • then the number where the double covalent bond is (first is 1)
  • then add ene, as it’s a alkene
27
Q

How do you test for ALKENES?

A

Adding bromine water, if an alkene is present the orange/brown colour will go colourless as the bromine adds to the alkene to make it saturated

28
Q

How do you make a ALKENE into a ALKANE?

A
  • by adding hydrogen, to make it saturated
29
Q

What is Polymerisation?

A
  • Joining many unsaturated monomers (alkenes) to make a saturated polymer
  • one of the bonds of alkenes break to join together to join another
30
Q

What are the properties of polymers?

A
  • flexible, strong, good thermal and electrical insulators, resistant to corrosion, low density, do not rot
31
Q

What are the uses of poly(ethene)

A

bags, plastic bottles

32
Q

What are the uses of poly(propene)

A

ropes, crates

33
Q

What are the uses of poly(vinylchloride)

A

drain pipes, window frames

34
Q

What are the uses of poly(tetrafluoroethene)

A

non stick pans

35
Q

What some issues for the disposing of plastics?

A
  • non biodegradable
  • landfill sites get filled quickly
  • time consuming to sort out different polymers so recycling is difficult
  • carefully managing the use of finite resources such as crude oil to produce polymers (plastics)
36
Q

How is ethanol (an alcohol) produced?

A

made from sugars by fermentation using yeast

37
Q

How do you test for alcohol?

A

The sample is heated with a mixture of potassium dichromate(VI) and sulfuric acid, the mixture changes colour from orange to green if alcohol is present.

38
Q

What are the economic impact of ethanol (alcohol)?

A
  • tax on alcohol brings money to the treasury
  • the drinks industry provides jobs
  • alcohol cost the government for policing and healthcare costs
39
Q

What is the social impact of alcohol?

A
  • alcohol increases domestic violence and anti social behaviour
40
Q

What are the advantages of ethanol?

A

Renewable fuel source, brings money to the economy

41
Q

What are the disadvantages of ethanol?

A
  • drink too much damage your liver
  • addictive
  • land used for crops are now used to grow sugar cane (food prices increase)
42
Q

What is the structure of Alcohols?

A

Cn H2n + 1n OH

43
Q

What happens to ethanol when you leave it in the open?

A
  • microbial oxidation

ethanol + oxygen = ethanoic acid (carboxylic acid)

44
Q

What are uses of ethanol as a SOLVENT?

A
  • cosmetics

- paints and varnishes

GCSE Chemistry (8 decks)

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