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MRCP Master > CS: Bichem > Flashcards

CS: Bichem Flashcards

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1
Q

Subunits of troponin * TIC =TAC

A
  • troponin T: binds to tropomyosin, forming a troponin-tropomyosin complex
  • troponin I: binds to actin to hold the troponin-tropomyosin complex in place
  • troponin C: binds to calcium ions
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2
Q

Glucose reabsorption in the nephron occurs

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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3
Q

What part of the nephron is Na+, K+, Cl- actively reabsorbed

A

Ascending loop of Henle

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4
Q

Part of the Nephron which reabsorbs 5% of Na+ reabsorption & between 5% - 25% of water,

A

Collecting tubules

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5
Q

where is the regulation of K+ ,Na+, ca2+ and pH.

A

DCT

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6
Q

Fx of Proteasome

A

degradation of protein molecules that have been tagged with ubiquitin

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7
Q

FX of Peroxisome

A

Catabolism of very long chain fatty acids & amino acids
=formation of hydrogen peroxide

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8
Q

Ribosome

A

are made in the nucleolus

Translation- converts mRNA into a string of AAs which =protein

They attach to the plasma membrane surface of the ER and will start translating. The protein gets directly injected it into the lumen - or the inside - of the ER.

Rely on a triplet code: every 3 nucleic acids along a sequence of mRNA = one of the twenty common AAs/stop codon
Think 3 Printer of proteins

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9
Q

Nucleolus

A

Ribosome production

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10
Q

Phase 1 Clinical trials

A

Determines pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and side-effects prior to larger studies Conducted on healthy volunteers

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11
Q

Phase 2a Clinical trials

A

assesses optimal dosing

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12
Q

Phase 2b Clinical trials

A

assesses efficacy

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13
Q

Phase 3 Clinical trials

A

Assess effectiveness
Typically involves RCT, comparing new treatment with established treatments

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14
Q

Phase 4 Clinical trials

A

Postmarketing surveillance Monitors for LT effectiveness and SE

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15
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A
  1. supports ribosomes
  2. rough ER - produces protein
  3. smooth ER -making lipids,(cholesterol, phospholipids for the cell membrane)
  4. detoxifying harmful chemicals
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16
Q

How is ATP made

A

In cytoplasm, glucose goes through glycolysis -
6-carbon glucose cleaves into 2 halves, which are 3-carbon molecules = pyruvate.

Pyruvate enters the mitochondria and goes through the citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle,+ electron transport chain, = ATP.

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17
Q

FX peroxisome

A

chops long fatty acids down into medium sized ones.

=hydrogen peroxide, but the

peroxidase, which safely converts the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.

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18
Q

What are Pyrimidies

A

Cut Pye

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19
Q

What the 3 steps of DNA replication?

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

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20
Q

What is the fx of DNA Helicase

A

Separates the two DNA stands
=replication fork

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21
Q

What is the fx of dna topoisomerase

A

Loosens the tight coils of dna

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22
Q

Fx rna primase

A

I’m elongation it randomly synthesise small lengths of rna call rna primers

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23
Q

What happens in Paracetamol overdose

Study These Flashcards
A

glutathione stores run-out leading to an increase in NAPQI (N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine)

24
Q

Explain Initiation process & the players involved

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A
  1. Proteins get together to form the pre-replication complex looks for specific nucleotide sequences along the DNA strand - called origins of replication. A&T’S
    2.DNA helicase separates the two strands = replication fork,
  2. DNA binding proteins stabiles the single strands
  3. DNA topoisomerase works ahead of DNA helicase to loosen up the tight DNA coils.
25
Explain Elongation for the leading strand 3'-->5
1. RNA primase does is hover around and randomly synthesize small lengths of RNA which are only a few nucleotides long, called **RNA primer** 2. at least one of those RNA primers will be complementary to the opened DNA strand - and it will bind. 3. **DNA polymerase** can latch onto this short double stranded segment, and add more complementary nucleotides to the template strand.
26
Explain Elongation for the leading strand DNA template strand, that runs from 5’ to 3’ *(forms the lagging strand)
**RNA primase** lays down a number of primers that bind to different spots along the length of the DNA template strand. = lot of free 3’ ends! **DNA polymerase** can then add nucleotides to the 3’ ends of each of these primers. growing fragments of DNA are called Okazaki fragments which are stuck together with DNA ligase
27
Explain the termination of DNA replication
DNA sequence in the telomere signals the DNA polymerase to hop off of the strand right before replicating the DNA right up to the very end.
28
Name the 2 processes involved in Gene expression to proteins
Decoding of DNA to make proteins 1. **Translation** - creation of mRNA by RNA polymerase . 2. **Transcription**- ribosomes read mRNA = proteins
29
Which part of the cell cycle is DNA Repaired
G0
30
Out comes of cell when there is DNA damage
1. **Senescence** - which is when the cell stops dividing. 2. **apoptosis**, which is programmed cell death 3. uncontrolled cell division and develop into a tumor.
31
Cryoglobulinemia 1 is associated with
Monoclonal IgM waldestrom & Multiple myeloma
32
Cryoglobulinemia 2 associated with
Monoclonal IgG HIV, Hep C(Not B ), chronic viral infections
33
Cryoglobulinemia 3 associated with
Connective tissue diseases
34
Lysosome fx
Breakdown of large molecules such as proteins and polysaccharides
35
Proteasome fx
Along with the lysosome pathway involved in degradation of protein molecules that have been tagged with ubiquitin
36
Peroxisome fx
Catabolism of very long chain fatty acids and amino acids Results in the formation of hydrogen peroxide
37
What is Endothelin - What conditions is it raised 5
Long-acting vasoconstrictor and bronchoconstrictor. Raised levels in 1. primary pulmonary hypertension 2. MI 3. HF 4. AKI 5.asthma
38
Endothelin promoted by
- angiotensin II - ADH - hypoxia mechanical shearing forces
39
Endothelin Inhibition
Inhibits release nitric oxide prostacyclin
40
What is Ghrelin Produced Fx
Produced in the fundus of the stomach & Pancreas **stimulates hunger** Raised in hyperphagia, Prader-Willi syndrome
41
leptin induces
satiety
42
CCK
reduces appetite
43
Hereditary angioedema: inheritance, what’s the problem, investigations during attacks and between them
Auto dom Low C1 inhibitor During attacks: low C1-inh Between attacks: low C4 (and C2)
44
RTA 1 results in What happens to K, H & Ca2+ Causes 4
*Think:1st element of periodic table* -->H+ excretion defect -->K+ is excreted instead =HYPO K --occurs in distal tubule --Chronic acidosis =decreased tubular ca2+ reabsorption =renal hypercalciuria.= Calcium phosphate stones and Nephrocalcinosis 4. causes: RA , SLE, Sjogren's, amphotericin B toxicity, analgesic nephropathy
45
RTA 2 results in What happens to K, H & Ca2+, HCO3 Causes
*Think 2 = bi-carb* 1. decreased HCO3- reabsorption in proximal tubule = HYPO K complications include osteomalacia causes include idiopathic, Fanconi syndrome, Wilson's disease, cystinosis, outdated tetracyclines, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (acetazolamide, topiramate)
46
RTA 4 results in What happens to K, H & Ca2+, HCO3 Causes
Collecting ducts Type 4 RTA - HYPER K -reduction in aldosterone = reduction in proximal tubular ammonium excretion causes hyperkalaemia causes include hypoaldosteronism, diabetes
47
What doses the mnemonic 2–1-4 low, low, more stand for?
48
Ominous ECG sign w/ HYPER K
Prolonged QRS AV blk w/ bradycardia or slow AF Just before arrest makes a sin wave
49
What is RF
IgM
50
Cell Cycle G0
'resting' phase' quiescent cells such as hepatocytes and more permanently resting cells such as neurons
51
Cell Cycle : G1
Gap 1, cells **increase** in size **determines length of cell cycle** under influence of p53
52
Cell Cycle : S
Synthesis of DNA, RNA and histone centrosome duplication
53
Cell Cycle : G2
Gap 2, cells continue to increase in size
54
Cell Cycle : M
Mitosis - cell division the shortest phase of the cell cycle
55
What is secreted by the adrenal medulla
Adrenaline. NB gfr is for cortex layers
56
What type of medalian inherited disease are more likely in Tunners & why
Turner's syndrome only have one X chromosome however, they may develop X-linked recessive conditions
57
Name the 2 Obesity hormones
Leptin Lowers appetite Ghrelin Gains appetite

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